key: cord-0968015-7neba7ay
authors: Fouques, Damien; Castro, Dana; Mouret, Marion; Julien-Sweerts, Sabrina; Romo, Lucia
title: Perceptions of the Post First-Lockdown Era in the Current Covid-19 Pandemic: Quantitative and Qualitative Survey of the French Population
date: 2021-06-28
journal: Front Psychol
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668961
sha: fdff8809b0956bc9333ab634ea498077a4bb3878
doc_id: 968015
cord_uid: 7neba7ay

Introduction: A pandemic with the severity of COVID-19 affects people's lives physically, as well as their daily routines, views of the world, and emotional balance. Lockdown is often an unpleasant experience due to a separation from loved ones, loss of freedom, and uncertainty over the disease status. To adjust, individuals and groups have had to adapt their perceptions of the event to the current scenario. This study aims to describe the perceptions of confined people on the changes occurring in their lives in the aftermath of the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: A total of 1,534 individuals (26.6% men; 73.4% women; mean age 41.6) responded to the questionnaire comprising 19 closed and five open-ended questions about the changes they anticipated in their lives in the immediate post-confinement era. Results: Two definite groups appeared in the results: those who lived the confinement pleasantly, and those for which it was painful. They differ according to their confinement conditions and perceived degree of exposure to the virus. There seems to be a link for those who had a pleasant experience to a lower perceived exposure to the virus and less burdensome confinement conditions (young children, surface area, etc.). Lockdown conditions seem to influence the respondents' perceptions: a pleasant experience is associated with a vision of the society's evolution at large, and the care about its economic and professional progress; a painful one is associated more with focusing on the immediate needs of social support and personal well-being. Discussion: Emotional experience during lockdown impacts the perception of its aftermath, with hope and anxiety becoming two ways of coping with uncertainty.

A viral pandemic, such as COVID-19, is unprecedented, especially for younger generations who have never experienced epidemics, famine, or war. Its rapid spread and high mortality rate affected people's lives physically, their daily routines, worldviews, and emotional balance, and globally, is expected to pose a mental health threat of great magnitude (Elhai et al., 2020) . The health system gradually collapsed in France due to the tremendous increase in the number of COVID-19 cases, where hospital infrastructures were not able to manage or transfer patients with acute respiratory conditions. The contagiousness of COVID-19 necessitated a drastic social management to halt transmission, and an efficient way of protecting people was their isolation via a lockdown (Atalan, 2020) . In France, with the aim of "flattening the curve, " the government isolation policies included bans on public gatherings, closures of academic institutions and public places, drastic national and international mobility restrictions, confinement at home with a limitation to leaving the house for a maximum of 1 h a day, and within a radius of 1 km from home. These measures resulted in situations such as "home schooling" for all children and adolescents, the massive introduction of teleworking, when possible, and the implementation of partial unemployment (with a financial compensation close to full-time salary) in situations unsuited for teleworking.

The lockdown situation in France started on March 17 and ended on May 11, 2020, lasting 8 weeks (57 days). An extended lockdown, such as this, is known to be anxiety-inducing because of fear of the contamination for oneself and others; high levels of uncertainty regarding the future; anger; family tensions; a limited sense of autonomy, occupational difficulties, boredom, and the loss of usual daily markers (Hartley et al., 2020) . Literature on the psychological effects of the lockdown is divided into two main areas. The first addresses the clinical perspective, referring to its impact on mental and physical health. The second focuses on the social perspective, relating to people's beliefs, attitudes, and expectations toward political leaders, lockdown management, social distancing, and the lifting of restrictions.

The majority of the research conducted globally has been dedicated to the adverse psychological effects of the lockdown around the world (Lunn et al., 2020; The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2020) . Lockdown measures have led to negative changes in sleep quality, mental health problems including depression, intense symptoms of anxiety, and stress in vulnerable individuals (Brooks et al., 2020) , increased suicidal thoughts or behaviors due to social distancing, feelings of disconnection, perception of social pain (Conejero et al., 2020) , and fear of contamination by the virus and risk of death (Ornell et al., 2020) .

