key: cord-0944348-6ku3wu6r authors: Franklyne, Jonathan Sampath; Gopinath, Ponnusamy Manogaran; Mukherjee, Amitava; Chandrasekaran, Natarajan title: Nanoemulsions: the rising star of antiviral therapeutics and nano-delivery system - current status and prospects date: 2021-03-30 journal: Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101458 sha: 0113da8173820fc4fc91d1c6bc6a4299e5ec4f95 doc_id: 944348 cord_uid: 6ku3wu6r Nanoemulsions (NEs) of essential oil (EO) have significant potential to target microorganisms, especially viruses. They act as a vehicle for delivering antiviral drugs and vaccines. Narrowing of drug discovery pipeline and the emergence of new viral diseases, especially, COVID-19 have created a niche to use nanoemulsions (NEs) for augmenting currently available therapeutic options. Published literature demonstrated that EOs have an inherent broad spectrum of activity across bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The emulsification process significantly improved the efficacy of the active ingredients in the EOs. This article highlights the research findings and patent developments in the last two years especially, in EO antiviral activity, antiviral drug delivery, vaccine delivery, viral resistance development, and repurposing EO compounds against SARS-CoV2. naringenin inhibited the nucleoprotein production in the H5N1 virus [32] . These observations 155 demonstrate that the primary target of both EOs and EO constitutions is the surface proteins. breaking large coarse emulsions into mini droplets employing high-energy mechanical 205 devices. For example, in the microfluidizer or high-pressure homogenizer, the macro/ 206 microemulsions are pumped into a narrow valve at constant high pressure that subsequently 207 breaks down the coarse emulsion into NEs. Here, the emulsion size can be controlled by the 208 number of passes and pressure applied (Fig. 2) . Nabila et al. [50] prepared coarse emulsion 209 (1:8:1 ratio) of castor oil, cremophor RH40 (surfactant), and polyethylene glycol 400 242 As mentioned above, the NEs systems could be prominently delivering poorly soluble Fig. 1 and 3) . 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