key: cord-0953863-wmtfgyee
authors: Wang, Miao; Zhu, Qiguo; Fu, Jianguo; Liu, Lilong; Xiao, Mingzhe; Du, Yu
title: Differences of inflammatory and non-inflammatory indicators in Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) with different severity
date: 2020-08-26
journal: Infect Genet Evol
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104511
sha: 14d45f1cf201a640bb60cfcb25597788df3078c5
doc_id: 953863
cord_uid: wmtfgyee

Background A variety of inflammatory and non-inflammatory indicators were increased in severe and critical Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and some of them were used to evaluate the severity and predict prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of these indicators in COVID-19 with different severity. Methods Clinical data of 46 patients with severe COVID-19 and 31 patients with critical COVID-19 were collected. The general characteristics and comorbidities of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. The initial and peak concentrations of serum troponin I (cTnI), D-dimer (D-D), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT), initial and peak neutrophil counts and initial and trough lymphocyte counts were compared between two groups. The correlation between the variation of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, neutrophils, lymphocytes and the severity of the disease was analyzed. The efficacy of the initial concentrations of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, the initial neutrophil and lymphocyte counts in predicting critical COVID-19 were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The initial and peak concentrations of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, initial and peak neutrophil counts in critical group were higher than those in severe group, the initial and trough counts of lymphocyte were lower than those in the severe group. Except for the initial level of PCT, the other differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The increase of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, neutrophils and the decrease of lymphocytes were related to the severity of the disease, OR values were 28.80, 2.20, 18.47, 10.80, 52.00, 9.60 and 21.08, respectively. Except for D-D, the other differences were statistically significant. The areas under ROC curves for predicting critical COVID-19 by initial concentrations of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, initial lymphocyte and neutrophil counts were 0.76, 0.78, 0.83, 0.95, 0.56, 0.68 and 0.62, respectively. Conclusions The severe and critical COVID-19 patients had significant differences in concentrations of serum cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. The increase of cTnI, CRP, IL-6, PCT, neutrophils and decrease of lymphocytes indicated severe condition. The initial IL-6 might be a good indicator of COVID-19 severity.

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is pandemic and still raging all over the world. Most patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have mild illness and present common symptoms such as fever, cough, and fatigue 1 . A small number of infected patients would progress to severe cases with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Some patients with severe and critical illness would worsen in a short period of time and die quickly due to multiple organ failure, especially in elderly patients with comorbidities 2 . A variety of inflammatory and non-inflammatory indicators were increased in severe and critical COVID-19 1, 2 . Some of them were used to judge the severity and prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia [3] [4] [5] [6] . Thus, it is essential to figure out the differences between inflammatory and non-inflammatory of COVID-19 with diverse severity. We conducted an observational, retrospective study with severe and critical COVID-19 patients to evaluate the differences of inflammatory and non-inflammatory indicators in COVID-19 with different severity and their role in determining the severity of COVID-19.

According to the standards of the "COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Program 7th Edition(China) ", the cases of severe and critical COVID-19 diagnosed from February 10, 2020 to March 30, 2020 in Guanggu Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology were searched. A total of 46 severe cases and 31 critical cases were included. Inclusion criteria: Diagnosis of severe and critical COVID-19 according to the "COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Program 7th Edition(China)". Diagnosis criteria: RT-PCR test positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid; viral gene sequence is highly homologous to known coronavirus; serum SARS-CoV-2 antibodies IgM, IgG are positive, IgG antibody changes from negative to positive or titer of IgG antibody in recovery period is 4 times higher and above than that in acute period. Severe COVID-19 criteria: Adults meet any of the followings: respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min; resting oxygen saturation ≤93%; oxygenation index ≤300 mmHg; lung image lesions progress more than 50% within 24-48 hours. Critical COVID-19 criteria: Adults meet any of the followings: with respiratory failure requires for mechanical ventilation; shock; with any other organ failure requires treatment in ICU. Exclusion criteria: age <18 years old; with immunosuppressive disease; severe and critical condition not caused by COVID-19.

Data of gender, age, co-existing diseases, the initial concentrations of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, the initial lymphocytes and neutrophil counts within 24 hours after admission, as well as the peak concentrations of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, peak neutrophil counts and the trough lymphocyte counts in the course of disease for severely and critically ill patients were collected retrospectively.

Patient pharyngeal swab specimens were collected for the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Detailed protocol was described somewhere else 7 . IL-6 was determined on a Rocher COBAS E602 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Basel,Switzerland) by using double antibody sandwich IL-6 assay (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland), the reference range was 0-14ng/L. PCT levels were measured on a Rocher COBAS E602 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer(Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) by using double antibody sandwich PCT assay(Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland), the reference range was 0-0.05ng/ml. cTnI levels were measured on a Radiometer AQT90 FLEX analyzer(Radiometer ,Copenhagen, Denmark)by using time-resolved immunofluorescence cTnI assay (Radiometer ,Turku, Finland) , the reference range was 0-7pg/ml. CRP levels were measured on Beckman AU5800 automatic biochemical analyzer (Beckman Coulter , California, USA)by using immunoturbidimetry CRP assay (Beckman Coulter , Suzhou, China), the reference range was 0-5mg/L. D-D levels was determined on CS5100 automatic coagulation analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) by using a latex-enhanced photometric immunoassay (Siemens, Marburg, Germany), the reference range was 0-0.55mg/L. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were measured on Sysmex XS500i blood cell analyzer(Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) by using flow cytometry of semiconductor laser nucleic acid fluorescence staining, the reference ranges were (1.8-6.3) ×10 9 /L and (1.1-3.2) ×10 9 /L. All medical laboratory data were generated by the clinical laboratory of Guanggu Hospital.

Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR) if the distribution was not satisfied by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The measurement data were analyzed with t-test or Wilcoxon test, and the enumeration data were analyzed with χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. The odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to analyze the correlation between the changes of the concentrations of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, lymphocyte counts, neutrophil counts and the severity of the disease. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, lymphocytes and neutrophils in predicting critical COVID-19. All tests were two-tailed and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analysis were performed by using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0.

There were 27 males and 19 females in the severely ill group, 22 males and 9 females in the critically ill group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. The average age of the critically ill group was older than that of the severe group, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant [(70.26±9.96)vs( 63.78±11.94)，p=0.02]. Except for cardiovascular disease, the differences of other coexisting diseases were not statistically significant (table 1) .

We found that the severe and critical COVID-19 patients had significant differences in concentrations of cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, neutrophil counts and lymphocyte counts. The increase of cTnI, CRP, IL-6, PCT, neutrophils and decrease of lymphocytes indicated aggravated condition. The initial IL-6 might be a good indicator for severity of COVID-19. ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), receptor of SARS-CoV-2, exists in multiple organs including the heart 8 , so SARS-CoV-2 can directly attack the heart, leading to myocardial cell apoptosis and necrosis. For critical patients, the systemic viral load was larger, and the direct damage to myocardium was greater. CRP and IL-6 in the critically ill group were higher than those in the severe group, and the lung damage was usually more serious for critical patients, so the inflammatory response and myocardial hypoxia were greater for critically ill patients. What's more, the fluid supplementation for critical patients during treatment increased the cardiac load. All these factors above 9-11 resulted in the high level of serum troponin. At the same time, critical patients with more comorbidities had older average age, so they were prone to be complicated with acute myocardial infarction under conditions of ischemia and hypoxia 12 .

The levels of serum CRP and IL-6 were usually increased in the infection by various pathogens, such as bacteria, virus, fungi etc. But high serum PCT level usually indicates bacterial infection.

Critical patients who had a long course of disease and often required respiratory support were susceptible to bacterial infection. Therefore, the peak PCT level, the initial and peak levels of CRP and IL-6 were significantly different between severe and critical group, and for initial PCT, no difference was found. Admission of CRP, IL-6, and PCT in serum can be used to evaluate the severity of pneumonia, and continuously high levels usually indicates poor treatment effect 4 . The prognosis of pneumonia was also affected by many factors such as tumor, kidney disease and cardiovascular event.

Pneumonia may be just an early warning signal of the above diseases. As sensitive indicators of systemic inflammation, CRP and IL-6 can reflect the changes of various diseases, so their overall affection for prognosis of pneumonia are usually superior 13 . Our research also showed that the areas of CRP and IL-6 under ROC curves were larger than other indicators. In pulmonary infectious diseases, D-D level is directly related to the coagulation process during acute and chronic lung injury. Serious lung damage of critically ill patients induced excessive activation of fibrinolytic system and more breakdown of fibrin in the alveoli 14 The initial neutrophil counts of the severe and critical patients were different, but the mean numbers were all within the normal range, which might be because of the stronger stress reaction of the critically ill patients, and the difference in peak level was mostly associated with the secondary bacterial infection and the application of glucocorticoids in critically ill patients, which was also in accordance with the difference of PCT between the two groups. lymphocytes are the main actors in adaptive immunity, and lymphopenia in CAP, mainly caused by a CD4 + depletion, has been found to be related to a dysregulated immune response with more inflammatory responses 18 . Our study also showed that the inflammatory response of the critically ill group was stronger than that of the severely ill group, and the initial and trough lymphocyte counts in critically ill group were significantly lower than those of the severe group. Limitations: firstly, the number of samples in this study was relatively small, which still needs to be further confirmed by a large sample study; secondly, only the initial and peak value of indicators were involved, if there were more kinetic values, the relationship between indicators and the change of the disease could be better reflected.

Conclusions: The severe and critical COVID-19 patients had significant differences in concentrations of serum cTnI, D-D, CRP, IL-6, PCT, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. The increase 

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Clinical data of 46 patients with severe COVID-19 and 31 patients with critical COVID-19 were collected

IL-6, PCT, initial and peak neutrophil counts in critical group were higher than those in severe group, the initial and trough counts of lymphocyte were lower than those in the severe group

The severe and critical COVID-19 patients had significant differences in concentrations of serum cTnI

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.