key: cord-0984142-5dkui6zy
authors: Hinduja, Ritika Harjani; George, Karishma; Barthwal, Mansi; Pareek, Vibhay
title: Radiation Oncology in times of COVID-2019: A review article for those in the eye of the storm – An Indian Perspective
date: 2020-07-13
journal: Semin Oncol
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.07.001
sha: 1c28eac5f830e72dc2465c9c62fa6576ed66b243
doc_id: 984142
cord_uid: 5dkui6zy

The global COVID-2019 pandemic has presented to the field of radiation oncology a management dilemma in providing evidence-based treatments to all cancer patients. There is a need for appropriate measures to be taken to reduce infectious spread between the medical healthcare providers and the patient population. Such times warrant resource prioritization and to continue treatment with best available evidence, thereby reducing the risk of COVID-2019 transmission in times where the workforce is reduced. There has been literature presented in different aspects related to providing safety measures, running of a radiation department and for the management of various cancer subsites. In this article, we present a comprehensive review for sustaining a radiation oncology department in times of the COVID-2019 pandemic.

4. New patient consultations for treatment of indolent or benign conditions should be deferred at the discretion of the radiation oncologist. 5. Routine follow-ups should be offered to patients via telephone or postponed. 6. To conserve PPE, institute policies limiting the number of providers required to come into direct contact with patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. 7. Immobilization devices such as VacLoc bags should be individually disinfected and wrapped in a plastic bag that is sealed and changed after each daily use. 8. Treatment tables and positioning aides should be extensively disinfected between patients. 9. Active breathing controller (ABC, Elekta Inc.) should not be used in suspected or confirmed cases and abdominal compression should be used instead.

Also, in correspondence from Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai by Mummadi, et al, elaborated on the nuances and finer details associated with running a radiation oncology department in times of a pandemic. The salient features about the patient care in times of COVID-2019 while running the radiation oncology department, have been highlighted in Figure 3 .

Oncological decisions have been evidence-based and level I evidence has been chased while delivering optimum treatment. However, pandemics like the COVID-2019 provides a dilemma and an ethical challenge because of limited resources and elevated risks of infections in treating with evidence-based practice. Such times demand appropriate treatment decisions that require a careful balance of patient benefits and associated risks. This warrants the need to look into phase II trials, prospective evidence and also some retrospective series. The harm associated with COVID infection in cancer patients has been presented by a simple model by Simcock, et al. (7). If a patient has a 5% risk of infection and a 10% risk of death from infection there may be a 0.5% mortality through exposure and attendance for radiotherapy. If the patient is young and healthy with a 5% risk of infection and a 1% risk of death, then there is a 0.05% mortality from COVID-19. The use of chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy is likely to significantly increase the risk of morbidity and mortality from synchronous COVID-19 infection. The various disease sites have been discussed with the look into the available literature.

Available guidelines in the wake of the pandemic coming from the various neuro-oncology societies have been limited. The available literature in view of disease mitigation and appropriate treatment approaches are presented in Table 1 and the priority given to the management of CNS tumor is shown in Figures 4 and 5.

Radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy forms the mainstay in the majority of head and neck malignancies with a tendency towards improved survival and providing the option of organ preservation. In India, head and neck malignancies form the major bulk of disease and hence management options need to be meticulous. As with other subsites, a multidisciplinary board needs to weigh the risk-benefit ratio and chose the best available modality suitable for the patient without severely compromising their oncological outcome. The available recommendations for head and neck malignancies are enumerated in Table 1 .

