key: cord-0945313-yorf25vg
authors: Peprah, Prince
title: Ageing out of place in COVID-19 pandemic era: how does the situation look like for older refugees in camps?
date: 2020-06-20
journal: Arch Gerontol Geriatr
DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104149
sha: 509b71ed3940c891887d7dceb787f659cabc6328
doc_id: 945313
cord_uid: yorf25vg

nan

me how the COVID-19 would affect older refugees in camps. This letter highlights what I mostly share with friends and students and also call attention of relevant stakeholders to the plights of older refugees as the current pandemic evolves.

Today, millions of older refugees are doubly-vulnerable due to old age and the refugee status and live in unideal conditions. Often, they face significant number of psychological, physical and social challenges such as poor health, anxiety, depression, stress-related psychosomatic illnesses, dementia, post-traumatic stress disorders and loss of status (Fawad et al., 2020) . The physical and social conditions existing in areas where refugees live in developing countries also add to their complex vulnerability (Raju & Ayeb-Karlsson, 2020) . In many cases, older refugees comparatively have limited access to medical help and health services, nutritious food, clean and quality water and hygienic sanitation (Kassem, 2020) . These conditions already make older refugees chronically stressed population that is highly vulnerable to varied communicable and noncommunicable diseases (Kassem, 2020; Chen, 2020) .

Amid this condition, a new and threatening phenomenon has emerged, namely the COVID-19 pandemic, to further exacerbate the already exiting precarious situation of older adults including older refugees (Plagg, Engl, Piccoliori, & Eisendle, 2020; Servello, A., & Ettorre, 2020; Bouillon-Minois, Lahaye, & Duthei, 2020) . As of 2 nd June 2020, the world has recorded 6,568,510 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 387,957 deaths (Wordometer.info, 2020). Evidence suggests that older adults are at higher risk of developing severe complications, morbidity and mortality related to the virus as a result of their relatively weaker immune system and increased number of medical comorbidities (Khoury, & Karam, 2020; Niu et al., 2020) . A study by Guan and colleagues (2020) Indeed there has not been reports of major outbreaks or cases in refugee camps up to this, the concern is that all hosting countries continue to witness daily increase in COVID-19 cases while others continue to battle with local transmission of the virus (Kassem, 2020) . For example major refugee hosting countries like USA and Turkey have reported 1,103,971 and 30,961 active cases J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f of COVID-19 as of 2 nd June, 2020 (Vieira, Franco, Restrepo, & Abel, 2020) . The increasing COVID-19 cases and deaths as well as local transmission may cast some shadows of doubt on the absence of major outbreaks in refugee camps (Kassem, 2020) . So far to the best of my knowledge, the only refugee camp with report of confirmed COVID-19 case is the Moria camp in Lesbos, Greece (Raju & Ayeb-Karlsson, 2020) . Though this is encouraging so far, there are suggestions that may explain reasons for the extremely low infection rate at refugee camps. These include 1) lack of knowledge regarding COVID-19 infection and symptoms, 2) lack of access to tests, which are limited and insufficient for the needs of the hosting countries especially in developing countries, and 3) fear of stigmatization and marginalization (Kassem, 2020) . With these suggestions, refugee camps may be COVID-19 ticking bomb, waiting to explode with time, which calls for immediate isolation of older refugees and mass testing in refugee camps to avoid catastrophic morbidities and fatalities.

More importantly, as COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose serious challenges and unprecedented uncertainties, countries all over the world have taken some strict measures to curb the spread of the virus including isolation (Chen, 2020; Servello, A., & Ettorre, 2020) . However, some of the measures particularly social/physical distancing and self/isolation that have been rigorously imposed on older adults including those in refugee camps have serious associated health and social effects (Kassem, 2020) . For instance, self-isolation and quarantine has been found to be associated with an increased depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults (Armitage & Nellums, 2020) . Also, Cheung et al. (2008) reported that suicide rates in older adults significantly increased in Hong Kong following the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic.

Imminently, older refugees in refugee camps may pay the worst tribute of the COVID-19 pandemic, being the most at risk, and those who nay suffer most. This is because a quick assessment of the nature of the disease and ongoing rigorous containment measures reveal the potential scope of threat to mental wellbeing of older refugees. It is wealthy to note that though the containment measures may avoid an acute fatal issue, but it is also widely known that many of the older refugees have witnessed catastrophic events and experienced several levels of trauma, which affect them at a bio-psycho-social (biological, psychological and social) level. Many older refugees already need stronger psychosocial support because of their limited social networks and activities and as a result measures of social distancing and self-isolation may worsen their mental wellbeing. Again, many older refugees are associated with family separation, breakdown of family J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f relationships, social bonds and ties. This means older refugees may find COVID-19 restrictions reminiscent of their previous social isolation experiences, which can aggravate their psychological distress.

During this pandemic era, the author call for some global and urgent support for the wellbeing of this already marginalized and overlooked population. Isolating older refugees from refugee camps may be a prudent decision and providing them with opportunity to live in places with access to internet and other engaging activities (Plagg et al., 2020) . This would make them socially-engaging and reduce their stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Moreover, information about COVID-19 should be communicated in culturally and linguistically responsive ways through diverse channels to reduce the misinformation among older refugees. Complex terminologies about COVID-19 should be stated in easy to read and understand language. International humanitarian community must act now by adopting a social protection strategy that may act as a safety net to save the lives of older refugees. Ageing out of place and being faced with everyday COVID-19 information and misinformation is dreadful but with shared responsibility, cooperation and solidarity, older refugees can have hope even in this difficult time and beyond.

I have read and understood the Journal policy on declaration of interests and have no relevant interests to declare.

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