key: cord-0970380-87cs2np8
authors: Fang, Ping; Shi, Shusheng; Menhas, Rashid; Laar, Rizwan Ahmed; Saeed, Muhammad Muddasar
title: Demographic Characteristics and Digital Platforms for Physical Activity Among the Chinese Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediating Analysis
date: 2022-03-16
journal: J Multidiscip Healthc
DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s354984
sha: a0be4fe5dba8ad535c1006e36db559e77a6132d6
doc_id: 970380
cord_uid: 87cs2np8

BACKGROUND: E-health apps play a vital role in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. More people across the globe have started to use fitness and health apps to mitigate the COVID-19 negative impacts on the health-related quality of life. E-health treatments are becoming more common these days. AIM: The present research aim was to explore the mediating role of digital platforms for physical activity and fitness with demographic characteristics among Chinese people during the pandemic. METHODS: The primary data was collected through an online survey across China under the snowball sampling technique. A total of 5351 respondents took part in the online questionnaire survey. After quantification and quality check of the data, a total of 5000 respondents’ responses were added in the final analysis. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS-25 and SmartPLS 3.0 software. RESULTS: The structural equation model analysis H1 (β = 0.227, t = 18.725, p = < 0.000), H2 (β = 0.225, t = 17.892, p = < 0.000), H3 (β = 0.229, t = 17.845, p = < 0.000), H4 (β = 0.54, t = 60.928, p= < 0.000), H5 (β = 0.553, t = 57.291, p = < 0.000), H6 (β = 0.559, t = 56.956, p = < 0.000), H7 (β = 0.358, t = 24.779, p = < 0.000), H8 (β = 0.259, t = 19.617, p = < 0.000) and H9 (β = 0.288, t = 19.92, p = < 0.000) results confirm the proposed hypothesis of the study. CONCLUSION: E-health apps are playing a vital role in maintaining an active lifestyle through physical activity. Fitness and health apps can promote physical activity and improve health-related quality of life. Results of the current study concluded that E-health apps are promising to promote physical activity and fitness during the COVID-19 preventive measures.

A global lockdown has been imposed due to the daily increase in COVID-19 cases and deaths. Lockdown imposed by the government is said to be a successful COVID-19 prevention strategy. 1 Most governments throughout the world have imposed movement restrictions to stem the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Examples include travel prohibitions between and within countries, commercial and public space closures, and long domestic isolation. 2 Due to the closing of gyms, sports fields, and parks, as well as severe limitations on outdoor mobility, millions of individuals have been driven to adopt an exceptionally sedentary lifestyle. The forced physical inactivity, together with the documented advent of unhealthy neurotic tendencies such as smoking, drinking, and appetite, pose a significant threat to the affected population's fitness and wellbeing. Human physical activities have been shown to impact our daily lives substantially. Exercise regularly helps avoid diseases like cognitive decline, maintain a healthy weight, and alleviate sadness and anxiety symptoms. 3 Our living environments and lives are continually changing as a result of technological advancements. Selfadministered physical activity surveys are used to monitor the health of local (eg, fitness bands) that tracked physical activity and recorded and computed motion capture patterns for study. Modern electronic devices, such as activity trackers, gyroscopes, and monitoring devices, give physical activity parameters such as estimated distance, time spent in various intensity levels of physical activity, steps, heart rate, and energy expenditure. 4 Healthcare workers could significantly impact how new technology is selected and used. Due to sharing this information, scholars and healthcare practitioners will be better equipped to incorporate rising technologies into physical activity and health. We can now use our smartphones to connect with others over the phone, via email, and SMS and track our health and physical activity habits using a variety of health-related apps. 5 In truth, existing electronic devices appeal to healthcare providers because they make creative use of developing technology like mobile device apps, the global positioning system (GPS) units, and health wearable's to improve ease of use, accuracy, and scope (ie, data from various sources from one device). Knowing where, when, and how physical activity occurs using this information helps better understand physical activity patterns and, as a result, more successful physical activity behavioral modifications. Rapid technological improvements have led to the inclusion of accelerometers capable of measuring physical activity and sedentary behavior in smartphones and global positioning system devices. While technological improvements enable the general public to engage in daytime sleepiness, the introduction of motion sensors into an increasing number of electronic devices allows specialists to objectively analyze physical activity and sedentary behavior to address various health conditions. 6 The current research explores the mediating role of digital platforms for physical activity and fitness related to demographic characteristics among Chinese residents during the pandemic.

