key: cord-0934542-zrv9fjgn
authors: nan
title: Deletions into an NH2-terminal hydrophobic domain result in secretion of rotavirus VP7, a resident endoplasmic reticulum membrane glycoprotein
date: 1985-12-01
journal: J Cell Biol
DOI: nan
sha: c838ca724d9916867c83ad89c823ca61027bd046
doc_id: 934542
cord_uid: zrv9fjgn

Rotavirus, a non-enveloped reovirus, buds into the rough endoplasmic reticulum and transiently acquires a membrane. The structural glycoprotein, VP7, a 38-kD integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), presumably transfers to virus in this process. The gene for VP7 potentially encodes a protein of 326 amino acids which has two tandem hydrophobic domains at the NH2-terminal, each preceded by an in- frame ATG codon. A series of deletion mutants constructed from a full- length cDNA clone of the Simian 11 rotavirus VP7 gene were expressed in COS 7 cells. Products from wild-type, and mutants which did not affect the second hydrophobic domain of VP7, were localized by immunofluorescence to elements of the ER only. However, deletions affecting the second hydrophobic domain (mutants 42-61, 43-61, 47-61) showed immunofluorescent localization of VP7 which coincided with that of wheat germ agglutinin, indicating transport to the Golgi apparatus. Immunoprecipitable wild-type protein, or an altered protein lacking the first hydrophobic sequence, remained intracellular and endo-beta-N- acetylglucosaminidase H sensitive. In contrast, products of mutants 42- 61, 43-61, and 47-61 were transported from the ER, and secreted. Glycosylation of the secreted molecules was inhibited by tunicamycin, resistant to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H digestion and therefore of the N-linked complex type. An unglycosylated version of VP7 was also secreted. We suggest that the second hydrophobic domain contributes to a positive signal for ER location and a membrane anchor function. Secretion of the mutant glycoprotein implies that transport can be constitutive with the destination being dictated by an overriding compartmentalization signal.

the portions of the expressed products that are important in determining their plasma membrane localization. These membrane glycoproteins are characterized by a COOH-terminal hydrophobic membrane anchoring segment and a cytoplasmic tail. Disruption of the former has generally resulted in complete secretion of these molecules, which in their native state traverse most of the secretory pathway. Alterations of the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic tail had diverse effects. Some mutant proteins became blocked along the secretory pathway and others failed to traverse the pathway at all. The exact nature of the signal for targeting these proteins to the plasma membrane was not clear from these studies. Failure of these molecules to move along the exocytosis pathway may have been due to the alteration of a positive plasma membrane targeting signal or to denaturation of the protein product.

Rotavirus VP7 is a glycoprotein of particular interest as a potential model for the study of protein transport (21) . This protein associates with viral cores that bud into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) j (1) from cytoplasmic structures, called viroplasms. Mature virus remains within the lumen of the RER until release by cell lysis. VP7 is an integral membrane glycoprotein with a lumenal orientation (21) and is located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (10, 32). The Golgi apparatus is not involved in processing the mature form of VPT, a fact confirmed by the presence on the molecule of the high-mannose form of carbohydrate (9) . VP7 therefore constitutes an example of a membrane glycoprotein that is targeted to the ER and is not subsequently directed further along the secretory pathway. The cloning and sequencing of the SA 11 VP7 gene revealed the presence of two tandem NH2-terminal hydrophobic domains in the protein, and the absence of a COOH-terminal hydrophobic domain (7) . Each of the hydrophobic domains is preceded by an AUG codon and could ostensibly serve as a signal peptide for the translocation of VP7, depending on which codon is read for initiation. However, the specific role of each of these codons and hydrophobic segments in VP7 synthesis is not clear. In studying the function of the hydrophobic domains, we constructed a series of deletions in the VP7 gene. Three mutants were obtained for which the VP7 proteins acquired complex carbohydrate, as distinct from the high-mannose type exhibited by wild-type VP7, showing that they traversed the secretory pathway and reached the Golgi apparatus. These proteins were also secreted. A priori, the transport of VP7 to more distal locations along the secretory route should require either the modification of a positive signal specifying ER location, or alternatively, the addition of a signal enabling vectorial transport to occur. The induction of VP7 secretion by creating various deletions in the protein is more easily explained by the disruption of a positive signal specifying ER location. We conclude that there must be a positive signal for retention of a protein in the ER. Since wild-type VP7 is naive to the secretory pathway, it is also implied that in the absence of overriding sorting signals, secretion is constitutive.