Through a social lens, several authors aimed to understand the psychological effects of the lockdown on social connectedness, resilience, vulnerability in the face of adversity, and fear of social consequences (unemployment, bankruptcy . . . ). Some demonstrate that people expect strong and cohesive responses to the pandemic from their national leaders, and that under these conditions they are likely to trust their politicians, scientists, police, and communities, and have a positive attitude toward them. Social belonging and support are critical to people's ability to cope and remain resilient in the face of a collective threat and fear, such as the impending recession leading to increased unemployment, changes to the future of many sectors of the economy, and other uncertainties (Sibley et al., 2020) . Some other studies are researching the compliance with government policies and public perceptions of the effect of the containment with the aim at understanding people's worries about the pandemic and the heterogeneities in people's approval of these policies within individual countries (Sabat et al., 2020) .

Authors were also concerned with the quality of perceived social support through the concept of loneliness. Loneliness functions as an alarm to motivate individuals to reconnect with others and show resilience in response to lockdown measures (Luchetti et al., 2020) . Webster (2020) emphasizes the importance of provisioning relevant, sufficient, reassuring, and meaningful information to promote positive attitudes toward health and societal support.

The results stemming from clinical and psychosocial research pinpoint possible negative effects in the post lockdown era. Free festive activities are anticipated as a reaction to experienced loneliness. Anxious hypervigilance-sometimes linked with conspiracy beliefs (Georgiou et al., 2020) -remind people that the virus has not been eradicated, pointing to the still present fear of contamination and disease. The economic figures presented by most governments are likely to elicit worries about social hardships and financial crisis.

In addition, the French media (written press, television and radio news, social networks) relayed information from reports, interviews and expert opinions, which were therefore not empirical, delivering messages such as: "people who are alone or have a small living space, without easy access to the outside, will experience the lockdown more painfully than others...." These assertions should at least be tested.

Thus, what happens on a clinical and social level during the lockdown may have implications for the post-lockdown era. The lockdown and post-lockdown periods appear to be intimately linked, as the perception of the former can shape the perception of the latter. In uncertain times, people tend to adapt by imagining the future according to their current personal beliefs and theories. Therefore, combining the clinical and psychosocial perspectives is essential to identify the overall difficulties encountered by a country's population and to offer adjusted suggestions for action.

The aim of this study, which combines a psychosocial and a clinical approach, is to understand how people's experience of confinement is lived and how it can influence their perception of the future. In this way, we hope to help promote better well-being in the event of future lockdown. It will explore individuals' perceptions of the lockdown according to their personal situations and collect their perceptions of the post-lockdown era by examining, during the containment period, their anticipatory thoughts and beliefs about the changes that will affect their lives in the aftermath of the lockdown.

To meet the study's objectives, we implemented a two-sided approach. A questionnaire-based part to investigate the real conditions and background of the lockdown (quantitative data). We generated items and chose to assess some of them using numerical rating scales (NRS) as we could not find validated instruments to operationalize our variables (see below for more details).

Then, five open-ended questions were proposed to obtain qualitative data about the perceptions of the post lockdown era from individual, social, sanitary, and economic points of view, according to research methodology on social representation. The obtained data were examined through a quantitative statistical analysis.

The participants were all French, over 18, and had all provided informed consent.

See questionnaire on Supplementary Material. A two-part questionnaire was created and administered via the Qualtrics© secure platform to guarantee security and anonymity. The link to the study was shared via email (about 1,000 personal and professional contacts) and Facebook and LinkedIn social networks (about 1,500 contacts), a French psychological association and a national online magazine, health and generalist newspapers, using the snowball method. The 19-item questionnaire's first part, comprising 16 items, collected data about the respondent's main socio-demographic characteristics, background and lockdown conditions, dwelling surface, occupational activity (part or full-time work), and interpersonal context (living alone or with others). Three NRS (from 0 to 10) were added to measure respondents' feelings toward the lockdown (pleasant, painful) and the subjective perceived degree of exposition (perceived vulnerability) to COVID 19.

The questionnaire's second part was based on five open-ended questions, namely: "What do you think will happen in the postlockdown period from a sanitary, social, economic, professional, personal, and interpersonal point of view?"

The questionnaire was created from four distinct sources of information: (1) available literature; (2) team members' personal experience; (3) experience of team members' social networks experience (colleagues, friends and relatives); (4) national media (TV news broadcasts, articles in national dailies. . . ). The wording of the questions was drafted after an inductive analysis based on the notes and observations taken by all members of the research team from these sources. The finalization of questions was completed after three debriefing sessions in which a consensus on the wording and content was reached by all members of the research team. The total time for the questionnaire completion was <15 min.

