key: cord-0953478-71hyg52h
authors: Piao, Mingxin; Zou, Jinpeng; Li, Zhifang; Zhang, Junchuan; Yang, Liang; Yao, Nan; Li, Yuhong; Li, Yaxing; Tang, Haohao; Zhang, Li; Yang, Deguang; Yang, Zhenming; Du, Xinglin; Zuo, Zecheng
title: The Arabidopsis HY2 Gene Acts as a Positive Regulator of NaCl Signaling during Seed Germination
date: 2021-08-20
journal: Int J Mol Sci
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169009
sha: a5b693e3da57df33bb0b86d1afb8c08273db237c
doc_id: 953478
cord_uid: 71hyg52h

Phytochromobilin (PΦB) participates in the regulation of plant growth and development as an important synthetase of photoreceptor phytochromes (phy). In addition, Arabidopsis long hypocotyl 2 (HY2) appropriately works as a key PΦB synthetase. However, whether HY2 takes part in the plant stress response signal network remains unknown. Here, we described the function of HY2 in NaCl signaling. The hy2 mutant was NaCl-insensitive, whereas HY2-overexpressing lines showed NaCl-hypersensitive phenotypes during seed germination. The exogenous NaCl induced the transcription and the protein level of HY2, which positively mediated the expression of downstream stress-related genes of RD29A, RD29B, and DREB2A. Further quantitative proteomics showed the patterns of 7391 proteins under salt stress. HY2 was then found to specifically mediate 215 differentially regulated proteins (DRPs), which, according to GO enrichment analysis, were mainly involved in ion homeostasis, flavonoid biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, hormone response (SA, JA, ABA, ethylene), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic pathway, photosynthesis, and detoxification pathways to respond to salt stress. More importantly, ANNAT1–ANNAT2–ANNAT3–ANNAT4 and GSTU19–GSTF10–RPL5A–RPL5B–AT2G32060, two protein interaction networks specifically regulated by HY2, jointly participated in the salt stress response. These results direct the pathway of HY2 participating in salt stress, and provide new insights for the plant to resist salt stress.

Saline soil is an unfavorable environmental factor that seriously affects seed germination, seedling growth, and even final yield in crops [1] [2] [3] . About 7% of the total land surface and 20% of the irrigated land are affected by soil with excessive salt concentration, and the situation is getting worse [4, 5] . Global climate change and poor irrigation water quality are the main factors leading to soil salinization [6, 7] . Therefore, it is urgent to study the molecular mechanism of plants' adaption to saline soil and to enhance such adaptability of plants to saline soil through molecular genetic improvement.

As salt stress gives rise to ion stress, osmotic stress, secondary stress, and oxidative stress [8, 9] , it is crucial for plants to maintain the balance between ion, osmosis, and ROS. In addition, plants have evolved a series of mechanisms to maintain salt balance in the long process of evolution [10] . In terms of ionic stress, after the perception of a salt-stress signal induced by a high concentration of salt in plants, the salt receptor glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) [11, 12] can directly bind to the external Na + to form a direct interaction, which activates the Ca 2+ channel. The influx of Ca 2+ thus drives the adaptive response to high salt levels, which promotes EF-hand Ca 2+ -binding proteins SOS3 to activate serine/threonine protein kinase SOS2, and then to activate Na + /H + antiporter SOS1 to pump Na + out of the cell, maintaining the salinity balance in vivo [13, 14] . In terms of osmotic stress, the synthesis of compatible osmolytes is crucial for the maintenance of osmotic potential and protein structure in cells, including the expression of related genes as PM-located protein OSCA, MAPK cascades, SnRK2 isoforms, etc. [15] [16] [17] , and the synthesis of the accumulation of related substances, such as proline, betaine, sugars, etc. [18] [19] [20] . In terms of oxidative stress, both the gene expressions, such as MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade [21] , and the ROS scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), etc. [22] , act to maintain the balance of ROS in vivo. Therefore, improving the molecular mechanism of salt stress is very important for the strengthening of salt tolerance in plants.

PΦB is an open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore, a critical synthetase for phytochromes to function as a light receptor to regulate plant growth and development [23, 24] . Arabidopsis HY2 encodes a key synthase of PΦB [25, 26] , which is a ferredoxin-dependent biliverdin reductase that catalyzes the reduction in the A-ring 2,3,3 1 ,3 2 -diene system to produce an ethylidene group for assembly with apophytochromes [27] . Furthermore, it has been reported that HY2 induces the synthesis of phyA to inhibit the elongation of hypocotyl under the far-red light treatment [28] . Under the treatment of exogenous trehalose, the expression of HY2 is upregulated by 2.8 times [29] . Besides, HY2 participates in the apoplastic and chloroplastic redox signaling networks, being responsible for chlorophyll biosynthesis [30] . However, whether HY2 is involved in the plant stress response signal network remains unknown.

In this study, we found that Arabidopsis PΦB synthetase HY2 is a positive regulator in NaCl signaling during seed germination. Meanwhile, we conducted tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomics analysis [31] to compare col4 (wild type) with hy2 mutant under salt stress to identify salt-stress-inducing HY2-specific responsive proteins. This would help to demonstrate the role of HY2 in the salt stress response pathway. Our study actually reveals the plant salt stress response and identifies new elements in the salt stress pathway, which provides new insights into genetic engineering of the crops to improve salt tolerance and yield.

