key: cord-0930096-6ogf2onw
authors: Abbate, Mauro; Rottoli, Daniela; Gianatti, Andrea
title: COVID-19 Attacks the Kidney: Ultrastructural Evidence for the Presence of Virus in the Glomerular Epithelium
date: 2020-06-08
journal: Nephron Clin Pract
DOI: 10.1159/000508430
sha: 4b5e6b1c4e906f6e97c17c4eaef4b578fdb1adb6
doc_id: 930096
cord_uid: 6ogf2onw

nan

Upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, individual patients may experience a series of different clinical settings, ranging from an asymptomatic condition to a life-threatening disease possibly amenable to combined and differential drug treatments. In most severe coronavirus disease 2019 (CO-VID-19) cases, uncontrolled immune response that triggers the massive proliferation of immune cells and the overproduction of cytokines appears to mediate circulatory failure and multi-organ dysfunction. Among the affected organs, the kidney is an emerging target in COV-ID-19 complications, and abnormal kidney function is a significant risk factor of death in severely ill patients.

According to a prospective cohort study [1] , 44% of COVID-19 patients had proteinuria and 27% had hematuria at hospital admission, while 5% of patients experienced acute kidney injury during in-hospital. Patients with kidney disease had a significantly higher risk for death.

Autopsy studies are becoming available that point to the possibility of a direct cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on renal cells [2, 3] . In early April in Bergamo, a 93-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a traumatic injury. Because of her worsening dyspnea at admission and early respiratory failure, a nasopharyngeal swab was done to test SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR, which proved positive. The respiratory failure rapidly deteriorated and the patient died 2 days after the trauma. She had a history of hypertension, diabetes, and ESRD. The analysis of kidney tissue by transmission electron microscopy taken 12-h postmortem reveals viral particles with typical features of coronavirus, indicating SARS-CoV-2 in podocytes (Figure 1 ). The case of this patient represents the first documented patient, in Europe, with evidence for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the kidney. Whether the renal involvement or other concomitant factors had a critical impact on respiratory failure and death is not clear. Very harmful consequences of injured glomerular epithelium in COVID-19 patients can be envisioned particularly in the acute setting and diabetes. They include capillary barrier dysfunction and proteinuria, hematuria, altered coagulation, and worsening of edema among multiple factors. The evaluation of kidney function should be taken into account timely in every patient at risk.

In Italy, autopsy does not require informed consent from relatives. (Diagnostic assessment, National law 15 February 1961, Decree dated 10 September 1990, n.285. Approval of mortuary police regulations)

Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19

Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COV-ID-19 in China

Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

M.A. designed the study, carried out the electron microscopy analysis and wrote the manuscript. D.R. carried out sample preparation. A.G. collected clinical data and performed the autopsy. All authors have read and approved the final version to be published.