Radiation therapy for patients with breast cancer contributes to a significant proportion of the workload in any radiation oncology department. Knowledge about priorities and exercising these to decrease unnecessary patient visits will significantly impact radiation facility resources. In the present resource strained COVID-19 pandemic situation, it is important to prioritize patients and consider low-risk situations where delaying/de-escalating or omitting treatment may not be so detrimental yet save resources for other more pressing indications. It has been an acceptable treatment option for more than a decade now. APBI can be offered to women with infiltrating ductal carcinoma over 60 years, tumor size up to 2 cms, node-negative, ER+, no LVSI, and clear margins. Target volume includes the surgical cavity with a margin. APBI can be delivered through balloon brachytherapy, interstitial brachytherapy, and external beam radiation therapy. However, in the present COVID-19 pandemic, it is advisable to do using external beam radiation therapy using 3DCRT or IMRT/VMAT as brachytherapy would require additional resources and also would lead to unnecessary exposure and hospital stay. It may also increase the risk of transmission during intubations or upper endoscopic procedures and necessitate increased PPE while they are in short supply. Regimens include 30 Gy in 5 fractions every other day (Florence regimen), 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions, twice daily and 40 Gy in 10 daily fractions, amongst some others. In the present COVID-19 pandemic, a shift to APBI for eligible patients will drastically relieve the radiation service resources and there are institutions and countries releasing documents in its favor amidst the pandemic (26). C. Post-mastectomy and regional nodal radiation therapy: There is an ongoing trial investigating the omission of post-mastectomy chest wall and regional nodal radiation in patients with cT1-3 N1 disease who have ypN0 status post neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery. However, until the results are published, the omission is not recommended outside of a clinical trial. Post-mastectomy chest wall radiation can be delivered with hypofractionation in 15 fractions with non-inferior outcomes and similar toxicity. (27). There is also preliminary literature suggesting hypofractionated 15-16 fraction regimens for regional nodes. There is evidence building up even for the 5 fractionated regimen. However, with the current literature, 15 fractions are safe. D. Cardiac sparing methods: Several radiation oncology centers use cardiac sparing deep inspiratory breath-hold techniques especially in left breast cancers for better cardiac sparing. There are advised caution against the use of active breathing control devices that involve the use of a mouthpiece as that involves a risk of viral transmission as the major mode of transmission is coming into contact with secretion droplets. Techniques that involve voluntary breath-hold to achieve the desired effect are recommended. Treatment in a prone position can be an option to reduce cardiac dose, though it can be a little cumbersome procedure. E. Miscellaneous: Intra-operative radiation therapy can be an option as this will obviate any further need for visiting the hospital for radiation therapy. It is delivered over 20-45 minutes to the tumor bed. The surface of the bed typically receives 20 Gy that attenuates to 5-7 Gy at 1 cm depth. There are studies to support its use. Although not adopted universally in practice, it might be a very reasonable option, if available, in the COVID-19 pandemic where reduced hospital visits and social distancing is an important strategy to prevent/reduce infection. F. Prioritizing of radiation therapy: Braunstein et al from MSKCC (28) has proposed an informative tier system for prioritizing radiation services in breast cancer patients during this COVID-19 pandemic. The details are shown in Table 1 .

In the time of the COVID-19 Pandemic, lung cancer poses a unique challenge as both the cancer and the virus predominantly affect the lung parenchyma causing damage and respiratory symptoms. While cough and breathlessness are common symptoms of lung cancer, COVID-19 infections also present with dry cough and breathlessness commonly. As the pulmonary reserve may be affected by cancer, with the superseding risk of COVID-19 infection capable of producing severe manifestations in them, patient selection for treatment is key. Also, sequential treatments over concurrent treatments may be preferred keeping in mind the long-term goal of successful treatment completion. Management as per the stage of the disease is discussed in Table 2 . Additional points to be considered: a) Breath hold devices are indicated in lung SBRT. As much as possible, avoid using active breathing control (ABC) that requires a mouthpiece. Voluntary DIBH methods would be encouraged. ABC may be used for: i. Re-irradiation cases where the anticipated toxicity will be reduced. ii.

Conventionally fractionated/hypofractionated or stereotactive ablative radiotherapy (SABR) plan where normal tissue constraints are not met without breath-hold technique. b) Dose gradients recommended for stereotactive body radiation therapy (SBRT) have been given in RTOG 0915 and RTOG 0813 and these can be referred to the for the constraints described. c) Centers with prior experience delivering lung SABR should offer single fraction SABR. d) Tumors with movement of less than 1 cm on 4DCT imaging should be considered for SBRT.

The following guidelines look into the potential adaptations to the evidence-based management in gynecological malignancies A. CERVICAL CANCER External beam radiation therapy (EBRT):  Pelvic radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy (wherever indicated) is still the standard of care.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), also known as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), is a highly focused radiation treatment that gives an intense dose of radiation concentrated on a tumor, while limiting the dose to the surrounding organs.

Can you explain or discriminate why you are using both terms one right after the other?

 Both concurrent and systemic (cisplatin-based) chemotherapy should be used only if strongly indicated and depending on resource availability. It needs to be avoided altogether in patients over 70 years and with comorbidities.  Carboplatin should be avoided due to higher rates of pancytopenia.  Gross nodes should be addressed with a simultaneous rather than a sequential EBRT boost.  Less resource-intensive techniques like weekly cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) verification and liberal clinical target volume / internal target volume / planning target volume (CTV-ITV-PTV) margins may have to be accepted.  Avoid extended field EBRT as far as possible.