To analyze the novel salt tolerance genes, we used a luciferase reporter system to construct different Arabidopsis transgene lines overexpressing firefly luciferase (LUC). Compared with col4 and LUC-vector lines, the lines expressing the PΦB synthetase HY2 showed a salt-hypersensitive phenotype and hy2 mutant displayed a salt-resistant phenotype with 200 mM NaCl stress ( Figure 1A ). Gene lines overexpressing HY2 and hy2 mutant were then used to study the physiological function of HY2 in seed germination ( Figure S1 ). We found most hy2 mutant seedlings germinated 3 days after being sown in the medium containing 200 mM NaCl, while the seedlings of col4 and LUC-vector needed 4-5 days to germinate; compared with col4, the germination rate of lines overexpressing LUC-HY2 was significantly lower, but that of hy2 mutant was obviously higher ( Figure 1B) . showed a 1.5-fold increase in the protein level of HY2 after 3 h NaCl stress ( Figure 1D ). These results indicated that NaCl significantly mediates and upregulates the HY2, both on its transcription level and protein level. At the same time, we analyzed the expression of HY2 in different tissues, showing that HY2 was expressed in different tissues of Arabidopsis, but its expression level was the lowest in roots and the highest in flowers ( Figure  1E ). shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). Asterisks in (B,C) indicate statistically significant differences compared with relevant col4 plants: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

To identify the mechanism of HY2 to the NaCl response pathway, we treated col4 and hy2 mutant with NaCl stress, and then used TMT-based proteomics to figure out how HY2 protein specifically regulates the expression of salt-stress-related proteins at the protein level (Figure 2A , Table S1 ). In our experiment, a total of 81,898 peptides and 68,002 unique peptides were matched with the Arabidopsis library; 9203 proteins were identified and 7391 proteins were quantified ( Figure S2A ). The size of most identified proteins was in the range of 20-80 kDa, accounting for 74% of the identified proteins ( Figure S2B ). The distribution of peptides indicated that the amount of the corresponding proteins decreased with the increase in the peptide number ( Figure S2C ). The protein sequence coverage of 0-10%, 5-10%, 10-20%, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, and > 60% was censused as 15%, 14.2%, 21.9%, 16.6%, 12.6%, 9.3%, 5.8%, and 4.6%, respectively ( Figure S2D ). The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the contribution ratio of principal Col4, LUC-vector, hy2 mutant, and LUC-HY2 overexpression lines were sown, respectively, on 1/2 MS medium (as mock) or 1/2 MS medium containing indicated concentrations of 200 mM NaCl for 4 d. Scare bar: 1 cm. (B) Seed germination assay. Seeds were transferred to 1/2 MS containing 200 mM NaCl, and then the seed germination rate was calculated at 3-5 d. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). More than 64 seeds were measured in each replicate. (C) QPCR analysis of HY2 expression in 5-day-old col4 seedlings treated with or without 200 mM NaCl for 0-5 h. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). (D) LUC signals in 5-day-old LUC-HY2 overexpression line seedlings treated with or without 200 mM NaCl. Signals were detected every 10 min, and the detecting period was 5 h. (E) QPCR analysis of HY2 expression in different tissues of Arabidopsis. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). Asterisks in (B,C) indicate statistically significant differences compared with relevant col4 plants: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

The following QPCR analysis showed that, with 0 h and 1 h NaCl stress, the transcription level of HY2 was undifferentiated; with 3 h and 5 h NaCl stress, the transcription level of HY2 increased by 1.7 and 2.8 times, respectively ( Figure 1C ). The luciferase assay showed a 1.5-fold increase in the protein level of HY2 after 3 h NaCl stress ( Figure 1D ). These results indicated that NaCl significantly mediates and upregulates the HY2, both on its transcription level and protein level. At the same time, we analyzed the expression of HY2 in different tissues, showing that HY2 was expressed in different tissues of Arabidopsis, but its expression level was the lowest in roots and the highest in flowers ( Figure 1E ).

To identify the mechanism of HY2 to the NaCl response pathway, we treated col4 and hy2 mutant with NaCl stress, and then used TMT-based proteomics to figure out how HY2 protein specifically regulates the expression of salt-stress-related proteins at the protein level ( Figure 2A , Table S1 ). In our experiment, a total of 81,898 peptides and 68,002 unique peptides were matched with the Arabidopsis library; 9203 proteins were identified and 7391 proteins were quantified ( Figure S2A ). The size of most identified proteins was in the range of 20-80 kDa, accounting for 74% of the identified proteins ( Figure S2B ). The distribution of peptides indicated that the amount of the corresponding proteins decreased with the increase in the peptide number ( Figure S2C ). The protein sequence coverage of 0-10%, 5-10%, 10-20%, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, and >60% was censused as 15%, 14.2%, 21.9%, 16.6%, 12.6%, 9.3%, 5.8%, and 4.6%, respectively ( Figure S2D ). The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the contribution ratio of principal component PC1 and PC2 was 54.0% and 21.3%, respectively, and the results showed an identical repeatability of the same experimental group. More interestingly, the expression level of proteins in col4 and hy2 mutant significantly varied under NaCl stress, indicating that HY2 protein specifically regulates protein expression concerning the NaCl response pathway ( Figure 2B and Figure S3A ). In addition, the heatmap of the expression level of all proteins showed a different protein expression pattern in col4 and hy2 mutant ( Figure S3B ). For a further verification of the repeatability of the experiment and an identification of the difference between col4 and hy2 mutant on the protein expression level, we conducted Pearson correlation coefficient of the overall expression level, with a result that the correlation of repeatability was greater than 0.9, but the correlation of protein expression level in col4 and hy2 mutant was about 0.5 ( Figure 2C ). Figures 2B and S3A ). In addition, the heatmap of the expression level of all proteins showed a different protein expression pattern in col4 and hy2 mutant ( Figure S3B ). For a further verification of the repeatability of the experiment and an identification of the difference between col4 and hy2 mutant on the protein expression level, we conducted Pearson correlation coefficient of the overall expression level, with a result that the correlation of repeatability was greater than 0.9, but the correlation of protein expression level in col4 and hy2 mutant was about 0.5 ( Figure 2C ). The red asterisk showed in (C) represents a significant difference between treatments: *** p < 0.001.