Expression: Standard molecular cloning techniques were used in this work (29) . The complete sequence of genomic segment nine of Simian 11 rotavirus was obtained previously using a partial length cDNA clone that lacked 5'terminal sequences (7) . A full-length clone was isolated using a modified cloning strategy (20) . This yielded a VP7 clone inserted in the Pst I site of pBR322 which was confirmed as full length by terminal sequence analysis (30) . The insert was excised with Pst I, digested with nuclease Bal 31 to remove G:C homopolymer tails, and the blunt-ended molecule was flanked with Xho I sites by the addition of phosphorylated Xho I linkers (P-L Bioehemicals revealed that pJC 16 nevertheless contained residual homopolymeric sequences (15G residues) at the 5'-end of the gene. These were removed by replacing the 5'-terminal region of the clone proximal to the Nco I site with a fragment that lacked the residual homopolymeric tail. An Aha llI-Nco I fragment was prepared from the SAIl VP7 clone, Xho I linkers were added to the Aha III end, and after recutting, the Xho l-Nco I fragment was cloned into the SV40 vector to generate the plasmid pJC9 (Fig. 1 ).

Bam HI and the 387-bp 5'-terminal fragment of the VP7 gene ( Fig. 1 ) was subcloned into the Barn HI site of pBR322 to generate pBR9B ( Fig. 1) 1 ) and a fragment from the same plasmid, which extended through the VP7 gene, counterclockwise from the EcoR I site to the Cla I site near the 5'-end of the gene (7). The fourth fragment which permitted the vector to circularize was an Xho 1/Nco I fragment of 53 bases derived from a pBR9B deletion mutant ( Fig. 1 ) , where the Bal 31 digestion went precisely to the first ATG codon. This construction deleted the first eight amino acids of VP7 which are conserved between human, simian, and bovine rotaviruses, and substituted Met-Ala-Met such that the final NH2-terminal sequence now reads as Met-Ala-Met-Val-Leu-Thr .......

Polyclonal Anti-VP7 Antiserum: SAIl rotavirus was propagated and purified by published procedures (37) . Intact double-shelled virions labeled with 1251 (26) were concentrated by ultracentrifugation and disrupted by boiling in an SDS dissociation buffer containing 2-mercaptoethanol (25) . Viral polypeptides were resolved by electrophoresis on discontinuous slab gels (25) and the band corresponding to VP7 located by radioautography. The region of the gel containing the SDS-denatured VP7 was recovered, homogenized with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, and injected subcutaneously into rabbits. Animals were boosted at 4-wk intevals and the antiserum confirmed as monospecific by Western blot analysis (42) .

Cell Growth, Transfection, Tunicamycin Treatment, and Radiolabeling: The RRI strain of Escherichia coli was used for the propagation of all plasmid DNA used for transfections. After standard bacterial lysis procedures (29) , DNA was isolated and purified by cesium chlorideethidium bromide ultracentrifugation followed by precipitation and resuspension in water. The procedure for transfection of COS 7 cells (18) follows that of published procedures (34) with several modifications. COS 7 cells were grown on 100-mm dishes in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME) (Gibco Laboratories, Grand Island, NY), containing 5% each of calf and fetal calf serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ~g/ml streptomycin (Gibco Laboratories) and 2 mM L-glutamine. Monolayers that were 60-80% confluent were washed and transfected in Tris-buffered saline (19) . DNA (l 5-30 ~g/ml) was added to each plate followed by the addition of DEAE-dextran (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Piscataway, NJ; 2 × l06 daltons; 500 ug/ml) (19) . After 1.5-2 h at 37"C, the Tris-buffered saline solution was removed and DME, containing serum as above and 100 uM chloroquine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), was added to the cells. After incubation for 3 h at 37"C, DME without chloroquine but containing serum and additions as above was added. At 45 h after DNA/ DEAE-dextran removal, the cells were incubated at 37"C for l h in DME salts lacking serum and methionine but supplemented with all other amino acids and l mg/ml glucose. Transfected cells were then labeled for 2.5 or 4 h at 37"C on a rocker platform in the above medium to which L-[35Slmethionine at a concentration of 150 uCi/ml was added. At the end of the labeling period, the medium was collected and non-adherent cells were pelleted by centrifugation in an Eppendorf centrifuge for l0 min. Supernatants were removed and analyzed for expressed secreted material.

