key: cord-0967049-5dk3wt34 authors: Edelson, Dana P.; Sasson, Comilla; Chan, Paul S.; Atkins, Dianne L.; Aziz, Khalid; Becker, Lance B.; Berg, Robert A.; Bradley, Steven M.; Brooks, Steven C.; Cheng, Adam; Escobedo, Marilyn; Flores, Gustavo E.; Girotra, Saket; Hsu, Antony; Kamath-Rayne, Beena D.; Lee, Henry C.; Lehotsky, Rebecca E.; Mancini, Mary E.; Merchant, Raina M.; Nadkarni, Vinay M.; Panchal, Ashish R.; Peberdy, Mary Ann R.; Raymond, Tia T.; Walsh, Brian; Wang, David S.; Zelop, Carolyn M.; Topjian, Alexis A. title: Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19: From the Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee and Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Adult and Pediatric Task Forces of the American Heart Association date: 2020-09-04 journal: Circulation DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047463 sha: f673fcd4014dd3a080dd628263e86629ed3160f6 doc_id: 967049 cord_uid: 5dk3wt34 N/A. June 23/30, 2020 Circulation. 2020;141:e933-e943. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047463 e934 be inhaled by those nearby. 11 Second, resuscitation efforts require numerous providers to work in close proximity to one another and the patient. Finally, these are high-stress emergency events in which the immediate needs of the patient requiring resuscitation may result in lapses in infection-control practices. In arriving at this interim guidance, we reviewed existing American Heart Association CPR recommendations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and considered the unique pathophysiology of COVID-19 with reversal of hypoxemia as a central goal. We sought to balance the competing interests of providing timely and high-quality resuscitation to patients and simultaneously protecting rescuers. This statement applies to all adult, pediatric, and neonatal resuscitations in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection unless otherwise noted. The guidance contained herein is based on expert opinion and needs to be adapted locally on the basis of current disease burden and resource availability. Rationale It is essential that providers protect themselves and their colleagues from unnecessary exposure. Exposed providers who contract COVID-19 further decrease the already strained workforce available to respond and have the potential to add additional strain if they become critically ill. 1. Before entering the scene, all rescuers should don PPE to guard against contact with both airborne and droplet particles. Consult individual health or emergency medical services (EMS) system standards because PPE recommendations may vary considerably on the basis of current epidemiological data and availability. 2. Limit personnel in the room or on the scene to only those essential for patient care. 3. In settings with protocols in place and expertise in their use, consider replacing manual chest compressions with mechanical CPR devices to reduce the number of rescuers required for adults and adolescents who meet the manufacturer's height and weight criteria. 4. Clearly communicate COVID-19 status to any new providers before their arrival on the scene or receipt of the patient when transferring to a second setting. Although the procedure of intubation carries a high risk of aerosolization, if the patient is intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube and connected to a ventilator with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter in the path of exhaled gas and an inline suction catheter, the resulting closed circuit carries a lower risk of aerosolization than any other form of positive-pressure ventilation. 12 Strategies 5. Attach a HEPA filter securely, if available, to any manual or mechanical ventilation device in the path of exhaled gas before administering any breaths. 6. After healthcare providers assess the rhythm and defibrillate any ventricular arrhythmias, patients in cardiac arrest should be intubated with a cuffed tube at the earliest feasible opportunity. Connect the endotracheal tube to a ventilator with a HEPA filter when available. 7. Minimize the likelihood of failed intubation attempts by the following: a. Assigning the provider and approach with the best chance of first-pass success to intubate b. Pausing chest compressions to intubate 8. Video laryngoscopy may reduce intubator exposure to aerosolized particles and should be considered if available. 9. Before intubation, use a bag-mask device (or T piece in neonates) with a HEPA filter and a tight seal, or, for adults, consider passive oxygenation with a nonrebreathing face mask covered by a surgical mask. 10. If intubation is delayed, consider manual ventilation with a supraglottic airway or bag-mask device with a HEPA filter. 11. Once on a closed circuit, minimize disconnections to reduce aerosolization. • CPR is a high-intensity team effort that diverts rescuer attention away from other patients. 13 In the context of COVID-19, the risk to the clinical team is increased and resources can be profoundly more limited, particularly in regions that are experiencing a high burden of disease. Although the outcomes for cardiac arrest in COVID-19 are still unknown, the mortality for critically ill patients with COVID-19 Circulation. 2020;141:e933-e943. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047463 June 23/30, 2020 e935 is high and rises with increasing age and comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular disease. 2, [5] [6] [7] [8] Therefore, it is reasonable to consider age, comorbidities, and severity of illness in determining the appropriateness of resuscitation and to balance the likelihood of success against the risk to rescuers and patients from whom resources are being diverted. 