key: cord-0981184-bcd5w4gd
authors: nan
title: August 2020 New in Review
date: 2020-08-31
journal: Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.010
sha: 95a1864fc6cf5d5d6a6750ab90baf7b5df2c3cde
doc_id: 981184
cord_uid: bcd5w4gd

nan

FROM THE ACADEMY New in Review ABSTRACTS CULINARY Fried food consumption and risk of coronary artery disease: The Million Veteran Program. Honerlaw J, Ho YL, Nguyen XM, et al. Clin Nutr.2020; 39(4) :1203-1208.

Investigators tested the hypothesis that frequency of fried food consumption is associated with rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) in veterans of the US military. An observational cohort study using 154,663 participants was designed to address the question. The study population was 100% US veteran, 90% male, with a mean age of 64 years. The investigators began enrolling veterans by way of the Veterans Health Administration patient pool in 2011, using a blood sample and health questionnaire. A total of 650,000 veterans participated in the project through March 2018, and after exclusion of patients with incomplete data, the sample used for the study comprised 154,663. Fried food consumption was obtained from the survey's lifestyle section by way of two questions: "How often do eat food that is fried at home?" and "How often do you eat fried food away from home?" Answer options were: "Less than once a week," "1-3 times per week," "4-6 times per week," and "daily." In addition to an analysis of the blood sample, medical records were accessed for each participant, and baseline data obtained included age, height, race, education level, and weight. Other lifestyle data obtained included exercise, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The primary outcome of interest was nonfatal myocardial infarction or CAD events. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, 2008) . The investigators report that during a mean follow-up of 3 years, there were 6,725 CAD events, and they found a positive linear relationship between frequency of fried food consumption and risk of CAD.

Efficacy and safety of liraglutide 3.0 mg in individuals with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin: The SCALE Insulin Randomized Controlled Trial. Garvey W, Birkenfeld A, Dicker D, et al. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(5):1085-1093.

Researchers evaluated the efficacy and safety of liraglutide 3.0 mg for weight management in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes and under treatment with basal insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, multinational, multicenter trial was designed to test this intervention, using 396 participants. Participants were eligible if older than age 18 with a body mass index (BMI) exceeding 27, a stable body weight, diagnosis of type 2 diabetes with an hemoglobin A1c between 6% and 10% at screening, and receiving stable treatment with any basal insulin. Exclusionary criteria included a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, recurrent severe hypoglycemic episodes the year prior, the use of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and bolus insulin. The sample was 45.5% male with a mean age of 55.9 years. Study design was a 56week randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multinational, multicenter trial. The 396 individuals were randomized into two groups of 198 participants, with the intervention group to receive liraglutide 3.0 mg or the placebo as adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy (IBT). Individuals treated with sulfonylureas were stratified between the two arms. Either the intervention or the placebo was administered once daily by subcutaneous injection. During the first 4 weeks, postrandomization dosage was escalated by 0.6 mg weekly to reach the maintenance dose of 3.0 mg. A 4-week follow-up was included after the 56week treatment. Primary end points were change in body weight percentage between baseline and week 56 and proportion of individuals losing more than 5% of baseline body weight by week 56. Anthropometric measurements, relevant medical history, and demographics were taken at baseline and conclusion. Statistical analysis was performed using UNIX SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, 2013) . Researchers report that participants in the intervention experienced a mean weight loss of 5.8%, whereas the control averaged 1.5%.

Continuous feeding versus intermittent bolus feeding for premature infants with low birth weight: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Wang Y, Zhu W, Luo B. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-019-0522-x.

The authors assessed the clinical risks and benefits of continuous feeding vs bolus feeding for premature infants with low birth weight. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was designed to consider this question, using a sample of eight articles. Eligibility criteria included participants being preterm infants with a gestational age under 37 weeks with low birth weight under 2,500 g, and randomized controlled studies published in English. Eligible study interventions were continuous feeding, nasogastric tube or orogastric tube, breast milk or formula. Outcomes sought were feeding intolerance, days to attain full enteral feeds, days to regain birth weight, days to first successful oral feeding, time to discharge (days), duration of supplement parenteral nutrition, somatic growth indexes, including weight, length growth, and head circumference, and necrotizing enterocolitis. The authors used electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from the onset of the database through May 2019. Data extraction included study design, publication year, location, demographic characteristics of subjects, intervention methods, outcomes, and potential risk for bias. Statistical analysis was performed using Rev Man software version 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014). The authors report among their findings that with continuous feeding of infants, the time needed to achieve full feeds was longer compared with intermittent feeding.