For those cells treated with tunicamycin, dishes were incubated in medium containing tunicamycin (Sigma Chemical Co.), at a final concentration of 2 In the complete VP7 clone used for these studies, two conservative amino acid changes occurred compared with the originally published sequence derived from an incomplete clone (7) . C32 and L~7 are both changed to F. #g/ml (41) , beginning at 42.5 h after transfection and continuing for 8 h thereafter. Tunicamycin was therefore present for 4 h prior to radiolabeling, including the l-h preincubation in medium lacking methionine, as well as during the 4-h labeling period.

Immunoprecipitation: Cell monolayers were rinsed in ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS), harvested, and lysed in buffer containing 1% each of deoxycholate and Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, and 0.15 M NaCI in 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, containing 100 U/ml Traysylol. The nuclei were pelleted (34) after the addition of more detergent. Standard procedures (3), with some modification, were used for immunopreeipitation of proteins from the postnuclear supernatant by rabbit polyclonal antiserum to VP7 and protein Aconjugated Sepharose C1AB (PAS) (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals). Beads were swollen in distilled water and added to transfected cell lysates before incubation with antibody. PAS beads were pelleted by centrifugation and discarded (12) in an attempt to eliminate any nonspecifically adherent proteins. Polyclonal anti-VP7 serum was then added to lysates which were incubated at 4"C overnight before the addition of PAS beads. These had been preincubated for several hours in a solution containing 10 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and a postnuclear cell lysate of unlabeled, untransfected COS 7 cells.

Medium from the transfected cell cultures had an equal volume of 2x lysis buffer added which contained 1 mM methionine and 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin. Rabbit polyclonal anti-VP7 antiserum was added to each and incubated overnight at 4"C, followed by the addition of pre-absorbed PAS beads.

In an effort to reduce background bands from the media in other experiments, such as that examining the effect of tunieamycin, PAS beads were additionally pre-absorbed with media from COS 7 cell cultures. Beads were pelleted from all samples and washed extensively in buffers containing detergent and then in PBS (3). After boiling the beads in 0.05 M Tris-HC1, pH 6.7, containing 1% SDS (34) to remove the bound antibody-protein complexes, 0.2 M citratephosphate buffer, pH 5.0, was added prior to treatment of half of each sample with 0.041 U of endo-fl-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo-H) prepared as described (39), at 37"C for 1 h. A lysate of L-[35S]methionine-labeled SA1 linfected MA 104 cells was prepared and treated with endo-H for use as a marker. The reactions were stopped by addition of buffer containing 100 mM Tris, 5% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM dithiothreitol, 10% glycerol, 0.1% bromophenol blue, 100 ug/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor, 200 U/ml Traysylol, 5 mM 8aminocaproic acid, 1 mM benzamidine, and 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Samples were boiled for 3 min and analyzed by SDS PAGE on 12% gels (25) run at constant voltage. Gels were fixed, fluorographed in Amplify (Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL) for 20 min, dried, and then autoradiographed at -70"C using Kodak SB 5 film. Composites of photographs of gels were always assembled from equivalent or identical exposures with comparable markers.