14 Strategies 12. Address goals of care with patients with COVID-19 (or proxy) in anticipation of the potential need for increased levels of care. 13. Healthcare systems and EMS agencies should institute policies to guide frontline providers in determining the appropriateness of starting and terminating CPR for patients with COVID-19, taking into account patient risk factors to estimate the likelihood of survival. Risk stratification and policies should be communicated to patients (or proxy) during discussions of goals of care. 14. There are insufficient data to support extracorporeal CPR for patients with COVID-19. Below are specific considerations for cardiac arrest in individuals with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 occurring outside of the hospital. Depending on local prevalence and evidence of community spread, COV-ID-19 may be suspected in some out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Bystander CPR has consistently been shown to improve the likelihood of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, which decreases with every minute that CPR and defibrillation are delayed. [15] [16] [17] Rescuers in the community are unlikely to have access to adequate PPE and therefore may be at increased risk of exposure to COVID-19 during CPR compared with healthcare providers with adequate PPE. Rescuers with increasing age and the presence of comorbid conditions such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic lung disease 4 are at increased risk of becoming critically ill if infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. However, when the cardiac arrest occurs at home (as has been reported in 70% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests 17 before the recent widespread shelter-at-home ordinances), lay rescuers are likely to have already been exposed to COVID-19. Chest Compressions • For adults: Lay rescuers should perform at least hands-only CPR after recognition of a cardiac arrest event, if willing and able, especially if they are household members who have been exposed to the patient at home. A face mask or cloth covering the mouth and nose of the rescuer and/or patient may reduce the risk of transmission to a nonhousehold bystander. • For children: Lay rescuers should perform chest compressions and consider mouth-to-mouth ventilation, if willing and able, given the higher incidence of respiratory arrest in children, 17 especially if they are household members who have been exposed to the patient at home. A face mask or cloth covering the mouth and nose of the rescuer and/or patient may reduce the risk of transmission to a nonhousehold bystander if unable or unwilling to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation. • Because defibrillation is not expected to be a highly aerosolizing procedure, lay rescuers should use an automated external defibrillator, if available, to assess and treat patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. • Family members and other contacts of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should not ride in the transport vehicle. • If return of spontaneous circulation has not been achieved after appropriate resuscitation efforts in the field, consider not transferring to hospital given the low likelihood of survival for the patient, 17 balanced against the added risk of additional exposure to prehospital and hospital providers. Below are specific considerations for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in the hospital setting. These interim guidelines do not apply to patients who are known to be COVID-19 negative. Those patients should receive standard basic and advanced life support. However, it may be reasonable to reduce the number of personnel in the room for all resuscitations during the pandemic for social distancing purposes. • Address advanced care directives and goals of care with all patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (or proxy) on hospital arrival and with any significant change in clinical status such as an increase in level of care. • Closely monitor for signs and symptoms of clinical deterioration to minimize the need for emergency intubations that put patients and providers at higher risk. • If the patient is at risk for cardiac arrest, consider proactively moving the patient to a negative-pressure room/unit, if available, to minimize risk of exposure to rescuers during a resuscitation. • Close the door when possible to prevent airborne contamination of adjacent indoor space. • Consider leaving the patient on a mechanical ventilator with a HEPA filter to maintain a closed circuit and to reduce aerosolization. • Adjust the ventilator settings to allow asynchronous ventilation (time chest compressions with ventilation in newborns). Consider the following suggestions: -Increase the Fio 2 to 1.0. -Use either pressure or volume control ventilation and limit pressure or tidal volume to generate adequate chest rise (4-6 mL/kg ideal body weight is often targeted [6mL/kg for adults]). -Adjust the trigger to "off" to prevent the ventilator from autotriggering with chest compressions and possibly prevent hyperventilation and air trapping. -Adjust respiratory rate to 10 breaths/min for adults and pediatrics and 30 breaths/min for neonates. -Assess the need to adjust the positive endexpiratory pressure level to balance lung volumes and venous return. -Adjust alarms to deliver full breaths with asynchronous chest compressions. -Ensure endotracheal tube/tracheostomy and ventilator circuit security to prevent unplanned extubation. • If return of spontaneous circulation is achieved, set ventilator settings as appropriate to patients' clinical condition. • For patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who are in a prone position without an advanced airway, attempt to place in the supine position for continued resuscitation. • Although the effectiveness of CPR in the prone position is not completely known, for those patients who are in the prone position with an advanced airway, it may be reasonable to avoid turning the patient to the supine position, unless able to do so without risk of equipment disconnections and aerosolization. If unable to safely transition the patient to a supine position, place the defibrillator pads in the anterior-posterior position and provide CPR with the patient remaining prone with hands in the standard position over the T7/10 vertebral bodies. 