Among the 7391 proteins accurately quantified, 5995 were quantified both in col4 and hy2 mutant, 637 were specifically quantified in col4, and 759 in hy2 mutant ( Figure  3A , Table S2 ). All of the quantified proteins were normalized with protein intensity of Actin1 and UBQ10. Proteins with a fold change ratio > 1.5 and p value < 0.05 were defined as DRPs, among which 31 (12 upregulated and 19 downregulated) specifically responded in col4 and 19 (19 downregulated) in hy2 mutant ( Figure 3B , Table S3 , S4). It was obvious that the specific DRPs quantified in hy2 mutant were far fewer than those quantified in col4, indicating a correspondence to the NaCl insensitivity of hy2 mutant. For the function of these quantified proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under NaCl stress, we carried out GO enrichment analysis, the result of which indicated that the specific DRPs in col4 were the major players of ion homeostasis and flavonoid biosynthetic and metabolic processes to respond to salt stress ( Figure 3C , Table S5 ), while the specific DRPs in hy2 mutant (C) Scatterplot matrices by which linear and nonlinear relations were investigated. The value represents the Pearson correlation between treatments. The red asterisk showed in (C) represents a significant difference between treatments: *** p < 0.001.

Among the 7391 proteins accurately quantified, 5995 were quantified both in col4 and hy2 mutant, 637 were specifically quantified in col4, and 759 in hy2 mutant ( Figure 3A , Table S2 ). All of the quantified proteins were normalized with protein intensity of Actin1 and UBQ10. Proteins with a fold change ratio > 1.5 and p value < 0.05 were defined as DRPs, among which 31 (12 upregulated and 19 downregulated) specifically responded in col4 and 19 (19 downregulated) in hy2 mutant ( Figure 3B , Tables S3 and S4). It was obvious that the specific DRPs quantified in hy2 mutant were far fewer than those quantified in col4, indicating a correspondence to the NaCl insensitivity of hy2 mutant. For the function of these quantified proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under NaCl stress, we carried out GO enrichment analysis, the result of which indicated that the specific DRPs in col4 were the major players of ion homeostasis and flavonoid biosynthetic and metabolic processes to respond to salt stress ( Figure 3C , Table S5 ), while the specific DRPs in hy2 mutant were mainly involved in hormone response pathways (JA, SA, ABA, and ethylene), cellular detoxification, and the ROS metabolic pathway to respond to salt stress ( Figure 3D , Table S6 ). were mainly involved in hormone response pathways (JA, SA, ABA, and ethylene), cellular detoxification, and the ROS metabolic pathway to respond to salt stress ( Figure 3D , Table S6 ). 

The 5995 quantified proteins identified in both col4 and hy2 mutant presented different protein expression patterns ( Figure 4A ). Among these shared quantified proteins, 194 DRPs were quantified in col4 and 97 DRPs were quantified in hy2 mutant (Table S3 , S4), the result of which showed that DRPs quantified in hy2 mutant were significantly fewer than those in col4 (only about 50% of col4 responsive proteins), corresponding to the saltresistant phenotype of hy2 mutant again ( Figure S3C ). Within those DRPs quantified in col4 and those in hy2 mutant, we identified 63 shared DRPs (63 downregulated), 131 col4specific DRPs (84 upregulated and 47 downregulated), and 34 hy2-specific DRPs (5 upregulated and 29 downregulated) ( Figure 4B , Tables S3 and S4). We then classified these DRPs into two groups: one was the shared DRPs in col4 and hy2 mutant, which responded to NaCl stress but were not specifically regulated by HY2; the other was col4-specific or hy2-specific DRPs, which were specifically regulated by HY2. We next conducted GO analysis to study the various functions of those proteins and found that the proteins that were regulated by NaCl stress but not specifically regulated by HY2 mainly took part in the salt stress response, stress and stimulus response, cell wall organization, ROS metabolic pathway, detoxification, and lipid transport ( Figure S3D , Table S7 ). We also found that, responding to salt stress, the proteins specifically regulated by HY2 were mainly involved in oxidative stress response, ion transmembrane transport, photosynthesis, and response to water and detoxification in col4 ( Figure 4C , Table S8 ), while those in hy2 mutant were involved in defense response, biotic stimulus response, proteolysis, and the response to wounding ( Figure 4D , Table S9 ). 