• Intrauterine brachytherapy is an essential part of the treatment for cervical cancer that cannot be omitted in the curative setting. • In resource-limited set-up, a reference to another center for brachytherapy (without severely affecting overall treatment time) is advised. When that is not feasible, consider the EBRT boost. • An expert panel should sit together to prioritize patients according to the potential benefit of brachytherapy depending on EBRT response, age, nodal involvement and overall treatment time. A virtual tumor board through online meetings can also help make decisions. • Another alternative is to deliver 2 or 3 fractions per insertion with a gap of at least 6 hours between fractions. In the absence of spinal or general anesthesia, small diameter applicators using a local anesthetic or mild sedation can be used for brachytherapy. • MRI-based planning may be done at least for the first fraction, especially in bulky residual disease after EBRT requiring interstitial needles. CT based planning is acceptable for all other cases. • Image-guided adaptive planning is preferred in gross residual disease cases at the time of brachytherapy. And simple point A based planning is good for low volume good responders. Stage wise treatment recommendations are given in Table. 2

• Endometrial cancer is typically a disease of post-menopausal, elderly women, a group that is most vulnerable during this coronavirus pandemic. • Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for endometrial cancer. However, if most elective surgeries get canceled during the lockdown period, consider alternatives such as megestrol, medroxyprogesterone, or a levonorgestrel intrauterine device (IUD) to allow surgery after a delay of a few weeks or months. (46) • Radical radiotherapy (EBRT) is an alternative option, however, much inferior in results to surgery. Very rarely, brachytherapy alone is used for early-stage disease (using a Rotte applicator). Both of these are options only in severely resource-limited set-ups. • For very locally advanced disease inoperable or metastatic disease, consider chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy.

• 6. Genitourinary Cancers A. Prostate cancer  Compared to other cancers in India, prostate cancer is not a heavy burden on radiotherapy departments. Generally, it has a more favorable prognosis and is responsive to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) which allows a safe delay of radical treatment for many months. This helps to reduce the overall burden on the system and staff considerably. Thus, it is possible to divert resources to more urgent needs during the COVID-19 pandemic.  Fiducial application and rectal spacer application must be considered only if performing SBRT.  If ADT is initiated consider 6-month depot injection, in which case radiotherapy can be delayed for up to 4-6 months (in low-risk cases, even for up to 8 months).  If ADT cannot be delivered (e.g. patient refusal, cardiac toxicity) and there is a rapid PSA doubling time (≤3 months) the benefits of starting RT must be weighed against COVID-19 exposure and subsequent morbidity and mortality especially in the aged with multiple co-morbidities or in the immunocompromised. 

The spectrum of GI malignancies encompasses various disease sites and the best available treatment options are discussed in Table 2 .

8. Palliative radiation during pandemic: Palliative radiation has a crucial role in the prevention of serious morbidity, palliation of bothering symptoms and also in the setting of oncologic emergencies. Estimated benefits and prognosis should be communicated to the patients, including the risk-benefit analysis. Patients who are well prognosticated regarding their disease, avoid aggressive treatment near the end of life and usually opt for medical supportive care. The use of abbreviated RT courses may reduce hospital visits and therefore the risk of exposure. Concerns associated with treatment:  Radiation needs daily hospital visits, thus a higher risk of exposure to infection. Exposing fragile patients to this risk for palliative treatment needs risk-benefit analysis.  Patients with a life expectancy of days to weeks should be offered best supportive care.  Disease extent, palliative intent of treatment, available treatment options, the benefit of each option is to be explained to patients and care-givers.  Patients receiving palliative treatment usually need support for mobilization and positioning for different procedures. A higher number of caregivers is needed, with a higher risk of transmission. The number of visitors should be kept to a minimum.  Patients receiving palliative treatment are at a higher need for in-hospital admissions due to their limited mobility or continuous need for medical attention. They should be offered options that reduce their hospital stay or hospital visits.  Treatment options should be chosen after considering the benefit obtained from a particular modality, hospital stay required, along with the chances of contact with another individual.

The various oncological emergencies and palliative radiation therapy needs are covered in Table 2 and an algorithm for management decisions in palliative oncology have been depicted in Figure 6 .

Prioritizing treatment options in miscellaneous sites: We have summarized the various subsites of oncology and the required management of malignancies which do not form the bulk of patient load in the regular radiation oncology department but when faced with, can be challenging to treat in a pandemic. Table 2 presents the details related to the treatment options and the available evidence.

Over the next few months, we as oncologists will see a major change in the management strategies as long as the pandemic lasts and along with the best available treatment options, counseling of the patient will also take center stage. It is vital to explain to patients the benefit of radiotherapy balanced against the accepted risk associated with contracting COVID-19 during the treatment period. These new protocols will have to be accepted as the 'new normal' and set in place as there is a high likelihood that the pandemic may last for several months. We have attempted to bring together guidelines from all over the world under one roof to help clinicians make a well-planned decision related to radiation therapy. The guidelines are ever-evolving and the structured plans depicted in the article may change with potential developments in the future.

done Disclosure: None of the authors have any disclosures to declare 

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