18 • Consult local infection control practices concerning transport after resuscitation. Every newly born baby should have a skilled attendant prepared to resuscitate regardless of COVID-19 status. Although it remains unclear if newly born babies are infected or likely to be infectious when mothers have suspected or confirmed COVID-19, providers should don appropriate PPE. The mother is a potential source of aerosolization for the neonatal team. • Initial steps: Routine neonatal care and the initial steps of neonatal resuscitation are unlikely to be aerosol generating; they include drying, tactile stimulation, placement into a plastic bag or wrap, assessment of heart rate, and placement of pulse oximetry and electrocardiographic leads. • Suction: Suction of the airway after delivery should not be performed routinely for clear or meconiumstained amniotic fluid. Suctioning is an aerosolgenerating procedure and is not indicated for uncomplicated deliveries. • Endotracheal medications: Endotracheal instillation of medications such as surfactant or epinephrine is an aerosol-generating procedure, especially via an uncuffed tube. Intravenous delivery of epinephrine via a low-lying umbilical venous catheter is the preferred route of administration during neonatal resuscitation. • Closed incubators: Closed incubator transfer and care (with appropriate distancing) should be used for neonatal intensive care patients when possible but do not protect against aerosolization of virus. The tenets of maternal cardiac arrest are unchanged for women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. • The cardiopulmonary physiological changes of pregnancy may increase the risk of acute decompensation in critically ill pregnant patients with COVID-19. • Preparation for perimortem delivery, to occur after 4 minutes of resuscitation, should be initiated early in the resuscitation algorithm to allow the assembly of obstetric and neonatal teams with PPE even if return of spontaneous circulation is achieved and perimortem delivery is not required. On behalf of the American Heart Association ECC Interim COVID Guidance Authors Correspondence Comilla Sasson Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, NY (L.B.B.). The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Stollery Children's Hospital University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill PhD, American Heart Association s Hospital of Philadelphia Stollery Children's Hospital MD, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Children's Hospital; Mark Terry, MPA, National Registry of College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. 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Impact of bystander automated external defibrillator use on survival and functional outcomes in shockable observed public cardiac arrests Reverse CPR: a pilot study of CPR in the prone position De Edelson reports personal fees from AgileMD; grants and nonfinancial support from EarlySense; and grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support from Philips Healthcare; in addition, Dr Edelson has a patent to ARCD.P0535US.P2 pending. Dr Chan reports grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and American Heart Association. Dr Aziz reports serving as past chair and member (academic role, without remuneration) of the Alberta coordinating committee for the Neonatal Resuscitation Program and ACoRN that oversees neonatal life support education for perinatal sites in Alberta. Dr Aziz just completed a term as a member of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Neonatal Task Force. Dr Becker reports grants from Philips, National Institutes of Health, Zoll, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and United Therapeutics; grants and other from Nihon Kohden; and other from BrainCool. In addition, Dr Becker has a patent for cooling technology issued and a patent fir reperfusion methodology issued. Dr Brooks reports nonfinancial support from Action First Aid and SaveStation; in addition, Dr Brooks has a patent for "A System and Method for an Emergency Communication and Remotely Activated Emergency Assistance Device" pending. Dr Kamath-Rayne reports that the American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics have financial relationships related to the Neonatal Resuscitation Program and Pediatric Advanced Life Support, where these programs are cobranded, and her organizations pay each other royalties based on revenue from these programs. Dr Kamath-Rayne does not personally benefit from these relationships. Dr Mancini reports personal fees from Stryker. Dr Nadkarni reports grants from Zoll Medical Corp, American Heart Association/ Resuscitation Quality Improvement Program, Nihon Kohden Corp, National Institutes of Health, and Agency for Healthcare Quality Improvement. Dr Zelop reports personal fees from UptoDate. The other authors report no conflicts.