The 5995 quantified proteins identified in both col4 and hy2 mutant presented different protein expression patterns ( Figure 4A ). Among these shared quantified proteins, 194 DRPs were quantified in col4 and 97 DRPs were quantified in hy2 mutant (Tables S3 and S4) , the result of which showed that DRPs quantified in hy2 mutant were significantly fewer than those in col4 (only about 50% of col4 responsive proteins), corresponding to the saltresistant phenotype of hy2 mutant again ( Figure S3C ). Within those DRPs quantified in col4 and those in hy2 mutant, we identified 63 shared DRPs (63 downregulated), 131 col4-specific DRPs (84 upregulated and 47 downregulated), and 34 hy2-specific DRPs (5 upregulated and 29 downregulated) ( Figure 4B , Tables S3 and S4). We then classified these DRPs into two groups: one was the shared DRPs in col4 and hy2 mutant, which responded to NaCl stress but were not specifically regulated by HY2; the other was col4-specific or hy2-specific DRPs, which were specifically regulated by HY2. We next conducted GO analysis to study the various functions of those proteins and found that the proteins that were regulated by NaCl stress but not specifically regulated by HY2 mainly took part in the salt stress response, stress and stimulus response, cell wall organization, ROS metabolic pathway, detoxification, and lipid transport ( Figure S3D , Table S7 ). We also found that, responding to salt stress, the proteins specifically regulated by HY2 were mainly involved in oxidative stress response, ion transmembrane transport, photosynthesis, and response to water and detoxification in col4 ( Figure 4C , Table S8 ), while those in hy2 mutant were involved in defense response, biotic stimulus response, proteolysis, and the response to wounding ( Figure 4D , Table S9 ). 

We investigated the function of the HY2-regulated pathway relating to the salt stress response. Mainly three groups of the pathway were classified: overcoming the salt stress, redox states, and hormones and metabolites response. As shown in Figure 5A , HY2 directly regulated the pathways of flavonoid biosynthetic, ion homeostasis, and ion transport relating to overcoming salt stress. Furthermore, HY2 affected the salt stress response though the signaling pathways of ROS metabolism, H2O2 metabolic, oxidative stress, abscisic acid biosynthetic, ethylene response, jasmonic acid response, etc., which belonged to the redox states group, respectively. We compared the population of redoxrelated proteins in col4 and hy2 mutant. As shown in Figure 5B ,C, except for the overlap redox-related protein, only two proteins belonged to col4. In contrast, there were 29 proteins that were only responsive in hy2 mutant, which suggested that HY2 protein significantly affects the redox response in plants.

We further investigated the relationship between HY2 and Na + /K + homeostasis, which play a key role in plants to overcome salinity stress. Since the regulation of Na + /K + homeostasis was mainly involved in these biological processes (e.g., ion osmoregulation, inorganic ions regulation, organics regulation, and related enzyme activity regulation) [8, 9] , we analyzed the HY2-regulated pathway related to Na + /K + homeostasis. As shown in Figure 6A -D, HY2 regulated the pathway involved in Na + /K + homeostasis regulation, including ion osmoregulation, organics regulation, and related enzyme activity regulation. More importantly, we found that the expression of a few members of K + transporter family ATANNs was decreased in hy2 mutant compared to col4. As reported previously [32] , the reduction in ATANNs expression would induce the salt-stress-insensitive phenotype, similar to the phenotype of hy2 mutant. Furthermore, a few members of the PRX family related to organics regulation and elated enzyme activity regulation were also regulated by HY2. These results suggested that HY2 may regulate the expression of the factor 

We investigated the function of the HY2-regulated pathway relating to the salt stress response. Mainly three groups of the pathway were classified: overcoming the salt stress, redox states, and hormones and metabolites response. As shown in Figure 5A , HY2 directly regulated the pathways of flavonoid biosynthetic, ion homeostasis, and ion transport relating to overcoming salt stress. Furthermore, HY2 affected the salt stress response though the signaling pathways of ROS metabolism, H 2 O 2 metabolic, oxidative stress, abscisic acid biosynthetic, ethylene response, jasmonic acid response, etc., which belonged to the redox states group, respectively. We compared the population of redox-related proteins in col4 and hy2 mutant. As shown in Figure 5B ,C, except for the overlap redoxrelated protein, only two proteins belonged to col4. In contrast, there were 29 proteins that were only responsive in hy2 mutant, which suggested that HY2 protein significantly affects the redox response in plants.

We further investigated the relationship between HY2 and Na + /K + homeostasis, which play a key role in plants to overcome salinity stress. Since the regulation of Na + /K + homeostasis was mainly involved in these biological processes (e.g., ion osmoregulation, inorganic ions regulation, organics regulation, and related enzyme activity regulation) [8, 9] , we analyzed the HY2-regulated pathway related to Na + /K + homeostasis. As shown in Figure 6A -D, HY2 regulated the pathway involved in Na + /K + homeostasis regulation, including ion osmoregulation, organics regulation, and related enzyme activity regulation. More importantly, we found that the expression of a few members of K + transporter family ATANNs was decreased in hy2 mutant compared to col4. As reported previously [32] , the reduction in ATANNs expression would induce the salt-stress-insensitive phenotype, similar to the phenotype of hy2 mutant. Furthermore, a few members of the PRX family related to organics regulation and elated enzyme activity regulation were also regulated by HY2. These results suggested that HY2 may regulate the expression of the factor related to ion osmoregulation, organics regulation, and enzyme activity regulation to affect the Na + /K + homeostasis and salinity tolerance of the plant. related to ion osmoregulation, organics regulation, and enzyme activity regulation to affect the Na + /K + homeostasis and salinity tolerance of the plant. related to ion osmoregulation, organics regulation, and enzyme activity regulation to affect the Na + /K + homeostasis and salinity tolerance of the plant. 