According to studies based on the self-determination theory, the strength of enthusiasm predicts people's physical activity levels. A person with greater autonomous motivation is more likely to engage in regular physical activity than those with externally controlled causes, such as guilt and shame for not being active or peer pressure. 7 Motivational regulation is directed by goals distinct from the behavior but in line with the individual's identity and values (ie, intrinsic motivation). 8 Motivational regulations are directed by goals that differ from the behavior but align with the individual's characters and values (ie, recognized or integrated parameter). Diverse intervention techniques may be required to promote these various forms of autonomous motivation. People are more likely to engage in effective self-regulation when their desire for physical activity is independent. 9,10 The cognition theory explained how people's emotional and behavioral behaviors are influenced by their perceptions of situations. Physical exercise has been demonstrated to be beneficial for both physical and psychological health. 11, 12 Health, technology, data tracking of health behaviors, and the importance of health behavior theory and behavior change strategies are all important topics to learn more about, especially as innovation is becoming more pervasive in daily life. For many things, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 13 is an acceptable theory to utilize to understand the internet and health habits. For starters, there is a TPB and activity survey validated. 14 Perceptions and beliefs have been shown to impact health and wellbeing significantly and very well. Several studies have shown that having good health ideas and advantages regarding fitness improves one's health. 15 Social isolation has profoundly altered the world population's behavior in all patterns, such as job, household managing, and daily fitness. 16 The protection motivation theory (PMT), which exposes people's perception of risk and explores the ability to adopt safety precautions heavily affected by high levels of perceived risk, is among the essential health behavior theories for affecting behavior. According to the hypothesis, people's perceptions of the severity and vulnerability of a health hazard influence their risk perception of the disease. Rogers created and improved the PMT. 17, 18 It has been frequently employed in recent years as a framework for explaining why people want to engage in protective actions when faced with a health risk. 19 PMT is a health promotion theory that has been effectively utilized to link younger people's perceptions of health risks with their engagement in preventive practices. The role of cognitive abilities in health-related decision-making is emphasized in social-cognitive models of health behavior, which have been beneficial in uncovering psychological variables behind the desire to engage in healthy activities, for example, physical activity. 20 

To prevent COVID-19 transmission, various measures have been implemented, including social distance, the closure of non-essential services, meeting limitations, and travel restrictions. Due to the closure of gyms, parks, and restrictions on recreational activities, these measures have a severe influence on all individuals' physical health and quality of life. 21 Increased physical activity and exercise in one's daily routine may assist in mitigating the effects of muscle atrophy owing to inactivity, insufficient respiratory capacity, frailty risk, and poor mental health. Furthermore, COVID-19 may overstimulate the immune system, resulting in an overabundance of immune cells and cytokines, targeting the person's cells, causing tissue damage. 22 Domestic isolation negatively impacts the physical activity level of the masses. Screen time is enlarged, which further negatively impacts physical and psychological wellbeing. Individuals can stay active by using smartphone fitness apps that offer home-based workouts. 23 More and more people's daily activities have shifted from offline to online -from indoor sports using online resources to forming and sustaining relationships using apps. People experimented with numerous methods of exercising at home. One option was to employ fitness apps like Keep, a popular Chinese mobile fitness community with over 150 million subscribers. It encouraged users to continue their home exercise and preserve good mental health through bodily exercises during the epidemic. 24 Our study hypotheses related to COVID-19 preventive measures and physical activity are; Mobile applications are a promising tool for increasing at-home adherence to physical exercise because they allow people to access health information and guidance at any time. In the fields of Educational techniques and physical health, information and communication technology are widely utilized. Technology-based therapies that encourage physical activity are a viable alternative to traditional health care. 25 As the internet and mobile phones have advanced in recent years, physical activity has increased due to mobile phone fitness apps. 26 In China, such as Gu Dong, KEEP, and Yue Dongguan, mobile fitness apps assist people in physical activity participation. Fitness and running apps are the two types of physical activity apps. Physical activity applications are not well-represented in health behavior change theories and evidence-based content. 27 On the one hand, several emerging technologies (for example, sedentary video games) have aided in the epidemic of sluggish behavior and physical lack of activity. On the other hand, various revolutionary technologies are increasingly being employed to promote physical exercise and wellness. 28, 29 Our study hypotheses related to mobile applications and online platforms for physical activity are; Hypothesis (H4): Demographic information (DI) has a significant favorable influence on the used fitness and health apps (F&HA) Hypothesis 5 (H5): Demographic information (DI) has a significant-good effect on using the live streaming workout classes (LSWC) Hypothesis 6 (H6): Demographic information (DI) has a significant positive influence on the use the virtual reality fitness (VRF) E-health (or telemedicine) is a novel concept that takes advantage of the ubiquitous availability of mobile phones to ensure effective communication between patients and healthcare organizations, provide medical services, and encourage healthy habits. 21 According to the World Health Organization's global evaluation, mobile technologies are employed in several ways in health communication. These innovations are used to enhance (1) communication between individuals and health providers (eg, medical helplines or contact Centers); (2) interaction between healthcare personnel and clients (eg, Text message alerts for consultations, treatment adherence, or details to make people aware); (3) mobile medical counseling; and (4) interaction between many health care's services in an emergency. 21 Apps allow users to set fitness goals, log their actions, get workout ideas, and share their achievements on social media. Users of fitness apps desire features like a user-friendly interface, automatic tracking, and security. 22 Our study hypotheses related to mobile applications and online platforms for physical activity are; 