Immunofluorescent Localization and Electron Microscopy: COS 7 cells which had been grown to semi-confluency on glass coverslips (Coming Glass Works, Coming, NY), in 35-ram dishes, were trans-feLLed in Tris-buffered saline as described above, washed with chloroquine for 3 h, and incubated with DME containing serum. At 47 h after removal of DNA/DEAE-dextran, cells were washed in PBS and fixed for 45 min at 22"C in 2% formaldehyde, freshly prepared from paraformaldehyde, and then buffered in 0.05 M phosphate, pH 7.5. The coverslips were rinsed in PBS for 20 rain, then soaked in I% Triton X-100 in PBS for 20 rain to permeabilize the cells. After two 10-rain rinses in PBS, the coverslips were incubated for 1 h at 37"C in a solution containing polyclonal rabbit anti-VP7 diluted 1:400 in PBS and rbodamine conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (R-WGA) (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA) diluted 1:300 or 1:400. The cells were then rinsed exhaustively in PBS and incubated in a 1:300 dilution of secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to fluoreseein (Cappel Laboratories, Cochranville, PA) for 45 min at 37°(L Cells were photographed in the same plane of focus, with a Zeiss Ili RS photomicroscope, using appropriate filters for fluorescein or rhodamine.

To examine the ultrastructural morphology of untreated COS 7-and of SA1 l-infected MA104 cells (5.5 h post-infection, infected according to published methods [12] ), coverslips were fixed in 2% glutataldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, for 45 min at 22"C. Cells were postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in cacodylate buffer, stained in 1% uranyl acetate, dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in resin before thin sectioning. Sections were stained with uranyl rinse and Reynolds lead stain for several minutes (33) and then specimens were examined and photographed in a JEOL 100 CX electron microscope at 80 kV.

One novel feature of the rotavirus system is that the virus 2202 TNE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY -VOLUME 101, 1985 appears to be located primarily in elements of the ER (1). However, these earlier studies also showed that at 16 (Fig. 3) ; none were ever seen in the Golgi apparatus or in mitochondria. The viroplasm structures immediately adjacent to the RER were also evident and viral cores could be seen budding from the periphery of the viroplasm into the lumen of the RER. The envelope acquired from the RER membrane was subsequently lost and both enveloped and mature virions were visible in the lumenal space (Fig. 3) . VP7 has been located to the ER by immunoelectron microscopy (10, 32). In vitro translation studies have also shown it to be an integral membrane protein (2 I). Since the VP7 protein is found in mature virions and has only highmannose oligosaccharides (9), the data collectively show that VP7 remains in the ER after translation. However, the mechanism by which VP7 is incorporated into the virus remains unknown. Thus, the rotavirus VP7 provides an opportunity to study the factors controlling the specific localization of proteins to the ER.

To accurately interpret the localization of expressed VP7 protein products within COS 7 cells, it was necessary to examine the ultrastructural morphology and interrelationships of organelles in COS 7 cells, especially in the perinuclear region. These cells are characterized at their periphery by predominantly free polysomes crowding the cytoplasm and by numerous microvilli projecting from their cell surface (Fig.  4) . The cells are often multinucleate, have many lipid droplets, mitochondria, and a preponderance of organelles situated close to each other around the nucleus at the center of the cell (Fig. 4, a and b) . The perinuclear region is occupied by extensive branching ER, which contains numerous areas of transitional elements (Fig. 4 and inset) and smooth ER that spatially intertwine with, but are distinct from, the extensive perinuclear Golgi apparatus. It is evident that portions of the Golgi apparatus can surround concentrated elements of the ER.

