key: cord-0978517-9x9dokjo
authors: Kumar, Harish; Arora, Ranjan; Kumar Arora, Pawan; Pandey, VS; Moona, Girija; Singh, Deepak
title: Effect of nation-wide lock-down due to Covid-19 over industrial pollution in Delhi, India
date: 2021-01-26
journal: Mater Today Proc
DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.264
sha: be6ab37dfb4ed76d6bf6e3188d94e0e8398c9903
doc_id: 978517
cord_uid: 9x9dokjo

In India, very first infection due to Covid-19 was reported by end of January 2020 and, the same has been increased with the span of time. In order to fight the increasing risk among the citizens of nation, the complete lock-down was declared on March 25, 2020 for initially 21 days and thereafter it has been subsequently increased up to its present 4(th) phase, which would be remain continue until May 31, 2020. First two phases of lock-down were imposed without any relaxation, however, there were gradual relaxation implemented in third and fourth lock-down phases. Air pollution depends on emission of the pollutants from vehicles and industries, as well as dust from construction activities. Due to lock-down, operations concerning these activities were completely shut down. The effect of lock-down on PM(2.5), PM(10), NO(2), SO(2), CO and AQI level was studied and comparison of PM(2.5), PM(10), NO(2), SO(2), CO and AQI during lock-down with same dates of previous year was also considered.

In the last week of year 2019, after reporting of the suspected pneumonia infection cases in China, World health Organization (WHO) started an investigation on this unknown disease. On January 10, 2020 based on information provided by China's authorities, the WHO recommended public health measure and the surveillance of influenza and severe acute respiratory infections.

WHO does not endorse any specific steps for travelers. On January 30, 2020 WHO declared the 2019-nCoV outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International concern [1] [2] . On January 13, 2020 officials confirmed a case of the 30 (Covid- 19) in Thailand. It was the first case outside china. India reported its first case of Covid-19 on January 30, 2020. With the advances of days, the number of cases of Covid-19 infection kept on increased. India has suspended all tourist visas, as a majority of the confirmed cases were linked to other countries in March 2020. The transmission of Covid-19 accelerated with much pace during March. On March 25, 2020, the Government of India (GoI) implemented a nation-wide lock-down for 21 days inline with other countries to check the spread of infections due to Covid-19 [3] . Figure 1 shows the major countries, implemented lock-down along with their population under the lock-down.

On 14 April, lock-down again extended the nation-wide until 3 May [Phase-II] [4] . On 1 May, the Government of India extended the nation-wide lock-down further by two weeks until 17 May [Phase-III]. As on date, India has reported more than 112, 000 infections due to Covid-19 across the country, with about 13, 000 infections due to Covid-19 in Delhi itself. In Phase 1 and II lockdown, all commercial activities were not allowed all over the country, including Delhi. But in Phase-III of lock-down, Public transport was remained shut, private vehicles were allowed to some extent. India has declared Phase IV of lock-down from 18 May to 31 May 2020. In lockdown IV all construction works were allowed. Industries were also allowed. The personal and commercial vehicles were also granted with some conditions. Pollution refers to the contamination of the environment with unwanted materials that may deteriorate the human health, quality of life or the natural functioning of the ecosystems. In Delhi pollution due to vehicular emissions, dust and industries are 41 %, 21.5 % and 18 %, respectively [5] [6] . Figure 2 shows the level of air pollution in the city for past couple of years. Figure 2 shows the quality of air of Delhi with level of particulate matters (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) in the air. Regulatory bodies have several times implemented Odd-Even scheme to limit vehicular emissions, restrictions over the constructions etc., but favorable outcome of such efforts is yet to come [9-11]. quality is a serious concern to be examined ( Figure 4) Wazirpur (Latitude 28.700505 and Longitude 77.165603). The same has been shown in the map below (highlighted in red circle in Figure 3 ). In the analysis below, Area-1 has been used for Wazirpur, and Area-2 for Jhilmil Industrial Area, while Area-3 for Bawana [16-18]. 

Further, we have analyzed the average, minimum and maximum of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , O 3 , NO 2 , SO 2 , CO and AQI for 3 phases of the lock-down. The comparison has been done by taking average over the three periods. The analysis has been presented in the table 2 below. The table shows the variations of the parameters phase-wise and one may be able to see that a significant variation has been attained in the inter-phases w.r.t. the same period during 2019. But, some have positive value of α as depicted below (Table 5 and Figure 7(a-d) ). activities is the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) especially fuel used in cars. It is also produced from making nitric acid, welding and using explosives, refining of petrol and metals, commercial manufacturing, and food manufacturing [19] .

This paper presents a comprehensive study of environmental status of Delhi, the capital of India The lock-down has brought favorable changes to the environment through improved AQI and pollutants level, leading to clean air specially in phase 1 st , though later the air has not been so clean. 

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