Soft drink intake is associated with weight gain, regardless of physical activity levels:

The health workers cohort study. Gonzalez-Morales R, Canto-Osorio F, Stern D, et al. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020; https:// doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00963-2.

Researchers estimated the change in body weight associated with a change in soft drink intake over 6 years, with physical activity as a cofounder, and whether any changes were modified by leisure time physical activity. A cohort study was designed to consider this issue, using a sample of 1,268 participants. Participants were drawn from the Health Workers Cohort Study, a longitudinal study of Mexican adults launched in 2004. The population included Mexican adult health care personnel and their relatives ages 20 to 85 from the Mexican Social Security Institute, the National Institute of Public Health, and the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. Excluded were those outside the age range and those with missing variables. Mean age of the sample at baseline was 45.3 years, with a mean daily soft drink intake of 0.5 servings and body weight of 66.9 kg. Participants were assessed in two waves, at baseline from 2004-2006 and then at follow-up 2010-2012. Assessment included selfadministered questionnaires about sociodemographic characteristics, diet, lifestyle and medication conditions, as well as clinical and anthropometric measurements. Dietary intake was reported at each wave, using a 116-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Leisuretime physical activity was measured in both waves, using questionnaires in conjunction with the Physical Activities Guidelines for Americans. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 14.2 (StataCorp, 2016) . Researchers report that an increase in serving by one soft drink per day was associated with 0.10-kg increase in weight per year, and this was not modified by leisure-time physical activity.

End-stage renal disease patients lose a substantial amount of amino acids during hemodialysis. The authors assess the extent of amino acid (AA) loss during hemodialysis (HD) in end-stage renal disease patients consuming a normal diet. A crosssectional study using 10 participants was designed to test this phenomenon. The sample was recruited from the outpatient population visiting a medical center HD department in The Netherlands. Inclusion criteria was urine production below 100 mL/d, undergoing HD three times per week with high-flux membranes for at least 6 months. Excluded were patients with an active infection, cognitive disorder, and missing HD sessions. The sample had a mean age of 67.9 years and was 70% male. Testing was schedule for a single test day per patient during their second or third weekly HD session. Before HD, handgrip strength and body composition were measured. Directly before and after the 4-hour HD session, blood was sampled for analysis of plasma AA concentrations. Throughout HD, spent dialysate was continuously collected at a rate of 1.00 L/h. Patients were encouraged to consume their habitual diet before and after the test day. The loss of AA in the dialysate was calculated by multiplying the mean total amino acid concentration of spent dialysate with spent dialysate and ultrafiltration volume. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp, 2016) . The authors report that during an HD session, an average of 11.95 g AAs was lost via the dialysate, of which 8.26 g was nonessential AAs, 3.69 g was essential AAs, and 1.64 g was branchchained AAs. Researchers assessed the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with a consideration for incidence of CVD events, including myocardial infarction, revascularization, and stroke. A cohort study using 106,178 female participants was designed to test the hypothesis that higher levels of SSB consumption are associated with incident CVD. The sample was obtained via the California Teachers Study, which surveys retired female teachers and administrators. Annual follow-up and linkage with the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development identifies inpatient hospitalization, ambulatory, surgery, and emergency department procedures. The sample was 100% female and had a mean age of 52.1 years, with a mean daily SSB intake of 2.6 fluid ounces and total energy intake of 1,902 kcal. Dietary intake was assessed using a 103-item self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Cardiovascular disease incidence was defined as the first occurrence of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, revascularization procedure, or fatal or nonfatal stroke. Covariates include age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, alcohol intake, family medical history, physical activity, medicine usage, menopausal status, hormone therapy, contraception use, BMI, and total energy intake as well as fruit and vegetable consumption. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc, 2013). The authors report that consuming more than 1 serving per day of SSB was associated with CVD, revascularization, and stroke.

Increased weight loading reduces body weight and body fat in obese subjects: A proof of concept randomized clinical trial. Researchers investigated whether artificially increasing weight load decreases biological body weight in obese humans. A randomized clinical study using 69 participants was designed to test this question. The sample was 75% female, with a mean age of 49 years. The researchers recruited participants diagnosed with mild obesity, defined as BMI between 30 and 35, ages between 17 and 70 years. Exclusion criteria were diagnosis of a chronic disease, use of medication that could affect weight or inhibit physical activity, pregnancy, a 1.5-kg change in body weight between initial screening and baseline visit, or recent change in smoking or alcohol use. Participants were randomized into two groups: high load, using a heavy weight vest, and low load, using a lighter vest. A total of 37 participants were initially assigned to the low load, with 35 completing the study, and 35 were assigned to the high load, with 32 completing. The high load vest was weighted to 11% of the individual's body weight, with the low load vest weighted at 1%. Participants wore the vest 8 hours per day over a 3-week period and maintained a daily journal of times and activities performed while wearing it, in addition to a validated food questionnaire completed each week. The primary endpoint was percent change from baseline in body weight between the two groups. Body weight was measured at the screening visit, baseline visit, and at the end using the same scale. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to determine total body fat mass, fat free mass, and fat percentage at the same visits. A statistical analysis plan was developed to test the difference between treatment groups for all parameters using analysis of covariance, with changes from baseline to 3 weeks termed as dependent variables, the treatment group as fixed effect, and age, sex, baseline, BMI, vest exposure, and standing time in vest as covariates. The researchers report that the high load treatment resulted in more body weight loss relative to the low load.