The gene encoding the VP7 protein was inserted into the vector pJC119 under the control of the SV40 late promoter to generate the plasmid pJC9 (as described in the Materials and Methods). The expression of the VP7 protein from this gene was examined in transfected COS 7 cells to confirm the ER location of this protein. An indirect immunofluorescent procedure using a secondary fluorescein-coupled goat antirabbit Ig and a primary monospecific polyclonal rabbit anti. serum was used to localize VP7. A concomitant display of WGA, conjugated to rbodamine (R-WGA), and known to specifically bind to sialic acid and terminal glucosamines in the Golgi apparatus (40), allowed us to determine if VP7 was present in this organelle. The immunolocalizafion of VP7 expressed from pJC9 shows a distinct, arborizing, reticular pattern of fluorescein staining radiating from the nucleus, and a perinuclear concentration of stained, reticular material (Fig. These are composed of several viral proteins and nucleic acid which assemble into viral cores (arrows) that bud from the periphery of the viroplasm into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Immature viral particles with surrounding ER membrane appear in the lumen of the ER (large black arrowheads), as do numerous, nonenveloped, mature forms of the virion which are devoid of membrane (small black arrowheads). Several viral particles are indicated which apparently are in the process of losing the surrounding membrane (white arrowheads); possible membrane remnants can also be seen (m). M, mitochondrion, x 41,500. 5). This probably corresponds to the RER and to transitional elements of ER, spatially related to, but exclusive of, the Golgi apparatus (see Fig. 4b and inset). Nuclear staining is also evident. Fig. 5 b shows the same cell stained with R-WGA. A staining pattern consisting of punctate material and a perinuclear localization, probably coincident with part of the Golgi apparatus and distinct from that of the VP7 localization, is seen. Thus, VP7 protein expressed from the wild-type gene in pJC9 appears to localize to the ER and does not appear to reach the Golgi apparatus.

A series of plasmids containing mutations in the VP7 gene has also been constructed (see Fig. 2 ). The deletions were constructed in order to study the role of the hydrophobic domains in VP7 synthesis. The location of VP7 expressed from these plasmids in COS 7 cells was also examined by immunofluorescence. The deletion mutant 1-14 displayed extensive ER and perinuclear staining in regions distinct from that seen for R-WGA (Fig. 5, c and d) , similar to the wildtype. In this mutant, the first ATG codon was deleted so that only the second initiation codon and the hydrophobic region following it could be used (Fig. 2) . Another mutant studied, 2-8, in which the sequence following the first ATG codon was modified (see Materials and Methods), showed results analogous to the wild-type (Fig. 5 , e and f). In contrast, VP7 distribution in the mutants 42-61, 43-61, and 47-61, in which distal parts of the second hydrophobic domain were removed (Fig. 2) , showed reticular staining and a distinct perinuclear distribution which coincided precisely with, or was a subset of, the R-WGA staining pattern (Fig. 5, g-l) .

Thus it appeared that with these deletions, the mutant VP7 proteins reached the Golgi apparatus. Mutant 51-61, whose deletion removed a region distal to the hydrophobic domains, exhibited a staining pattern identical to the wild-type, that of reticular staining and a perinuclear distribution distinct from that of the R-WGA staining pattern. It appears that the absence of the region coding for these amino acids was not sufficient to cause movement of VP7 out of the ER to the Golgi apparatus.