The quantitative data were computed through descriptive statistics. The differences between subgroups and variables were tested by t-tests. Statistical analysis was performed with Jamovi R software. The quantitative analysis of qualitative data was performed by importing verbalisations from the open-ended question, into the Iramuteq R software, used specifically for the treatment of qualitative data. This software uses the lexicometric analysis (Reinert, 2008) to examine the frequency of use of the corpus' current words and to envision the discursive material by having access to the representational content of the words. This software offers a textual content analysis using descending hierarchical classification that aims at splitting up groups of words, allowing an understanding of the hierarchical relationship between them, and observing the relationships between words within segments of the text defined by the software (Avelar et al., 2019) .

As shown in Table 1 , there were 1534 respondent subjects (73.4% women, 26.6% men), highly educated, aged from 18 to 96 with a mean age of 41.6. 31.5% were below 30, and 14% are above 60.

Eighty-four percent of the total sample were active (working or studying) prior the lockdown and 80% of them went on with their professional activity during the containment period.

Painful Experience of the Lockdown 50.6% (N = 644) found the lockdown either as or more painful than pleasant, compared to 49.4% (N = 629) who found it more pleasant than painful.

Overall, 16.8% of respondents experienced a painful lockdown (N = 240).

To better describe the factors associated with a negative lockdown experience, we split the sample into two sub-groups: the "painful group" who acknowledged the "painful lockdown experience" (NAS ≥ 7) vs. the "not painful" group (NAS < 7) (see Table 2 ).

Compared with the other subjects, people who experienced the lockdown in a painful way were younger, parents of younger children, felt more exposed to the virus and lived in smaller surfaces.

Pleasant Experience of the Lockdown 29.2% of respondents experienced lockdown in a very pleasant way (N = 399).

None of the variables from Table 1 were able to explain any difference between the "not very pleasant" vs. the "very pleasant" groups (results not presented).

To go further, we decided to deepen the analysis by comparing the two contrasted groups: "very painful" and "very pleasant" (see Table 3 ).

Results show approximately the same differences as those observed between "painful" and "not painful." The only variable that was not discriminatory here was "age."

There is no statistical link between these results and the duration of the lockdown (pleasant × duration: Pearson's r = 0.02; p = 0.56; painful × duration: Pearson's r = −0.04 p = 0.13). 

Given the results obtained from the quantitative data, we performed a textual analysis taking into account the variable "experience of the lockdown." The aim of this analysis was to observe whether the participants discourse varied according to whether or not they had a pleasant experience of the lockdown. The textual analysis, resulting from the respondents written responses to the open-ended questions, showed two classes of words (85.86% of classified text segments emphasized by the Iramuteq R software). The first class (50.2%) was related to the epidemic's impact at societal, professional and sanitary levels, and the second (49.8%) to the social, personal, and relationship life. The words selected where those for which the χ 2 of association to the two classes was over 15.20. There is no threshold for the χ 2 choice. Tool words (prepositions, articles, etc.) and polysemous words were removed and only nouns, verbs, and adjectives were considered. Figure 1 shows the organization of the word classes.

Class 1 is significantly associated with the responses of those who had experienced the lockdown as pleasant (χ 2 = 7.08, p = 0.008) see Table 4 . Class 1 lexical field is associated with foresights of post-lockdown society (χ 2 = 166.6, p < 0.0001), health (χ 2 = 127.28, p < 0.0001), and professional issues (χ 2 = 23.92, p < 0.0001). Theses respondents were particularly loquacious about their idea of the post-confinement society changes at large, and about France's sanitary, economic, and professional adjustments. We describe each theme as follows.

The respondents' perception of the changes occurring in the post lockdown era in the society at large, oscillate between the hope of positive societal shifts-in terms of ecology awareness and increased quality of life, and the fear that the situation will, at least, remain the same (in terms of social inequalities, individual or groups' aggressiveness or social tensions escalation), and at most, will become worse and will "furnish the government with excessive powers" leading to an authoritarian state.