The present study is based upon a nationwide survey in China. The survey was conducted online from March 10 to December 20, 2020. The survey participants were told of the study's goal, and informed consent was obtained before conducting the study. It was guaranteed that the information gathered would only be utilized for research motives. The ethical committee of Soochow University approved the study and followed the Helsinki World Medical Declaration standards.

The study population consisted of Chinese residents who utilized E-health apps for physical activity and health wellbeing during the epidemic. Study participants were recruited through snowball sampling technique under nonprobability sampling method. According to the study objectives, 5550 individuals were recruited to acquire primary data.

The primary data was gathered via a well-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated on 75 individuals across China before conducting the final survey. After validation, certain questions were changed to achieve the optimum response rate. The accessibility to respondents was opened due to social applications such as (Social apps). The final questionnaire was included a total of 29 items (5-points Likert Scale) were related to 6 constructs (Demographic Information; DI, COVID-19 preventive measures; CPM, fitness and health apps; FHA, live streaming workout classes; LSWC, physical activity; PA, and virtual reality fitness; VRF). An online questionnaire was sent to all recruited study participants, and 5351 respondents returned the questionnaire after completion (See Table 1 ). Among the 5000 participants, men and women were 2454 (49.1%) and 2546 (50.9%), respectively.

1. Demographic profile information played a vital role in the understanding of the social phenomena's. 30 Demographic variables were based upon the demographic profile information (DPI) of the survey participants, which includes gender (male, female); age (18-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60+) ; education (primary school, middle School, high school, technical and vocational college, graduate, university graduate, others); occupation (government employee, private employee, self-employed, retired, student, no occupation, others); and marital status (married, unmarried, others). 2. The COVID-19 preventive measures include wearing masks, washing hands, quarantine, monitoring health, washing hands, maintaining social distance, and avoiding crowded places introduced by the WHO after the 518 COVID-19 declared pandemic. 31 In the current study, the COVID-19 preventive measures were mapped by asking the Likert scale questions related to the preventive measures which the study participants adopted during the early days of the pandemic. The questions were about staying at home, social distancing, wearing a face mask, social distancing, carrying out self-declaration, personal hygiene, staying physically active at home, avoiding public gatherings, and quarantine. These simple preventive measures play a significantly important role in preventing the COVID-19 pandemic. 32 3. Technology has become part and parcel of every segment of life. E-health technologies are very effective for motivation and promotion of the physical activity. Individuals can use technology to track, analyze, and instruct their physical activity performance. 33 The study participant's opinions were measured by asking questions about fitness and health apps, live streaming workout classes, and virtual reality fitness. The global smartphone fitness application industry is rapidly expanding. Consumers and providers of mental health care can benefit from new smartphone technology apps that offer a variety of capabilities and benefits. Diet, exercise, weight loss, nutritional benefits, and vegetarian options are just a few of the topics covered by these apps. 34 4. According to the WHO, adults should get at 150 minutes of average workout, 4 hours of intense workout, or even an extensive list of average moderate to vigorous strength physical activity each week; youth aged 5 to 17 years should get at least 60 minutes of workout daily. Adults should undertake muscular exercises (MSEs) at least twice per week, while teens should do them 2-3 times a week. 35 The physical activity of the study participants was assessed by asking questions related to the use of digital platforms for exercise during the lockdown period; the use of fitness and health apps for physical activity is helpful to have an excellent motivation for physical activity because of using fitness apps, virtual reality fitness, and live streaming workout classes, during the lockdown period, your physical activity level increase by using fitness and health apps and fitness apps, virtual reality fitness, and live streaming workout classes help you to achieve the fitness goal. 36