To confirm and extend the above results, we also examined VP7 expression from wild-type and mutant genes by immunoprecipitating radiolabeled proteins from cell lysates (see Materials and Methods). Cells were transfected with plasmids containing the wild-type gene (pJC9) or deletions 1-14, 2-8, 42-61, 43-6 l, 47-6 l, or 51-61 (Fig. 2) . VP7 proteins were immunoprecipitated and displayed by gel electrophoresis before or after digestion with endo-H and compared on the same gel alongside L-[35S]methionine-labeled SAI l-infected MA104 cell lysate. No significant products were seen when either no DNA (Fig. 6 ) or the vector pJC119 was used as a control (see below, Fig. 8) . However, the wild-type and mutant genes all expressed a protein(s) precipitable with anti-VP7 antiserum (Fig. 6, -lanes) . In the case of the intact VP7 gene (pJC9) and the deletion 1-14, two products were seen in the absence of endo-H, but the lower band was relatively minor, not always reproducible, and its origin is uncertain. For mutants 42-61 and 51-6 l, two products were expressed and it is very likely that the lower molecular weight species was the nonglycosylated version of each protein. In the case of mutant 51-61, it is possible that the lower molecular weight band arises from use of the third in-frame AUG as a start The immunofluorescent localization of VP7 (left column) compared with that of R-WGA (right column) in transfected COS 7 cells. Fluorescein coupled to goat anti-rabbit IgG was used secondary to primary rabbit polyclonal antiserum to immunolocalize VP7. All pairs were photographed in the same plane of focus. Cells transfected with pJC9 (a and b); mutants 1-14 (c and d); 2-8 (e and/); 42-61 (g and h); 43-61 (i and j); 47-61 (k and/); or 51-61 (m and n). VP7 is localized to an arborizing structure probably corresponding to ER, as well as to a perinuclear reticular structure, possibly transitional ER elements, which are distinct from but close to that of the perinuclear punctate stain for WGA and the Golgi apparatus as displayed in a-f, and m and n. In some cases, a negative image of the staining region of VP7 is seen for WGA (c and d). By contrast, the three deletions shown in g-I not only exhibit the ER reticular localization for VP7, but also a prominent perinuclear staining region that is precisely coincident with, or a subset of, the staining pattern for WGA. × 126. codon. This possibility is made less likely because for mutant 42-6l a similar unglycosylated band of the same size is secreted, implying the use of a functional signal which would not be translated if the third AUG was used as an initiation codon. The wild-type and mutant genes each expressed a product which was sensitive to endo-H (Fig. 6, + lanes) , indicating that they were glycosylated with N-linked, highmannose oligosaccharides. There was no significant intracellular pool of VP7 products that were resistant to endo-H (Fig.  6 ). Cells were transfected and then incubated in the presence or absence of tunicamycin and the resulting unglycosylated products were slightly smaller in size than those treated with endo-H (data not shown), again indicating the N-linked nature of the oligosaccharide. Taken together, these results imply that each mutant codes for proteins which retain a functional signal for translocation into the ER. For the 1-14 deletion, where only the second ATG and hydrophobic domain are retained, the latter probably constitutes the signal peptide. For the wild-type and other mutants, the translocation signal domain cannot be specified since both ATG codons and hydrophobic regions are present. Transfected cells labeled for 2.5 h showed an overall similar pattern of expression of the intracellular VP7 products, and again there was little evidence of intracellular material resistant to endo-H (data not shown).

Immunofluorescence studies indicated that for mutants 42-61, 43-61, and 47-6 l, VP7 staining co-localized with that of elements of the Golgi apparatus in COS 7 cells, indicating that these VP7 mutants were probably transported out of the ER. Therefore, the incubation media from all the transfected cell cultures described above were examined for secreted VP7 products. Three of the deletion mutants, 42-61, 43-6 l, and 47-61, affecting the distal region of the second hydrophobic domain produced VP7 molecules which were secreted (Fig.  7) , in marked contrast to the behavior of the wild-type VP7 (pJC9), and the other mutants (51-61 in particular) (Fig. 7) . The latter differed by only four amino acids from the secreted 2206 THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY • VOLUME 101, 1985 mutant 47-61 (Fig. 2 ). In addition, the secreted VP7 products were endo-H resistant (Fig. 7, + lanes) , consistent with their passage through the Golgi apparatus and their modification to the complex type of carbohydrate. Densitometry of respective bands of original autoradiographs used for Figs. 6 and 7, which were equivalently exposed, showed that similar amounts of secreted and intracellular VP7 were present. These results pertain to cells labeled for 4 h. However, similar results were obtained in a 2.5-h labeling period (data not shown), indicating that secretion is an efficient process. The size of the VP7 which contained complex oligosaccharides (VP7 c) was slightly larger than that of VP7 with the high-mannose form of glycosylation (VP7) (Fig. 8, lanes 5 and 7) as expected from the known higher molecular weight of complex N-linked oligosaccharides. Mutant 42-61 also secretes, based on its size, a nonglycosylated version of its mutant VP7 protein (Fig.  7) . This was confirmed by another experiment where cultures transfected with mutants 42-6 l, 43-6 l, or 47-61 were subsequently treated with tunicamycin ( Fig. 8 , mutant 43-6 l only shown). The product generated in the presence of tunicamycin (Fig. 8 , + lanes) (VP7 u) is identical in size to the naturally occurring unglycosylated product of mutant 42-6 l (Fig. 7) . Some material the size of VP7 remained after tunicamycin treatment (Fig. 8, lane 8) probably because of limiting amounts of the drug, since in other experiments tunicamycin resulted in complete conversion to VP7 u. In control cells, those not treated with tunicamycin (Fig. 8, lane 5) , the endo-H-resistant product was again secreted into the medium. Similar results were obtained with mutants 42-61 and 47-61 (data not shown). The amount of protein secreted in tunicamycin-treated cells (Fig. 8, lane 6) was lower than that of the control, possibly because the drug interferes with secretion. No such bands were identified when the vector (pJC 119), without VP7 gene insert, was used for transfection (Fig. 8,   lanes 1-4) . The presence of prominent nonspecific background bands (Fig. 8, lanes 1, 2, 4, and 6-8) , which are different for the intracellular (intra) and secreted (sec) lanes, does not alter this conclusion. These results confirm that the FIGURE 7 Endo-H sensitivity of immunoprecipitated products from the media of cells transfected with wild-type and mutated VP7 genes. Cells were labeled for 4 h with L-[3SS]methionine as described, the medium from each culture subjected to immunoprecipitation (-lanes), and half of the samples digested with endo-H (+ lanes). Total SA11-infected MA104 cell lysate before (-) and after (+) Endo-H displays marker glycosylated (VP7) and digested (pVP7) proteins. The length of exposure of this gel was equivalent to that of Fig. 6 .