NaCl stress is one of the stress factors that affects the growth and development of seeds, and induces the expression of stress-related proteins, such as seed growth and development related proteins and ABA-pathway-related proteins. Therefore, we verified the expression patterns of proteins related to salt stress, seed growth and development, and ABA pathway in col4 and hy2 mutant ( Figure 7A ), from which we found that 15 proteins were mediated by NaCl stress but not by HY2 in a specific way (gray dot), while 32 were specifically mediated by HY2 (green and yellow dot). All of the proteins were then divided into different groups: proteins involved in the salt stress, proteins participating in the ABA pathway, and proteins taking part in the growth and development of seeds, among which the number of proteins specifically regulated by HY2 (col4-specific and hy2-specific) were 22, 10, and 5, respectively, while the number of proteins specifically regulated by NaCl stress were only 9, 7, and 1 (less than half the number of proteins specifically regulated by HY2), respectively. These results showed, under NaCl stress conditions, that proteins involved in the salt stress pathway dominated, accounting for 66%, and those involved in the ABA pathway and seed growth/development took the secondary place ( Figure 7B ), indicating that HY2 simultaneously regulates the protein expression related to salt stress, ABA pathway, and seed growth and development. As HY2 is a potential regulator involved in NaCl signaling ( Figure 1A ), the expression of stress inductive genes, such as RD29A, RD29B, and DREB2A, was tested in hy2 mutant. We tested the inducible genes under the conditions of 0 h-5 h stress of 200 mM NaCl, and found that the expression levels of RD29A and RD29B were undifferentiated at 0 h and 1 h in hy2 mutant, but significantly decreased at 3 h and 5 h when compared with those in col4 at the same conditions ( Figure 7C,D) ; the expression level of DREB2A remained the same at 0 h, 1 h, and 5 h, and was significantly downregulated at 3 h only ( Figure 7E ), indicating that HY2 induces the expression of NaCl inducible genes and positively regulates NaCl signaling. 

NaCl stress is one of the stress factors that affects the growth and development of seeds, and induces the expression of stress-related proteins, such as seed growth and development related proteins and ABA-pathway-related proteins. Therefore, we verified the expression patterns of proteins related to salt stress, seed growth and development, and ABA pathway in col4 and hy2 mutant ( Figure 7A ), from which we found that 15 proteins were mediated by NaCl stress but not by HY2 in a specific way (gray dot), while 32 were specifically mediated by HY2 (green and yellow dot). All of the proteins were then divided into different groups: proteins involved in the salt stress, proteins participating in the ABA pathway, and proteins taking part in the growth and development of seeds, among which the number of proteins specifically regulated by HY2 (col4-specific and hy2specific) were 22, 10, and 5, respectively, while the number of proteins specifically regulated by NaCl stress were only 9, 7, and 1 (less than half the number of proteins specifically regulated by HY2), respectively. These results showed, under NaCl stress conditions, that proteins involved in the salt stress pathway dominated, accounting for 66%, and those involved in the ABA pathway and seed growth/development took the secondary place ( Figure 7B ), indicating that HY2 simultaneously regulates the protein expression related to salt stress, ABA pathway, and seed growth and development. As HY2 is a potential regulator involved in NaCl signaling ( Figure 1A ), the expression of stress inductive genes, such as RD29A, RD29B, and DREB2A, was tested in hy2 mutant. We tested the inducible genes under the conditions of 0 h-5 h stress of 200 mM NaCl, and found that the expression levels of RD29A and RD29B were undifferentiated at 0 h and 1 h in hy2 mutant, but significantly decreased at 3 h and 5 h when compared with those in col4 at the same conditions ( Figure 7C,D) ; the expression level of DREB2A remained the same at 0 h, 1 h, and 5 h, and was significantly downregulated at 3 h only ( Figure 7E ), indicating that HY2 induces the expression of NaCl inducible genes and positively regulates NaCl signaling. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRPs (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 22 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-specific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregulated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the family members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), were involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functioning way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was the highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowest. Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal responses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins of L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interactionally participated in saltstress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The association score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF10 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRPs (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 22 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-specific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregulated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the family members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), were involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functioning way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was the highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowest. Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal responses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins of L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interactionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The association score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF10 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specifically regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline soil threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stress [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is a positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the physiological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically regulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRPs (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 22 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-specific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregulated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the family members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), were involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functioning way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was the highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowest. Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal responses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins of L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interactionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The association score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF10 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specifically regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline soil threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stress [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is a positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the physiological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically regulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRPs (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 22 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-specific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregulated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the family members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), were involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functioning way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was the highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowest. Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal responses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins of L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interactionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The association score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF10 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specifically regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline soil threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stress [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is a positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the physiological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically regulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRPs (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 22 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-specific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregulated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the family members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), were involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functioning way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was the highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowest. Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal responses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins of L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interactionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The association score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF10 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specifically regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline soil threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stress [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is a positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the physiological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically regulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRPs (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 22 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-specific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregulated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the family members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), were involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functioning way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was the highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowest. Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal responses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins of L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interactionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The association score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF10 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. from curated databases; experimentally determined. Predicted interactions: protein neighborhood; protein fusions; protein co-occurrence. Others: textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specifically regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline soil threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stress [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is a positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the physiological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically regulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRPs (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 22 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-specific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregulated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the family members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), were involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functioning way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was the highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowest. Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal responses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins of L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interactionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The association score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF10 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. from curated databases; experimentally determined. Predicted interactions: protein neighborhood; protein fusions; protein co-occurrence. Others: textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specifically regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline soil threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stress [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is a positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the physiological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically regulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRPs (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 22 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-spe cific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregu lated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the family members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), were involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functioning way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was the highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowest Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal re sponses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the syn thesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins o L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interac tionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The associa tion score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF10 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specifically regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline soi threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stress [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is a positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the phys iological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically reg ulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRP (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 2 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-spe cific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregu lated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the famil members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), wer involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functionin way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was th highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowes Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal re sponses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation and toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the syn thesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins o L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all interac tionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The associa tion score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF1 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein network specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specificall regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10 RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline so threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance t explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stres [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the phys iological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically reg ulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. 