Regarding this topic, respondents wavered between hope in collective changes toward health-the development of crisis plans or the renewal of health policies, and fear about the non-governmental response to the necessary evolution of the French health system; or the increase of traumatic psychological consequences such as panic disorders, anxiety, etc.

Regarding this topic, a percentage of respondents hope that the lockdown will act as a favorable time to reflect on work motivations and professional activities in the light of individual values and "life projects." Others believe that the facilities of "teleworking and increased digitalization" will convey a better quality of a work-life balance. They also fear that the economy will be impacted, mainly in the private sector, with "financial difficulties, " negative implications for young people's employability, unemployment, bankruptcies, layoffs, and more strain and pressure due to harder work conditions.

Class 2 is significantly associated with the responses of those who had painfully experienced the lockdown (χ 2 = 3.89, p = 0.049) see Table 5 . Class 2 lexical field is associated with themes concerning the post-lockdown period at a relationship (χ 2 = 106.78, p < 0.0001) and personal level (χ 2 = 78.53, p < 0.0001). The comments of respondents who had a painful experience of lockdown are primarily associated with the use of social support in the post-lockdown period.

While striving again to have close relationships, respondents oscillate between the hope that in the post lockdown, they will be able to meet their social desires: thirst of encounters, hugs, travels, etc.; and that the fear about the pandemic will continue distrust in people and fear of contagion, which will again impede the satisfaction of their needs.

At a personal level, respondents' perceptions alternated between the hope of living well again-freedom, physical contact, coming together with families and friends, and the perceived difficulties in the shift in adjusting to a new rhythm.

The respondent's perceptions about changes occurring in their lives in the post-lockdown era are both positive and negative. The positives convey the belief in the beneficial evolution of the society, where the negatives point toward a future loaded with great difficulties in all life areas.

The respondents' lockdown experience models their postlockdown perceptions: those who had a pleasant experienced are more prone to envision society's evolution at large and care about its economic and professional progress; those who had a painful experience are more focused on their immediate needs of social support and personal well-being.

The present study surveyed a sample of somewhat higher educated French citizens to capture their perceptions of the post-lockdown era at a personal and societal level, as well as its possible link to their lockdown conditions. The sample comprised mostly women, a finding common to other French studies on COVID-19 (see www.adaptation-institute.com). Most respondents did not feel at risk of contracting COVID-19, which is congruent with other international data (Bavel et al., 2020) . Two definite groups came out from our twosided study distinguished by the emotional experience toward the lockdown.

The first group experienced the lockdown as a pleasant event and had a low perceived vulnerability to COVID-19. Good confinement conditions appear to enhance life satisfaction in times of crisis, enabling people to develop better strategies for adapting positively to adversities such as the lockdown (Morales-Vives et al., 2020) . Discharged from overwhelming daily hassles, the respondents of this group had a more intellectualized approach to society as a whole and the changes that might occur in the aftermath. Nevertheless, they expressed worries about the decrease of personal well-being because of the governmental economic and sanitary responses to the pandemic (Best et al., 2020; Sabat et al., 2020) , social discontent (Kluth, 2020), economic recession, increased unemployment, and other uncertainties (McKibbin and Roshen, 2020) .

The second group lived the lockdown as a painful experience, and had a high perceived vulnerability to COVID-19. Some of the respondents of this group were confined couples with small children, having exacerbated parenting responsibilities, who often must combine work, childcare, and home schooling (Best et al., 2020; Hartley et al., 2020) . Others were people confined in lower quality living environments, and suffering from this situation (Glowacz and Schmits, 2020) . Respondents in this second group had a more emotional approach to the postlockdown era, which they see as a way of satisfying frustrated proximity needs through the renewal of close relationships and freedom to enjoy all aspects of life. The greater effect of the lockdown on respondents' daily life is associated with the need for social support and connectedness (Luchetti et al., 2020) . Belton et al. (2020) shows that, if allowed, permitting interactions with people from other households is ranked as having the most positive impact, because social belonging and support is critical to people's ability to cope and remain resilient in extreme situations (Sibley et al., 2020) .