endo-H-resistant products secreted into the medium by these mutants contain an N-linked complex type of carbohydrate. Secreted VP7 c was again observed to be endo-H-resistant (data not shown) and to be present in approximately the same amount as the internal endo-H-sensitive VP7 (Fig. 8, lanes 5  and 7) . In order to understand the specificity in the location of membrane glycoproteins, we have used a glycoprotein that is located in the ER in its natural state. ER location implies either the presence of a targeting signal specific for the ER or the absence of a positive signal that would otherwise direct the protein elsewhere. The structural glycoprotein VP7, of the rotavirus SA11, provides just such a naturally targeted ER protein. It is a membrane glycoprotein (21) before assembly into virus. How the transfer of the glycoprotein takes place is not known and we know of no other animal virus which exhibits this behavior. However, the mode of transfer of membrane protein to the virus particle resembles the assembly of coat protein into the filamentous phage M 13 (44) .

Analysis of the amino acid sequence of VP7 has shown the existence of two tandem NH2-terminal hydrophobic domains, within the first 50 amino acids. Each is preceded by an inframe ATG codon. Since the first ATG is "weak" and the second one has the preferred consensus sequence for initiation (24) , we cannot be sure which one is used for VP7 synthesis, and are unable to say where the reported signal peptide cleavage occurs (13) . Since mutant 1-14, which deletes the first ATG codon, still produces a glycoprotein located in the ER, the second hydrophobic domain can provide signal pep-PORUCHYNSKY lET AL.

carbohydrate. The positions of migration in this gel of VP2 (94k), VP7 (38k) (with high-mannose carbohydrate), and NCVP5 (29k) in infected cell lysates are shown.

Secretion of an Endoplasmic Reticulum Glycoprotein tide function. The NH2-terminal hydrophobic domains seem important in the maturation of rotaviruses since the hydrophobic nature is highly conserved in the VP7 glycoproteins of viruses infecting human, simian, and bovine species (20) , and therefore probably serve some role in anchoring this type of protein in the ER. There is no hydrophobic segment present at the COOH-terminus, a distinctive feature of the glycoproteins of plasma membrane maturing viruses. Our systematic generation of mutants affecting each or both of the hydrophobic regions was aimed at identifying the putative membrane anchor domain responsible for the ER location of the rotavirus VP7 glycoprotein.