After quantification and quality check of the data, a total of 5000 respondents' responses were added in the final analysis. The demographic data were presented using SPSS-25 statistical software, which was also used to clean and prepare the data for testing all assumptions. The proposed research framework was examined using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach for this work, and the SEM approach was employed through SmartPLS 3.0 software. SEM technique using partial least squares (PLS) was chosen in preferences for constructs and indicators. 37 The SEM technique is used to measure the model assessment through convergent and discriminant validity and calculate average variance extracted values for each construct using factor loadings. Therefore, it is a multivariate analysis method to analyze the multiple relationships between variables of the conceptual model.

The demographic characteristics of the study sample are shown in Table 3 for further information). The standardized value of Cronbach alpha for assessing reliability is more than 0.70. 38 The Cronbach 

factors when calculating the correspondence of measures. DV can be calculated by relating a factor's Square Root of AVE values with the correlation between constructs. The square root of AVE values should be less significant than correlations. All square roots of AVEs are higher than correlation coefficients in the DV analysis (see Table 4 ), indicating a good evaluation. The variation influence factor (VIF) value was also used to analyze the multicollinearity of all 

The current study used the structural equation modeling approach to examine all proposed hypotheses using the smart-PLS 3.3.0 package. The standardized-root-mean-square-residual, chi-square, and normed fit indices were used for this study's model fitness. Model fitness is determined using the SRMR value, a standardized-residuals index by comparing observed covariance and hypothesized matrices. A range of standardized root-mean-square-residual values of 0.08 or less can be utilized. The estimated standardized root-mean-square-residual value is 0.036 due to the findings, which is considered a satisfactory model fit. As indicated in (Table 5) , the normed fit indices value is 0.951, and the chi-square value is 5578.217. The standard beta was used to calculate the significance level of the hypotheses provided. The standardized beta (β) value shows how different factors may differ from each other. Each β value was calculated using the projected research framework (see Table 6 ). If the β values are large and significant, the principal effects of endogenous latent variables will be considered highly valued.

The relevance of the beta value for each path was also confirmed using the T-statistics approach. To acquire the β value, the bootstrapping technique was utilized to assess and evaluate the significance degree of postulated associations- Table 6 and Figure 1 show this work's proposed structural model relationships and β statistics. The link between smartPLSbootstrapping T-values and observed variables is shown in Figure 2 . COVID-19 preventive measures have a strong favorable influence on health and fitness apps, according to the statistics for H1 (β = 0.227, t = 18.725, p = < 0.000). H2 (β = 0.225, t = 17.892, p = < 0.000) statistically shows that on live streaming workout classes positively impacted by CPM. 

The results for H3 (β = 0.229, t = 17.845, p = < 0.000) statistically positions positive association between COVID-19 preventive measures and virtual reality fitness. Similarly H4 (β = 0.54, t = 60.928, p = < 0.000) results narrates the positive relationship between demographic information's and fitness and health apps. H5 results (β = 0.553, t = 57.291, p = < 0.000) absolutely defines that the demographic information has a significant positive impact on live streaming workout classes. H6 statistics (β = 0.559, t = 56.956, p = < 0.000) show a positive association between demographic information and virtual reality fitness. Fitness & health related apps positively influence the physical activity according to the H7 (β = 0.358, t = 24.779, p = < 0.000) statistics. The statistics (β = 0.259, t = 19.617, p = < 0.000) confirmed the H8 and state that live streaming workout classes reveal a significant positive impact on physical activity. Similarly, H9 (β = 0.288, t = 19.92, p = < 0.000) proved positive correlation between virtual reality fitness and physical activity.