Whether in an intellectualized or emotional way the two groups expressed simultaneously both hope and anxiety, which reflects the difficulty in planning for an unclear future. It highlights the impact of uncertainty, which is fundamentally a mental state, as a subjective, cognitive experience of humans rather than a feature of the objective, material world (Anderson et al., 2019) . Hope is a multifaceted human attribute, and a natural coping reaction to extreme situations (Sibley et al., 2020) . Typically categorized as a positive emotion, it often occurs in the midst of negative or uncertain circumstances (Bruininks, 2012) . Hope is also a cognitive construct which translates the belief that a positive future outcome is possible (Luo et al., 2020) . Hope promotes a greater sense of social connectedness (Sibley et al., 2020) and adherence to positive values such as benevolence and universality (Ma et al., 2019) , and strengthens the link to groups that respondents belong to such as family, communities, or countries (Greenaway, 2020) . Hope helps people cope with adverse situations, enables them to envision the future and therefore, decreases uncertainty Anxiety and distrust with life in the post-lockdown era appears to be another reaction to the uncertainty about the future. Anxiety emerges as a response to imagined omens and dangers which are perceived to have only negative consequences (Lunn et al., 2020) . In such situations, people often respond to threating events with suspicion, and tend to protect themselves by implementing avoidance behaviors. This anxiety creates the idea that life will be slow to return to normal and supports awareness of social inequalities that are magnified by the suffering that the virus has "put on the shoulders of lowerstatus groups" (Iyer and Jetten, 2011) . Hope and anxiety are the two facets of coping with uncertainty. They enable people to engage in action, even if the action is about avoidance, and gives them a sense of control over extreme situations.

The survey might have some useful practical implications. During the lockdown, and in its aftermath, there is evidence that some interventions, stemming from applied clinical and social psychology, successfully prevent or, at least, manage the negative effects of the lockdown (Lunn et al., 2020) . We believe that the most important factor is preparing people for other possible confinement or crisis situations. Indeed, promoting psychological resilience could contribute to lowering emotional distress during pandemic and lockdown periods (Lenzo et al., 2020) .

At a psychosocial level, although personal lockdown conditions can't be controlled, more flexibility might be recommended in the organization of telework to enable families to match and adapt their working hours around childcare situations. It is also important to enable people to better organize their lockdown conditions by allowing them more time to reach family homes, or share houses with friends or with romantic partners. Moreover, to help address feelings of uncertainty, coherent, precise and clear information must be displayed throughout all the government's announcements and in all domains, such as health, education, work, organizations, etc.

At a clinical level, psychological interventions support stress and anxiety management, emotional regulation, and relationship reorganization (Bavel et al., 2020) , through psychotherapy, virtual support groups, therapeutic education webinars, virtual wellness breaks, dissemination of wellness guides, or implementation of virtual behavioral health webinars (Kaslow et al., 2020) .

There are several strengths in the current study, including the assessment of post-lockdown perception and its design associating quantitative and qualitative data. There are also some limitations to note. First, as often happens with online surveys, the sample, despite its homogeneity, is a non-random one, and does not capture the perception of the entire French population. It over-represents a well-educated part of the population. Second, no information was gathered on the respondents' mental state or possible psychopathological status.

The study has shown that post lockdown perceptions of a sample of confined French people are simultaneously colored with hope and anxiety, which partly depends on the social and practical conditions in which lockdown was passed. To help in these extreme conditions, social and behavioral sciences can provide valuable insights for managing the lockdown and post-lockdown periods (Bavel et al., 2020) , as in both cases people "are the solution, " as people, through their individual and collective behavior, can reduce transmission of the virus and save lives (Jetten et al., 2020) . To fulfill these goals, clinical and social psychologists must combine their efforts to transform the best evidence into practice and, simultaneously, place this practice and its associated experiences under the scrutiny of the best research.

The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because RGPD French law. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to dfouques@parisnanterre.fr.

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comité D'éthique de Recherche de l'UFR SPSE Université Paris Nanterre, France. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.

DF, DC, and LR designed the study and wrote the paper. SJ-S and DF conceived the survey. SJ-S collected data. DF, SJ-S, LR, and MM performed statistical analysis. DC and MM interpreted the data. All the authors collaborated in the writing of the final manuscript.

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We would like to thank all the participants, Jean-Marc Desprez for taking part in resolution of technical difficulties of concerning the database, and also Marie Santiago Delefosse for her proofreading, detailed, and constructive remarks.

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg. 2021.668961/full#supplementary-material