key: cord-0950745-ckkddt4r authors: Lele, Uma; Goswami, Sambuddha title: Agricultural policy reforms: Roles of markets and states in China and India date: 2020-04-28 journal: Glob Food Sec DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100371 sha: 0df7bbd54ac2e3ea4d8bedeffc72488986bcac77 doc_id: 950745 cord_uid: ckkddt4r Abstract Market reforms have been given much of the credit for China's spectacular growth performance. This paper looks at China's reform process systematically with India's and argues that the Chinese state has played a key role in transforming China into a modern economic state, deploying unlimited supplies of labor and combining it with a variety of initiatives in a pragmatic, nonideological way to promote public and private investment and create productive employment in agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors. India's reforms have been sporadic and are still a work in progress. The record-breaking expansion of China's financial system in fostering investments was overlooked, but has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Is China unique, or are lessons from the Chinese experience for public policy and its sequencing transferrable for agricultural and structural transformation in countries lagging behind, including India? Chinese land reform, which provided longer term leases to households, is by no means perfect. Local officials still occasionally confiscate land without adequate compensation. Furthermore show, based on OECD studies, has been considerable in India, encouraging a shift in the 315 cropping mix to favor crops more in line with China's comparative advantages. Reinforced with a wholesale reduction in agriculture taxes and fees, the reforms uplifted agrarian incomes and 317 helped moderate regional disparities and was aided since by substantial agricultural support. According to Rozelle and Swinnen (2004, 405) , the "transition in agriculture could succeed, in Note: China's data available until 2013. Source: Based on data from https://www.asti.cgiar.org China and India: Reforms and the response: How differently 593 have the economies behaved India Transformed: 25 Years of Economic Reforms Economic Survey Comparisons of agricultural productivity growth in China 681 and India Producer 687 and Consumer Support Estimates Special economic zones face the WTO test Reorienting Indian Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Success and failure of reform: Insights from the transition of 703 agriculture TEC Background Paper No. 705 19, Global Water Partnership Technical Committee (TEC) Decision-making in China's rural economy: The linkages between village 709 leaders and farm households Indian economic reforms: Background, rationale, achievements, and 711 future prospects From Marx and Mao to the market: The economics and 714 politics of agricultural transition A World without Agriculture: The Structural Transformation in Historical 716 UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), 2019. Under-five mortality International agricultural 721 productivity Global balances post-GFC. Presentation at the G20 Seminar Republic of India: Accelerating agricultural productivity growth Lifted by India, South Asia regains growth lead, still lags on jobs World Bank, 2018b. Overview. Where We Work World Development Indicators. Data Global Value Chain Development 738 Report 2019: Technological Innovation, Supply Chain Trade, and Workers in a 739 Globalized World China's forest tenure reforms: Impacts and implications for 744 choice, conservation, and climate change. Peking University and The Rights and 745 Resources Initiative Program sustainability and the determinants of farmers' self-predicted 750 post-program land use decisions: Evidence from the Sloping Land Conversion Program 751 (SLCP) in China Value Added (VA) Share (% of GDP) Ln GDP per capita VA in Agriculture/GDP--China VA in Industry/GDP--China VA in Service/GDP--China VA in Agriculture/GDP--India VA in Industry Value Added (VA) Share (% of GDP) Ln GDP per capita VA in Agriculture/GDP--China VA in Industry/GDP--China VA in Service/GDP--China VA in Agriculture/GDP--India VA in Industry Figure 3. Panel A: Trends in gross fixed capital formation (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing) (billion US$ Trends in total foreign direct investment inflows (billion US$, 2005 prices) A: Trends in gross fixed capital formation (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing) (billion US$ Trends in total foreign direct investment inflows (billion US$, 2005 prices) `````````