According to our insights, it's the first exploratory study to explore E-health applications' role in physical activity and fitness among the Chinese people during the epidemic. Digital technologies have significantly impacted social life, sports, and health practices throughout the last decade. Apps and wearable's track and compare physical activity, allowing users to track themselves and connect them to online networks. 8 Physical inactivity is a potential risk during the COVID-19 due to the closure of public spaces for exercise and sports. 39 

There seems to be no evidence on how prior users used e-Health for exercise and physical activity while in confinement during the pandemic and its effects on their motives and processes for behavioral change in terms of actual physical performance. 40 Our results depicted that the COVID-19 preventive measures (CPM) positively influence the use of E-health apps. Online platforms promote health and fitness information while also emphasizing lifestyle sports and fitness trends. Likewise, internet fitness clubs and influencers allow their members to exercise virtually anywhere at any time. 41 E-health apps using trends increased during the COVID-19 pandemic across the globe. Our study results align with several studies that reported that E-health apps provide health surveillance and maintenance information and keep the users up to date regarding the COVID-19 exposure and recommend the COVID-19 preventive measures such as physical activity social distancing. [42] [43] [44] Study participants use E-health apps because of CPM. Public parks, gymnasiums, and other publicly accessible venues were closed. Many regular fitness studios and sports users adopt home-based, individualized, and most likely digital sports alternatives. People should be active throughout the pandemic by using digital tools for home-based physical activity. 45 Digital health (DH) apps play a significant role in combating COVID-19 and providing information remotely to maintain people's active living. 46 A study was conducted in China's Hubei province regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and the use of E-health. The study results show that 79.52% used E-health apps to avoid going out and minimize the risk of the COVID-19 infection. 47 China's health code is a unique E-health app used for contact tracing and monitoring under the instructions of the state council's joint prevention and control mechanism (JPCMSC). 48 

Many types of research have explored the relationship between health app use, demographics, and prevalence of active living. For example, a US study reported that about (58%) Hispanics/Latinos with higher education and income downloaded a health app for health wellbeing. 49 Our study results show that the demographic profile information of the study participants has significant positive impacts on fitness and health apps, live streaming workout classes, and virtual reality fitness. The correlation among the study variables is in line with various previous studies which focused on demographic association with the E-health apps impact on health well-being. 50 Applications delivering healthier lifestyle advice, curative and rehabilitative content, and apps measuring/recording vital signs were more likely to be used by higher social classes. 51 E-health apps (fitness and health combined apps) acceptance behavior is associated with urban residence, education, higher income, and age. 52 The majority of the study participants agreed that E-health apps effectively reduce physical inactivity and improve health outcomes during the COVID-19 preventive measures. Health and fitness apps intervention significantly impacts health-related quality of life (HRQOL). 53, 54 China's robust telecommunication infrastructure plays a vital role in national healthcare reform initiatives like government-sponsored Internet hospitals and eHealth interventions. 55 A significant digital divide related to E-health behaviors among the Chinese residents is predicted based on socio-economic status. 56 According to the findings of our study, the majority of the females used digital platforms for active living during the epidemic. Similar results are reported in a study conducted in China that female users are more likely to use health and medical reminder applications. Parenting could be a reason why women utilized health apps more than men, in addition to gender disparities in views toward healthy living. 50 According to the study statistics, health disparities and digital health divide are projected by residence, ethnicity, age, education, and income. Previous research has focused on overall health app use rather than the demographic correlates of each type of health app (eg, healthy living information, diagnosis assistance, health, and medical reminders). The socio-economic status enables an individual to attain mobile technologies for a healthy lifestyle. 57

E-health treatments are becoming more common in public health. Virtual reality is one of the most interesting new advances in the medical paradigm. 58 Many studies have shown that fitness technology can effectively engage inactive people in workout programs. According to a systematic review (web-based technology, mobile phones, and accelerometers), several investigations that used mixed technology-based physical activity interventions had good outcomes in sedentary people, including weight loss and decreased health risk behavior (according to a systematic review (web-based technology, mobile phones, and accelerometers)). 59 Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 2022:15 https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S354984