Protein interaction networks were generated to evaluate the interaction of the DRP (known and unknown proteins) specifically regulated by HY2 (Figure 8 ). We selected 2 proteins specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, among which 17 were col4-sp cific (14 upregulated and 3 downregulated) and five were hy2-specific (five downregu lated). The results showed that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, the fami members of Annexins (a family of calcium dependent membrane binding proteins), we involved in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2 in a mutual-functionin way. The score of association between ANNAT1 and ANNAT2 was 0.915, which was th highest, while that between ANNAT1 and ANNAT4 was 0.805, which was the lowes Glutathione transferase GSTU19 induced by drought, oxidative stress, and hormonal r sponses; Glutathione S-transferase PHI 10 (GSTF10) involved in water deprivation an toxin catabolic process; 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5A, RPL5B) responsible for the syn thesis of proteins in the cell as the component of the ribosome; and ribosomal proteins L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family protein (AT2G32060) involved in translation all intera tionally participated in salt-stress responses specifically regulated by HY2. The associ tion score between AT2G32060 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.999, while that between GSTF1 and RPL5A/RPL5B was 0.596. We, therefore, identified two interaction protein network specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress. textmining; co-expression; protein homology. Tow PPI specifical regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF1 RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline so threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stre [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination an seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the phy iological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically re ulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics. protein homology. Tow PPI specifically regulated by HY2. PPI-1: ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4. PPI-2: GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060.

As an increasingly serious abiotic stress factor, salt stress induced by saline soil threatens the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore related regulatory factors of salt stress and improve related pathways of salt stress [1] [2] [3] . In the current study, we found that Arabidopsis HY2 regulates seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress as PΦB synthase [25, 26] . We also found that HY2 is a positive regulator to regulate the expression of downstream related genes with the physiological phenotype and biochemical analysis, and identified key proteins specifically regulated by HY2 and correlated pathways with proteomics.

Phytochrome is an important photoreceptor for plants to sense environmental changes [33] [34] [35] . Arabidopsis hy1 and hy2 mutants cannot synthesize photoactivated pho-toactive phytochrome due to the lack of PΦB biosynthesis, resulting in impaired photomorphogenesis [26, 28] . In addition, HY2 participates in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation under far-red light, the induction of exogenous trehalose, and the biosynthesis of chlorophyll [28] [29] [30] , but whether it is involved in the stress response pathway is unknown. Previous studies have shown that 150-250 mM NaCl stress has serious effects on plant growth and development [36] [37] [38] ; therefore, we used 200 mM NaCl stress as the salt stress screening condition. We next used the luciferase reporting system [39, 40] to obtain a large number of LUC tag, in which HY2 a positive regulator of salt stress, was screened out. The phenotype of HY2 was then observed and the germination rate under 3-5 d NaCl stress was recorded, as a result of which we found that the best time to observe the phenotype is after 4 d treatment of NaCl stress. The 3 d treatment and 5 d treatment is either too early or too late for such observation.

To identify the proteins and pathways specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, we conducted a TMT6-labeled proteomics analysis and accurately quantified the changing patterns of 7931 proteins under salt stress. Interestingly, we found that proteins specifically regulated by HY2 could mediate the flavonoid biosynthetic process (RNS1, UGT72E1), hormone response pathway (NHL6, HR4, GAMMA-VPE), and photosynthesis pathway (PSI-P, GUN5, LHB1B1, CAB1, Lhca6, LHCA1, ATPC1, NdhL, PPC1, DUF1995 and PPC2), apart from their regulation on ion homeostasis, cellular detoxification, and reactive oxygen species metabolic pathway. According to previous studies, with salt stress, the expression patterns of 214 flavonoid biosynthetic genes in soybean change [41] , the content of flavonoid in Solanumnigrum raises with the increase in salt concentration [42] , and 584 genes in Elaeagnusangustifolia L. are identified and involved in photosynthetic pathways [43] . Besides, a variety of phytohormones, including ABA, GA, auxin, and CK, are involved in the regulation of salt stress response in plants [44] . These results suggest that HY2 may be involved in the interaction between the salt stress pathway and many other pathways, such as the flavonoid pathway, plant hormone pathway, and photosynthesis pathway.

