key: cord-0961553-fzo4dnep
authors: Orsini, Marco; Henrique de Gobbi Porto, Fábio; Fernandes do Nascimento, Jaqueline
title: Neuropsychiatric presentation of Covid-19-related encephalitis: case report.
date: 2021-10-28
journal: Psychiatry research communications
DOI: 10.1016/j.psycom.2021.100004
sha: 7015611207c2bed8a3f26674baaf25fcab537e52
doc_id: 961553
cord_uid: fzo4dnep

Covid-19-related encephalitis is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by a combination of clinical, laboratory, and imaging features related to inflammation of the brain, where the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is presumably the causative agent. We reported a case of Covid-19-related encephalitis presenting with neuropsychiatric symptoms, including intense agitation. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction in cerebrospinal fluid was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Our case expands the literature about neurologic manifestations of Covid-19 and emphasizes the possibility of prominent behavioral symptoms as the initial manifestation.

Covid-19, the infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has a range of typical clinical manifestations, including cough, fever, myalgias, gastrointestinal symptoms, and anosmia (Gandhi et al., 2020) . Several neurologic manifestations have been described since late 2019, when a global pandemic started, increasing the burden of the disease (Asadi-pooya, 2020; Chen et al., 2021; Hassett et al., 2020) . Neuropsychiatric manifestations have also been described, including a range of psychopathologies such as depression, anxiety, psychosis, suicidal ideation, insomnia, and delirium (Nalleballe et al., 2020; Taquet et al., 2021) . Uncommon presentations of Covid-19 with encephalitis were recently reported (Pilotto et al., 2021) , including limbic encephalitis (Bhagat et al., 2021; Chiveri et al., 2021) . We report Covid-19-related encephalitis, confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), presenting with severe agitation.

A 52-year-old man was present in an outpatient neurologic office with a 3-day history of acute onset cognitive impairment characterized by impaired attention, forgetfulness, and difficulties with word-finding. Concomitantly, he developed aggressiveness and psychomotor agitation. He also had a new-onset generalized tonic-clonic seizure. He had contact with family members infected with Covid-19 in the previous 15 days. His past medical history was unremarkable. During the evaluation, the patient became agitated, with increased aimless motor activity and verbal and physical aggressiveness. He was unconcerned about the use of a facemask and became distressed when confronted by his family. During the office evaluation, he needed to be restricted to avoid aggression toward the physician. In-hospital investigation with 1.5T MRI revealed a normal-appearance J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f brain imaging (including medial temporal lobe and other limbic structures - Figure 1 ). CSF analysis showed a mild lymphocytic pleocytosis. CSF RT-PCR was positive for SARS-CoV-2 (table 1). The electroencephalogram was normal. After a few days, cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric features progressed. The patient evolved to a decreased level of consciousness. He developed dyspnea with rapid evolution to severe respiratory failure due to lung injury. The patient died due to pulmonary complications after three days of intensive care unit admission (10 days after the beginning of his illness). An autopsy was not performed.

We reported a case of encephalitis due to Covid-19 with positive CSF RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, in which agitation was the first symptom.

Encephalitis is characterized by a combination of clinical, laboratory, and imaging features related to brain inflammation (Graus et al., 2016) . Proposed criteria for possible autoimmune encephalitis might be used as a guide for more general encephalitis and includes: 1) subacute onset (rapid progression of fewer than three months) of working memory deficits (short-term memory loss), altered mental status (defined as decreased or altered level of consciousness, lethargy, or personality change) or psychiatric symptoms;

and 2) at least one of the following: new focal central nervous system (CNS) findings;

seizures not explained by a previously known seizure disorder; CSF pleocytosis (white blood cell count of more than five cells per mm³; MRI features suggestive of encephalitis (Graus et al., 2016) . According to this proposal, our patient fulfilled the criteria for possible encephalitis.

The involvement of the central nervous system in SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a large spectrum of clinical syndromes, including encephalitis (Asadi-pooya, 2020; Hassett et al., J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 2020; Pilotto et al., 2021) . In agreement with our case, most cases of encephalitis reported in a series of patients had normal MRI imaging (Pilotto et al., 2021) . Despite significant neuropsychiatric symptomatology (agitation), neuroimaging was unremarkable in our case. However, normal imaging does not exclude CNS involvement of the SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, this clinical-radiologic paradox is frequently seen in the neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 (Jegatheeswaran et al., 2021; Kremer et al., 2020) .

Different from most cases of the same authors, our patient showed a positive CSF RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Even with CNS involvement, positive CSF RT-PCR appears to be rare through the spectrum of CNS involvement of Covid-19 (Lewis et al., 2021; Placantonakis et al., 2020) . However, CSF RT-PCR is the gold standard to detected CNS involvement in Covid-19 (Bellon et al., 2020) .

SARS-CoV-2 affects the brain through different mechanisms, including direct brain invasion inducing systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines that surpass the blood-brain barrier (cytokine storm). Also, neurotransmitter system dysfunction, brain vascular injury, thrombotic events, and neuronal damage are possible pathophysiologic events. All mechanisms may be associated with a myriad of neuropsychiatric symptoms (Boldrini et al., 2021) . The finding of positive CSF RT-PCR in our patient is consistent with CNS direct invasion. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including penetration of the olfactory mucosa and transsynaptic migration along the olfactory tract, inflammationinduced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier or entrance via monocytes ("Trojan-horse" mechanism), or via circumventricular organs (midline structures around the third and fourth ventricles, where the capillaries have a wall devoid of the blood-brain barrier (Boldrini et al., 2021; Paterson et al., 2020; Zubair et al., 2020) .

Limbic system involvement probably occurs even in mild to moderate Covid-19 (Douaud et al., 2021) . Limbic encephalitis was also reported (Bhagat et al., 2021; Chiveri et al., 2021) . Proposed diagnostic criteria for limbic encephalitis require abnormal medial temporal lobe imaging (Graus et al., 2016) , which was not present in the reported patient.

Therefore, our case cannot be label as "limbic encephalitis. Nevertheless, the severe agitation presented by our patient possibly indicated the involvement of the limbic system (Cummings et al., 2015) , even without imaging abnormalities in the limbic system, and is in line with other neuropsychiatric manifestations reported in the literature.

Covid-19-related encephalitis is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by a combination of clinical, laboratory, and imaging features related to brain inflammation, where the SARS-CoV-2 is presumably the causative agent. As the pandemic persists and the number of infected subjects increases, knowledge about CNS involvement of the SARS-CoV-2 also increases. Our case report of COVID-19-related encephalitis presenting with prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms (agitation) and a positive CSF RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 expands the literature about the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and CNS involvement.

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f

Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: A systematic review

Cerebrospinal Fluid Features in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Positive Patients

New-Onset Seizure With Possible Limbic Encephalitis in a Patient With COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Review

How COVID-19 Affects the Brain

A systematic review of neurological symptoms and complications of COVID-19

The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: Clinical, radiological and laboratory findings

Related Encephalitis: The ENCOVID Multicenter Study

Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. The Lancet Psychiatry

Neuropathogenesis and neurologic manifestations of the coronaviruses in the age of coronavirus disease 2019: A review