Wearable technology firms like Garmin's data also give a fascinating picture of the types of physical activities people engage in during these times. On the other hand, this data is from people who use wearable technology like smartwatches and fitness trackers, rather than being representative or cross-sectional. It's worth noting that throughout the month of March 2020, there was a global decrease in the daily average number of steps taken, indicating that people's movements were restricted. In March, virtual cycling grew in the nations of Italy and Spain during the tight lockdown regulations. In other nations where outdoor exercise is permitted, such as the United Kingdom and Sweden, there has been a significant increase in outdoor cycling activities compared to the same period in 2019. 60 Our research confirmed that health and fitness applications positively affect physical exercise. Active lifestyle through physical activity prevents various noncommunicable diseases. Obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome are only a few cardiovascular risk factors that can be reduced by regular physical activity. 61 Another study found that pedometer users reported about a (27%) increase in physical activity levels. Walking programs using pedometers were also linked to significant reductions in BMI, body weight, and systolic blood pressure. 62 Knowing that exercise can help with health recovery and protect COVID-19, it's critical to stick to the physical activity guidelines for middle-aged adults, which include moderate-intensity aerobic activity, cardiorespiratory exercise, and two sessions of muscle strength work each week. 63 During the COVID-19 lockdown period, most study participants used the KEEP app for physical activity. With over 10 million subscribers, KEEP is one of China's most popular fitness apps. 64 E-health physical activity-related apps (e-tools) positively impact the quality of life (QOL) during the social isolation period. 65 The trend of using health and fitness apps during the early CPM was increased due to health consciousness. Several studies confirmed our results that physical activity levels increase due to E-health and fitness apps during the COVID-19 pandemic. 66

The current study demonstrates the relevance and importance of digital platforms for physical activity during the epidemic. Digital technology has created a revolution in the health sector and changed the health monitoring and maintenance trend. E-health apps are gaining popularity among people because of health consciousness. The statistics of our study reveal that the E-health apps were widely used for fitness and health wellbeing during the COVID-19 home confinement. Health consciousness leads people to use various. E-health platforms such as health and fitness apps, live streaming workout classes, and virtual reality fitness (VRF) for physical activity during the epidemic home confinement. E-health assists in promoting physical activity and maintaining wellbeing during any critical situation. E-health apps positively modify their users' behavior and attitude towards physical activity. Chinese urban residents are utilizing mobile fitness apps in their everyday exercise routine. E-health platforms such as health and fitness apps live streaming workout classes and VRF for physical activity during the epidemic home confinement. E-health assists in promoting physical activity and maintaining wellbeing during any critical situation. Physical inactivity level was increased in the early days of the pandemic due to the closure of public places for physical activity. Chinese urban residents are utilizing mobile fitness apps in their everyday exercise routine.

The population for the current study was Chinese residents (+18 years old) across China who was in home isolation during the first wave of the pandemic in China and used digital platforms for physical activity (DPPA). The snowball sampling approach was used for data collecting under the non-probability sampling (NPS) strategy. A self-administered survey was used to collect the primary data, and the snowball sampling results cannot be generalized to the whole population. Cross-sectional studies mostly fail to specify a definite reason behind a correlation. This restriction might avoid a deep understanding of the essence of the causal relationship between study variables.

The Chinese government has launched the "Internet plus Exercise" program for active life and wellbeing. In addition, psychologically, three cognitive factors may be involved in an activity: (i) beliefs about the activity, (ii) motivation for the activity, and (iii) the sense of reward obtained from the activity. Our study focus is on the use of digital platforms for physical activity. A more interesting future study can be conducted on the influence of the Chinese government policy 

"Internet plus Exercise" in using digital platforms for physical activity and the relationship of digital platforms with those mentioned above three cognitive factors related to physical activity under the psychological paradigm.

We thank the participants for participating in this research and making this study possible. Rashid Menhas is the Principal investigator.

The current study belongs to the following given projects; The Key Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Colleges in Jiangsu Province study on comprehensive prevention and control of adolescent myopia based on multiple management (2020SJZDA128). The National Social Science Funds of China research on the intervention mechanism of sports promoting adolescent physical health outside school from the perspective of national social Science evidencebased governance (21BTY024).

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This includes studies and reviews conducted by multidisciplinary teams as well as research which evaluates the results or conduct of such teams or healthcare processes in general. The journal covers a very wide range of areas and welcomes submissions from practitioners at all levels, from all over the world. The manuscript management system is completely online and includes a very quick and fair peer-review system

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.