The key observation is that in three of the deletion mutants extending into the second hydrophobic region, namely mutants 42-61, 43-61, and 47-61, the altered form of VP7 is secreted by transfected COS 7 cells and terminally glycosylated, a characteristic of a protein having traversed the normal secretory pathway. By contrast, neither the wild-type gene product was secreted, nor were products from deletions which affected other parts of the molecule. The deletion 1-14, which completely removed the first hydrophobic domain and mutant 2-8, in which the eight amino terminal residues conserved in all four rotavirus VP7 serotypes (9) were changed (see Materials and Methods), efficiently expressed glycoprotein located to the ER. Similarly, removal of only 11 amino acids downstream of the hydrophobic domains in mutant 51-6 l, apparently was not sufficient to influence the movement of VP7 from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. The only effect was to perturb the efficiency of glycosylation, perhaps for steric reasons, since the glycosylation site in the altered products is brought closer to the hydrophobic domains.

The carbohydrate present on VP7 is of the high-mannose type and is endo-H sensitive, consistent with its ER location and the absence of terminal processing of the oligosaccharide. Analysis of VP7 glycoprotein processing shows that it does not reach the Golgi apparatus but rather accumulates in a subcompartment of the ER in a processing pathway quite different from VSV G-protein (21) . In our current observations, it should be noted that there is a distinctly larger size of the secreted VP7s in mutants 47-61, 43-61, and 42-61, due to the terminal glycosylation; they are also sensitive to tunicamycin and resistant to endo-H. This observation underscores the ER location of wild-type VP7 since it is apparent that its N-linked glycosylation can be modified and were the wild-type molecule to have reached the Golgi apparatus, further processing and terminal glycosylation should have occurred. In the mutant VP7s, the efficiency of secretion appears to be high for two reasons. First, there is no endo-Hresistant material inside the cell after either 2.5 or 4 h of labeling. Second, the amount of material secreted is similar in amount to that seen intracellulady.

Other glycoproteins of the ER have been cloned and some sequenced. In the cases of HMG-CoA reductase (27) and coronavirus E 1 (4), there was no obvious homology between the NH2-terminal hydrophobic domains in these molecules and VP7, nor with the dual NH2-terminal hydrophobic domains in nonstructural rotavirus glycoprotein NCVP5 (8) . Cytochrome P-450 (31), another ER protein, did not display any obvious homologies in its multiple hydrophobic domains. It should be noted, however, that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, coronavirus El, and cytochrome P-450 probably interact with the lipid bilayer much more extensively than does VP7, via multiple membrane spanning domains. Since VP7 is not normally secreted, presumably there could be no specific ER receptor (14, 28) mediating its secretion, and therefore its movement along the secretory pathway in these cells is constitutive, rather than specific. This is the first demonstration of an alteration in the primary sequence which allows a naturally targeted ER molecule to be secreted, and shows unequivocally that glycoproteins can be secreted without the intervention of a specific receptor. Also of significance is that an unglycosylated, mutant VP7 is efficiently secreted. The precise reason(s) for the secretion of VP7 in the mutants 42-61, 43-61, and 47-61 is not yet clear. It could be that an anchor region has been shortened so that it no longer functions, that a positive signal for ER location has been disrupted, or that a peptidase cleavage site, e.g., the Ala-Tyr-Ala sequence at residues 66-68 (43), has been brought into proximity of the aminopeptidase used for signal peptide cleavage. These possibilities are being investigated. Our results become particularly interesting when juxtaposed with several other observations. Firstly, some normally soluble molecules of the ER (2, 5) remain in the ER, whereas soluble VP7 is secreted. Secondly, influenza neuraminidase is anchored in the membrane by an NH2-terminal hydrophobic domain, but this molecule, unlike VP7, is exported to the plasma membrane (6) . From the above, we conclude that the region of the second hydrophobic domain of VP7 not only serves to anchor the protein in the membrane but may also contain the positive and specific signal for maintaining the protein in the ER.

We wish to thank Ms. Alisa Kabcenell for her critical review of the manuscript and Mr. George Dominguez for his skillful preparation of the final photographs.

This work was supported by grants from the United States Public Health Service, the National Institutes of Health (CA 13402 awarded to P. H. Atkinson), Core Cancer Grant CA13330, and grants from the New Zealand Medical Research Council and the Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programme of the World Health Organization awarded to A. R. Bellamy.

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