key: cord-0980568-zjwoczy0
authors: Nekkanti, Sri Siddhartha; Vasudevan Nair, Sudhir; Parmar, Vani; Saklani, Avanish; Shrikhande, Shailesh; Sudhakar Shetty, Nitin; Joshi, Amit; Murthy, Vedang; Patkar, Nikhil; Khattry, Navin; Gupta, Sudeep
title: Mandatory preoperative COVID‐19 testing for cancer patients—Is it justified?
date: 2020-08-25
journal: J Surg Oncol
DOI: 10.1002/jso.26187
sha: 952914cc96726946467db996efdb776523d98004
doc_id: 980568
cord_uid: zjwoczy0

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused substantial disruptions in routine clinical care. Emerging data show that surgery in coronavirus disease (COVID)‐positive cases can be associated with worsening of clinical outcomes and increased postoperative mortality. Hence, preoperative COVID‐19 testing for all patients before elective surgery was implemented in our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixty‐two asymptomatic cancer patients were preoperatively tested for COVID‐19 using reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction technique with nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabbing. All negative patients were operated within 72 hours, and positive patients were quarantined for a minimum 14 days before re‐swabbing. RESULTS: In our cohort, 21 of 262 (8.0%) asymptomatic preoperative patients, who were otherwise fit for surgery, tested positive. After adequate quarantine and a negative follow‐up test report, 12 of 21 (57%) had an operation. No major postoperative morbidity due to COVID‐19 was noted during the immediate postoperative period before discharge from the hospital. CONCLUSION: Routine preoperative COVID‐19 testing was successful in identifying asymptomatic viral carriers. There was no incidence of symptomatic COVID‐19 disease in the postoperative period, and there was no incidence of morbidity attributable to COVID‐19. These data suggested a beneficial role for mandatory preoperative COVID‐19 testing.

associated with this pandemic. First, it was known that a substantial percentage of patients with COVID-19 are asymptomatic 1 and can be missed by routine symptom-based screening. Second, preliminary data from China and other countries demonstrated that surgery in COVIDpositive cases can be associated with worse clinical outcomes and increased postoperative mortality. 2 Finally, the impact of asymptomatic COVID-19 positive cases on health care providers and other patients in the hospital was not clear. Moreover, the shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the initial phase of the pandemic also caused resource constraints and restrictions of usage. Though a universal protection policy was adopted in managing all patients visiting the hospital, COVID-19-positive cases required additional stringent protective measures and stricter isolation protocols. In this short report, we analyzed our preoperative COVID-19 testing strategy, its impact on staff and patient safety, and the outcomes after definitive cancer surgery. 

Of the 262 patients who underwent initial preoperative COVID 19 testing, 230 (87.9%) were negative, 18 (6.8%) were positive and 14 were inconclusive. All the inconclusive cases underwent a second testing, where eleven patients became negative, two became positive and one remained inconclusive. The last patient was considered as a positive case per our institutional protocol. Therefore, the final COVID19 status before surgery was negative in 241 (92.1%) and positive in 21 (8.0%). It is important to note that all these patients were initially deemed fit to undergo surgery and were asymptomatic at the time of testing (Table 2) .

We did not observe any gender difference in COVID-19 infectivity.

Of the 241 COVID-19 negative patients, 237 (98.3%) were admitted within 24 hours after the results were available (within 48 hours after swabbing), and they underwent the pre-planned cancer surgery during the same admission. All patients were postoperatively monitored for specific COVID-19 symptoms like cough, respiratory difficulty or persistent unexplained fever not responding to antibiotics.

We were able to discharge all these patients without any significant postoperative events or any signs of COVID-19.

The 21 patients who tested positive for COVID-19 were reported to the local health authorities, as per our national guidelines. Since these patients were asymptomatic, 17 were managed by home quarantine only.

Four patients were transferred to local corona care centers, as health authorities felt that sufficient safety precautions could not be instituted in their residential areas. Of the 21 patients who were initially positive, all originally planned for a colostomy closure, decided to delay the procedure for some months and refused to be admitted (Figure 1 ).

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenge for hospitals. A dedicated COVID-19 ward and intensive care unit were established using existing infrastructure, though that resulted in reduced bed strength for routine cancer care. Our hospital was also successful in establishing an approved COVID-19 testing laboratory early on, and we were able procure adequate supply of the testing kits. However, as soon as several reports of asymptomatic COVID-19 positive cases began to emerge, the routine symptom-based screening was deemed insufficient.

The asymptomatic proportion was between 1.6% to 56.5%, 5 and there were conflicting reports regarding infectivity of these patients. 6 Patients who are positive but devoid of symptoms can be in two categories: some will never develop significant symptoms during the entire course of the illness and they are called as "asymptomatic" patients; many patients eventually develop some symptoms and if the test had detected virus before they develop symptoms, they are called as "presymptomatic" patients. It is believed that the latter of these patients COVID-19 severity also depends on patient characteristics like age, gender, and presence of co-morbidities like diabetes or hypertension. 12 Even in cancer patients, these factors are associated with increased mortality risk, though cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy did not increase the risk of mortality. 13 However, in the case of surgery, pulmonary complications and mortality rates were significantly higher 14 when COVID-19 positive cases had surgery. In our cohort, though we observed a few major postoperative complications (16/249 [6.4%]; (Table 3) ), none were attributable to COVID-19 infection. One patient succumbed to myocardial infarction on the 4th postoperative period and had surgical complications.

Though we have adopted universal precautions and enforced compulsory wearing of high-quality masks, social distancing, and personal hygiene for patients and staff, managing a COVID-19 positive case, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic added many more challenges.

The appropriate types of PPE in these situations will be different, isolation beds are needed, and more stringent waste disposal measures are required per health authority guidelines. These are labor intensive measures that can cause substantial financial burden on the hospital. Moreover, in the initial stages, there was a scarcity for PPEs, and the available resources were reserved for COVID-19 positive cases. The policy of preoperative screening has reduced the necessity of using scarce PPEs and additional infrastructure requirements.

Delay in elective cancer surgery can lead to disease progression and impact overall survival. However, we need to do a risk and benefit analysis in such situations. We feel that it is beneficial for the patient and the community to treat COVID-19 first and then treat the cancer.

Considering the increased mortality, additional burden on hospital infrastructure, and associated social problems for patients and relatives, an approach based on testing COVID-19 status before elective surgery was our optimal choice. We were able to operate on twelve patients out of thirteen who had turned negative during the follow-up tests and in one case the surgery was deferred as it was not an urgent procedure, and the patient opted to undergo surgery after few months. Only three patients could not come back to the hospital due to travel restrictions, and we expect them to return for treatment. There can be chances of false positivity in apparently negative cases, and we might have missed those cases. However, we did not have any postoperative complications suggestive of COVID-19 infection, except in one patient who had fever and tachypnea on the third postoperative day, for which we repeated the COVID-19 testing that turned out to be negative.

Routine preoperative COVID-19 testing was successful in identifying asymptomatic patients with COVID-19. There was no incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 disease in the postoperative period and there was no morbidity attributable to COVID-19. In our opinion, these data supported a beneficial role associated with mandatory preoperative COVID testing.

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions. Note: Grading using Clavien-Dindo classification (grade I/II: minor; grade III/IV: major; grade V: death). 15 

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