key: cord-0953468-w3sjbvr2 authors: Siddique, Azhar; Shahzad, Asif; Lawler, Jenny; Mahmoud, Khaled A.; Lee, Dae Sung; Ali, Nisar; Bilal, Muhammad; Rasool, Kashif title: Unprecedented environmental and energy impacts and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-11-07 journal: Environ Res DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110443 sha: 7868199e876cd834dfd56836b3d0aa1c9101a731 doc_id: 953468 cord_uid: w3sjbvr2 The rapid transmission tendency, severity, and wide geographical spread of newly emerged novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in different environmental matrices, including water, air, and soil, has posed severe health, environmental, energy, and economic challenges worldwide. Despite the severe health effects, unprecedented improvements in air quality in many countries due to emergency measures, and public behavior changes have been reported. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in air and sewage samples in several studies across the globe. The use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) could be a valuable method to monitor the outbreak of COVID-19, which requires fast and reliable methods for virus detection in sewage. However, water treatment companies face many pressures due to potential for aerosolization, PPE shortages, and changed usage patterns. In addition, the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the worldwide economy especially the energy sector, and its impact on our ecosystem required instant responses. This article discusses the recent developments and challenges faced in water, air, and energy resources, including renewables and non-renewables as the significant and interrelated components of the ecosystem. Furthermore, some recommendations have been directed, which may serve as a guideline to the scientists, legislators, and other stakeholders. A future roadmap has been proposed to overcome the tragic effects of COVID-19 and developing a sustainable environmental system to minimize the impact of such infectious outbreaks in the future. (NO x ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), from stationary and mobile sources (Regan 2020) . 111 Mobility, a proxy of vehicular emissions, have decreased significantly in urban centers 112 and a 31% drop in carbon dioxide emission from their pre-pandemic levels (Powley 115 2020). However, the levels of the greenhouse gas methane (CH 4 ) are expected to rise 116 sharply due to dis-improvement in municipal waste collection and processing with 117 subsequent uncontrolled decay of waste, which is left to collect or process in cities. 118 This temporarily improved air quality could end up worse than before the pandemic. 119 Polluting industries may seek higher production levels with relaxation in environmental 120 regulations. Post-pandemic economies may prompt loosening of health-protective 121 regulations, such as the US-EPA decision to all but suspend enforcement of pollution 122 rules and rolling back ambitious auto mileage standards (Friedman 2020a ). The 123 governments will be inclined towards quickly rebooting the available fossil fuel industry, 124 and investments in wind and solar energy sectors are likely to drop. It is expected that 125 more vehicles will be on the road due to imposed social distancing and consequently 126 contribute to higher emissions. Prolonged exposure to air pollution has been linked to cardiopulmonary morbidity 138 and mortality due to acute respiratory inflammation, asthma attack, and 139 cardiorespiratory diseases in various studies (Friedman 2020a) . Improved air quality increasing the vulnerability of the COVID-19 exposed population (Contini et al. 2020 ). During the SARS-CoV-1 outbreak in China during 2003, patients in regions with 149 moderate air pollution levels were more likely to die than those in regions with low air 150 pollution levels (Cui et al. 2003) , while a correlation between air pollution and COVID-19 151 severity in the USA has been noted (Friedman 2020b). However, prominent variability in 152 the mortality were caused by 2009 influenza (H1N1) due to different regional factors. It 153 was found that only 4% of the mortality was assigned to PM 10 and that other factors had 154 larger or comparable contributions (Morales et al. 2017) . 155 A vital fact is the effect of the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles 156 mediating the generation of inflammation and immunotoxicity in the human body. The associated with aerosols are unclear (Contini et al. 2020 ). The role of smaller particles 161 with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 0.1 µm (ultrafine particles), is also essential to 162 consider health outcomes. The regional fatality levels of COVID-19 are varying The presence of the virus in treated water should be a matter of great concern and 313 depicts the inefficiency of some current treatment processes to completely remove the 314 virus from wastewater. This is of particular concern in areas where untreated or poorly 315 treated discharge to surface water bodies is commonplace, given the potential 316 persistence of the virus in freshwater outlined in Section 3.1. Additionally, more than 80% of the wastewater produced worldwide and over 95% in The potential for on-site exposure to aerosolized pathogens is maximized for 422 biosolids workers involved in loading and unloading biosolids, and also during land The utilization of ethanol has also decreased, which is used as a 10% blend with 590 gasoline (Mintert 2020a ). It has resulted in a decrease in ethanol demand and price. The demand for biodiesel is also expected to decrease in the upcoming months (Mintert 592 2020b). Diesel is mostly used in heavy-duty trucks, agricultural machinery, and 593 construction types of equipment, unlike gasoline, which has versatile utilities. Thus, it is 594 estimated that the reduction in the demand for diesel would be half that of gasoline. The to affect RETs installation in near terms due to delayed deliveries or less demand. As low oil prices will mount enormous pressure on renewable energy economics; 603 eventually transition to clean energy will be slowed despite its immediate need. After Energy production through anaerobic digestion (AD) which involves the production 661 of methane by metabolizing organic waste materials has received widespread attention. Unlike wind and solar, AD is less prone to weather changes. AD can be more reliable 663 and sustainable technology due to the ample availability of its feedstock i.e. waste 664 resources. IEA has reported that AD can cover 20% of world gas demand (Ceccarelli 665 2020). 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