key: cord-0965659-c9t5nkz4 authors: Mahilang, Mithlesh; Deb, Manas Kanti; Nirmalkar, Jayant; Pervez, Shamsh title: Influence of fireworks emission on aerosol aging process at lower troposphere and associated health risks in an urban region of eastern central India date: 2020-04-21 journal: Atmos Pollut Res DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2020.04.009 sha: 99e596b047c0d66f25751941d1d80eb139a55ff4 doc_id: 965659 cord_uid: c9t5nkz4 Abstract To study the influence of fireworks in atmospheric aerosols and their effect on health during the extreme firework days, fireworks tracer metals and carbonaceous species in size-distributed aerosols in the lower troposphere at Raipur in eastern central India were investigated during the 2018 Deepawali festival. Aerosol samples were collected, before Deepawali period (BDP, n = 5), during Deepawali period (DDP, n = 5) and after Deepawali period (ADP, n = 5). Bimodal size-distribution with intense fine mode peak was found for Na during DDP. Bimodal distribution with fine mode intense peak was found for K during DDP. The bimodal size distribution of K was found common for other events because of biomass burning emissions, whereas high intense peak during DDP indicated mixed sources from biomass burning and fireworks. During DDP, K and Ca were well correlated (r2 = 0.93) together. Strong metal-metal correlations were found between the following pairs, Zn–Fe, Cu–Fe and Cu–Ca, which indicated the similar firecrackers burning source. The atmospheric aging of aerosols was also found significantly high during fireworks days. Aging of aerosols were higher because of heterogeneous reactions of SO2 and NOx on aerosols directly emitted from fireworks. The observed high values of inhalation dose of elemental carbon during DDP period imposed higher risk of respiratory diseases. This study has provided carbonaceous fractions composition data as a tool to detect the aging processes of fireworks in ultra-fine, fine and coarse mode particles during the extreme firework days. Inhalation doses were calculated to establish potential influence on human health. Atmospheric aerosols released from firecrackers burning in special occasion or festival time around after that a stepwise temperature was programmed. In IMPROVE_A protocol the filters were heated 188 for 120 °C, 250 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C for OC1, OC2, OC3 and OC4 respectively, in the presence 189 of 100% of He. However, the temperature plateau was 550 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C for EC1, 190 EC2, EC3 and EC4 respectively, in the presence of 98% He/2% O 2 . The released carbon dioxide 191 (CO 2 ) during the oxidation at every particulate temperature step was measured with a non-dispersive 192 infrared detector system. The analytical errors in the triplicate analyses of the filter samples were 193 estimated to be 5% for OC and EC both. The concentration of total carbon (TC) was calculated by 194 summing the concentrations of OC and EC in each size fraction. As carbonate carbon (CC) also 195 contributes to the TC in ambient aerosols, a sample aliquot was fumigated with HCl to get the peak 196 position for CC and the correction for CC was done after verifying the thermogram. and Fe are used as color producing agents, whereas K and Na are used as oxidizers, Mg is used as 271 fuel and Zn is used for smoke effect etc. Moreno (2007) has also reported that metal salts of K and Table 2 . significantly high abundance of EC was obtained during extreme firework days for ultra-fine (5.5-302 folds) and fine modes (5.4-fold) than during the normal days. However, EC can be also directly 303 emitted from biomass burning and combustion of fossil fuels as primary aerosols in nature. The fine mode SOC was higher than POC during DDP, indicating secondary formation as 305 prominent source of carbonaceous aerosols. The DDP period was observed to have high 306 concentration of fine mode POC. Gaseous pollutants emitted from fireworks events could be 307 responsible for triggering the significant secondary formation in atmosphere of eastern central India. SOC was found to be high during DDP that must be due to secondary formation and gas to particles 309 conversion, and further the fine mode particles were converted to coarse mode by agglomeration. During DDP, fine mode OC and EC were dominated over coarse mode OC and EC, respectively. The coarse mode loading is also significant because of prevailed meteorology offering more suitable For K, a bimodal size distribution with coarse mode peak at 4.7-9 µm and fine mode peak at 0.43-372 1.1µm were found for all the three events but interestingly DDP event had an intense peak in fine 373 mode at 0.43-1.1µm size. Whereas coarse mode dominated peak at 4.7-9 µm size range was 374 observed in the other two events. This indicated that there must be different sources which were also 375 influencing the air mass during DDP. During DDP intense peak in fine mode was due to the mixture 376 of two major sources, namely, firecrackers emission and biomass burning activities. Yamasoe et al. (2000) have also found bimodal size distribution of K with fine mode peak reported was due to The calculated average abundances of metals during ADP, DDP, and BDP, along with ultra-520 fine, fine and coarse particles are separately displayed in the pie chart (Fig. 9) . The average 521 abundances of fine and ultrafine particles during DDP were found highest followed by ADP and • Size distribution of metals shows significant enhancement loading in 0.43-1.1µm size range during DDP. • Potential penetration of metal aerosols into human respiratory system and possible health problems are discussed. • Dominance of firecrackers metal tracers in fine and ultra-fine mode during DDP was found, whereas other days have dominance of industrial emission and biomass burning. • Significant coarse mode loading observed indicates mineral dust as significant contributor towards aerosols. • Extent of atmospheric aging process is increased during firework days. PM 2.5 pollution from 735 household solid fuel burning practices in Central India: 2. Application of receptor models for 736 source apportionment Latitudinal distributions of 738 organic nitrogen and organic carbon in marine aerosols over the western North Pacific Effect of fireworks events on urban background trace metal 742 aerosol concentrations: is the cocktail worth the show? Recreational Atmospheric Pollution Episodes: Inhalable Metalliferous 745 Particles from Firework Displays An optimized tracer-based approach for estimating 747 organic carbon emissions from biomass burning in Ulaanbaatar Mass loading of size-segregated 750 atmospheric aerosols in the ambient air during fireworks episodes in Eastern Central India