In this study, we found that HY2 specifically regulated pathways, such as ion balance, ion transmembrane transport, ROS metabolism, antioxidant response, and photosynthesis, etc. Numerous previous studies have shown that salt stress is closely related to antioxidant indexes in plants, such as the content of H 2 O 2 , NADH, and ATP, as well as Na + /K + ion balance [45] . Besides, studies have shown that HY2 participates in apoplastic and chloroplastic redox signaling networks, being responsible for chlorophyll biosynthesis [30] . In this study, we found that HY2 regulated the ion osmoregulation, organics regulation, and related enzyme activity regulation pathways, which were involved in Na + /K + homeostasis regulation. Furthermore, a few members of K + transporter family ATANNs and PRX family were regulated by HY2 during salt stress, which directly affected the ion osmoregulation, organics regulation, and related enzyme activity regulation to maintain Na + /K + homeostasis in salt stress. Therefore, we speculated that, under salt stress, HY2 would be induced to upregulate the expression, leading to the imbalance of reactive oxygen species and Na + /K + in vivo and, thus, the damage of plants by reactive oxygen species and ion stress, the decrease in chlorophyll content, and the serious impact on photosynthesis.

Earlier studies have shown that the expression levels of important downstream genes of RD29A, RD29B, and DREB2A are induced by various abiotic stresses, including drought, chilling stress, and salt stress [46] [47] [48] [49] . In this study, the expression levels of downstream genes were all induced to upregulate under 0-5 h salt stress, which is consistent with previous studies. Meanwhile, in hy2 mutant, the upregulated expression of downstream genes was inhibited, corresponding to the role of HY2 as a positive regulator of salt stress. We used interaction network analysis and identified two interaction networks specifically regulated by HY2 under salt stress, which are ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4 and GSTU19-GSTF10-RPL5A-RPL5B-AT2G32060. Previous studies have shown that ANNAT1-ANNAT2-ANNAT3-ANNAT4, as an important membrane-binding protein, participates in drought, salt stress, chilling stress, and other abiotic stresses [32, [50] [51] [52] ; RPL5A-RPL5B, a 60S ribosomal protein, is involved in cold and water-deficit stresses [53, 54] . These two candidate salt stress networks provide an important theoretical basis for the study of HY2 s participation in salt stress, but its specific mechanism needs further experimental verification. The means by which HY2 gene accurately acts on the salt stress response pathway is still an open question.

Plasmids used in this study were generated by In-Fusion cloning [55, 56] (https: //www.takarabio.com/products/cloning/in-fusion-cloning (accessed on 25 July 2020)). PEGAD-LUC vectors were used to create overexpression transgenic lines. The LUC fragment was cloned into PEGAD-MYC [57, 58] to generate PEGAD-LUC vectors. The coding sequences (CDS) of HY2 were amplified from Arabidopsis cDNA made previously by PCR, and the purified PCR products were then subcloned into Ecor I/Hind III-digested PEGAD-LUC vectors through In-fusion cloning.

The wild-type plant used in this study was Arabidopsis col4. T-DNA insertion line hy2 mutant (SALK_104923C) was obtained from Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center ( https://abrc.osu.edu/ (accessed on 4 June 2018)) and identified by the HY2-specific primers and T-DNA left-board primers. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the LUC fusion protein (LUC-HY2) was prepared by floral dipping method [59] in col4 background. LUC positive lines were screened with glufosinate, CCD camera, and Western blot with Anti-luciferase antibody (Sigma, L2164, 3050 Spruce Street, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA). Col4, LUC-vector, hy2 and LUC-HY2 were grown in Petri dishes in half-strength Murashige and Skoog salts (1/2 MS; Sigma), 1% (w/v) sucrose (Sigma), and 0.8% (w/v) agar (Sigma) in continual illumination (120 µmol m −2 s −1 ) at 22 • C, unless specifically indicated [13] . Seeds were sown on 1/2 MS media, placed at 4 • C for 3 days in the dark, and then transferred to growth rooms. The primers used for genotyping HY2-overexpressing lines and hy2 mutant are listed in Supplementary Table S10.

Sterilized seeds were sown on 1/2 MS medium (as mock) or 1/2 MS medium containing indicated concentrations of 200 mM NaCl at pH 5.8 with 0.8% (w/v) agar. After 3-5 d, seedlings were photographed, and the germination rate was determined as a percentage of the total number of seeds plated. Germination was defined as an obvious emergence of the radicle through the seed coat [60] . At least 64 seedlings were observed per line, and each experiment was repeated three times.

LUC-HY2 overexpression lines were sown in a 96-well plate containing 1/2 MS supplemented with 0.2% (w/v) sugar, 0.4% (w/v) agar, 200 mM NaCl, and 1 mM Dluciferin (potassium salt), with 10 seeds per well for each individual line. Seedlings were transferred to darkness for LUC activity detection [61] . LUC signals were detected every 10 min, with a detecting period of 5 h.

The total RNA of seedlings was extracted with RNeasy Plant Mini kit (QIAGEN, 74904, Germany). The total RNA (2 µg) was treated with DNase I (Takara, Beijing, China) to eliminate genomic DNA contamination. Then, the cDNA was synthesized by Super-Script II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) using radom hexamer primers (Promega), then performed with 1 µL of template cDNA, 1 µL of forward primer (0.2 µm), 1 µL of reverse primer (0.2 µm), and 10 µL TB Green Premix Ex Taq, in a total reaction volume of 20 µL, successively. qRT-PCR was eventually carried out to a Mx3005P Real-Time PCR System [62, 63] . The qPCR signals were normalized to that of the reference gene Actin1 using the ∆CT method [64] . There were three replicates in each sample. The primers are listed in Supplementary Table S10.

In order to compare the proteomics of col4 and hy2 mutant, 7-day-old seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl or water (as mock) for 5 h. Approximately 0.5 g of seedlings were extracted with protein lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 5 mM EDTA, 1% SDS, 8 M urea, 20 mM dithiothreitol, 1× EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablets). Protein was digested using a filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) method [65] . Digested peptides were dried using a CentriVap (Thermo Fisher, Shanghai, China) and pre-fractionated with Ultimate 3000 (Thermo Fisher scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) [66] . Peptide was analyzed by on-line nanospray LC-MS/MS on an Orbitrap Fusion coupled to an EASY-nano-LC system (Thermo Scientific, MA, USA) [67, 68] . All MS/MS raw data were analyzed using Proteome Discoverer 2.1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA; version 2.1) [69] and Scaffold Q+ (version Scaffold_4.7.1, Proteome Software Inc., Portland, OR, USA) [70] .

As per GO vocabulary, the sequences were characterized by OMICSBOX (www. biobam.com/omicsbox (accessed on 18 May 2021)) to predict the role of contigs in biological functions (BP, MF, and CC). GO enrichment analysis of DRPs was carried out to determine their roles in BP, MF, and CC through OMICSBOX [71] .

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of HY2 specifically regulated proteins under salt stress were built using STRING v11, with a confidence score threshold of 0.9 (https://www.string-db.org/ (accessed on 10 June 2021)) [72, 73] .

All statistical data were collected in a GraphPad Prism 8.0.2. ANOVA with two-tailed Student's t-test [74] was used to evaluate statistical significance, while ns p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. All data were reported as mean ± SD. 

The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE [75] partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD027204.

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Melatonin-Mediated Regulation of Growth and Antioxidant Capacity in Salt-Tolerant Naked Oat under Salt Stress

Exogenous melatonin improves seed germination in Limonium bicolor under salt stress

Sensitive detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 from foods using a luciferase-reporter phage phiV10lux

Luciferase-based reporter system for in vitro evaluation of elongation rate and processivity of ribosomes

Quantitative Phosphoproteomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal GmMYB173 Optimizes Flavonoid Metabolism in Soybean under Salt Stress

Salt stress (NaCl) affects plant growth and branch pathways of carotenoid and flavonoid biosyntheses in Solanum nigrum

Transcriptome profiling of genes involved in photosynthesis in Elaeagnus angustifolia L. under salt stress

How Plant Hormones Mediate Salt Stress Responses

NADPH oxidase AtrbohD and AtrbohF function in ROS-dependent regulation of Na + /K + homeostasis in Arabidopsis under salt stress

Combination of RT-qPCR testing and clinical features for diagnosis of COVID-19 facilitates management of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak

Evaluation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in wild and cultivated Cannabis

CDK8 is associated with RAP2.6 and SnRK2.6 and positively modulates abscisic acid signaling and drought response in Arabidopsis

Organization of cis-acting regulatory elements in osmotic-and cold-stress-responsive promoters

Overexpression of Arabidopsis AnnAt8 Alleviates Abiotic Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis and Tobacco

Functional Studies of Arabidopsis Annexins AnnAt1 and AnnAt2 in Primary Root Growth

Root photomorphogenesis in laboratory-maintained Arabidopsis seedlings

Exploiting the wild crucifer Thlaspi arvense to identify conserved and novel genes expressed during a plant's response to cold stress

Extraribosomal Functions of Cytosolic Ribosomal Proteins in Plants. Front

Construction of stable infectious full-length and eGFP-tagged cDNA clones of Mirabilis crinkle mosaic virus via In-Fusion cloning

Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology: Methods and Protocols

Pc4, a putative movement protein of Rice stripe virus, interacts with a type I DnaJ protein and a small Hsp of rice

Identification of a consensus DNA-binding site for the TCP domain transcription factor TCP2 and its important roles in the growth and development of Arabidopsis

Floral dip: A simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis WRKY6 Transcription Factor Acts as a Positive Regulator of Abscisic Acid Signaling during Seed Germination and Early Seedling Development

Non-destructive detection of firefly luciferase (LUC) activity in single plant cells using a cooled, slow-scan CCD camera and an optimized assay

Clinical validation of multiplex real-time PCR assays for detection of bacterial meningitis pathogens

Expanded instrument comparison of amplicon DNA melting analysis for mutation scanning and genotyping

Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method

Combination of FASP and StageTip-based fractionation allows in-depth analysis of the hippocampal membrane proteome

Superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles as catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of phenolic and aniline compounds

Discovery and preclinical validation of proteomic biomarkers in saliva for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinomas

In vitro inhibition of platelet aggregation by peptides derived from oat (Avena sativa L.), highland barley (Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook. f.), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) proteins

Comparative Evaluation of MaxQuant and Proteome Discoverer MS1-Based Protein Quantification Tools

Proteomic screening of plasma identifies potential noninvasive biomarkers associated with significant/advanced fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Functional annotations of ESTs of Stevia rebaudiana involved in abiotic stress signaling through computational approach

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

STRING v11: Protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets

Using the Student's t-test with extremely small sample sizes

The PRIDE database and related tools and resources in 2019: Improving support for quantification data

The authors declare no conflict of interest. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9009