Association of healthy lifestyle with years lived without major chronic diseases. The investigators assessed the extent to which a combination of lifestyle factors are associated with disease-free lifeyears as indexed by age of onset of the first chronic disease. A prospective multi-cohort study using 116,043 participants was designed to address this question. The participants had a mean age of 43.7 years, and 61% were female. The sample was drawn from 12 of the 19 European cohorts participating in the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-Analysis in Working Populations, which had data on all involved risk factors at baseline and follow-up of noncommunicable disease. Participants were included if they were free of the six chronic diseases studied and had complete information concerning sex, age, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, and follow-up. The study baseline ranged from August 7, 1991 to May 31, 2006. The six chronic diseases studied were type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, and chronic pulmonary disease. Heart failure and dementia were also included as a secondary. Baseline lifestyle factors included smoking, BMI, physical activity, and alcohol consumption. The main outcome was number of years between ages 40 and 75 without incident of chronic disease. The investigators computed an overall healthy lifestyle score by aggregating responses for the four lifestyle factors: optimal (2 points), intermediate (1 point), or poor (0 points). A total of 16 different lifestyle profiles were created based on the combinations of the four lifestyle factors. Participants were linked to national registers for hospitalizations, prescription reimbursements, and vital status during the follow-up period. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata/MP version 15.1 (StataCorp, 2018) . The investigators report a linear association between overall healthy lifestyle score and the number of disease-free years, and a 1-point improvement in the score was associated with an increase of 0.96 disease-free years in men and 0.89 years in women. 

Long-term physical activity levels after the end of a structured exercise intervention in adults with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: A systematic review. Examining the association between alcohol consumption and health conditions in community dwelling older adults. Laberge S, Bigelow P, Lagarde E, Crizzle A. J Comm Health. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10900-020-00842-8. 

Diabetes Canada position statement on low carbohydrate diets for adults with diabetes: A rapid review. Diabetes Canada. Can J Diabetes. 2020; https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.04.001.

European Association for the Study of Obesity Position Statement on the Global COVID-19 Pandemic

Caregiver influences on eating behaviors in young children: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association

PUBLIC HEALTH Association of a province-wide intervention with salt intake and hypertension in

Implementation of revised nutrition standards in US Department of Agriculture's Child and Adult Care Food Program

z Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with obesity and metabolic parameters in US children

Effect of zinc supplementation vs placebo on mortality risk and HIV disease progression among HIV-positive adults with heavy alcohol use: A randomized clinical trial

):e204330. RENAL NUTRITION Effect of oat b-glucan supplementation on chronic kidney disease: A feasibility study

Interactions between diet quality and interleukin-6 genotypes are associated with metabolic and renal function parameters in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

RESEARCH Caloric restriction in heart failure: A systematic review

Association of dairy consumption with metabolic syndrome, hypertension and diabetes in 147

Can consumer wearable activity trackerbased interventions improve physical activity and cardiometabolic health in patients with chronic diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Stevia beverage consumption prior to lunch reduces appetite and total energy intake without affecting glycemia or attentional bias to food cues: A double-blind randomized controlled trial in healthy adults

Mediterranean Diet increases endothelial function in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Mycoprotein as a possible alternative source of dietary protein to support muscle and metabolic health

Interest, resources, and preferences for weight loss programs among primary care patients with obesity

Metabolic adaptation is not a major barrier to weight-loss maintenance

Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the treatment of obesity: Key elements of the

The effect of nutritional education program on quality of life and serum electrolytes levels in hemodialysis patients: A single-blind randomized controlled trials

Quality of life: The primary goal of lifestyle intervention

Effect of yoga as add-on therapy in migraine: A randomized clinical trial

Peanut allergy: New advances and ongoing controversies

Dietary saturated fat and heart disease: A narrative review

Electrolytes and cardiovascular disease risk

Patterns of bariatric surgeries among US women diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and hypertension in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys