key: cord-0925766-s38jvxc4
authors: Pan, Weiqiu; Li, Tianzeng; Ali, Safdar
title: A fractional order epidemic model for the simulation of outbreaks of Ebola
date: 2021-03-10
journal: Adv Differ Equ
DOI: 10.1186/s13662-021-03272-5
sha: 4e61951c4a61b7da16668420b88bb8bc88c735b1
doc_id: 925766
cord_uid: s38jvxc4

The Ebola outbreak in 2014 caused many infections and deaths. Some literature works have proposed some models to study Ebola virus, such as SIR, SIS, SEIR, etc. It is proved that the fractional order model can describe epidemic dynamics better than the integer order model. In this paper, we propose a fractional order Ebola system and analyze the nonnegative solution, the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] , and the stabilities of equilibrium points for the system firstly. In many studies, the numerical solutions of some models cannot fit very well with the real data. Thus, to show the dynamics of the Ebola epidemic, the Gorenflo–Mainardi–Moretti–Paradisi scheme (GMMP) is taken to get the numerical solution of the SEIR fractional order Ebola system and the modified grid approximation method (MGAM) is used to acquire the parameters of the SEIR fractional order Ebola system. We consider that the GMMP method may lead to absurd numerical solutions, so its stability and convergence are given. Then, the new fractional orders, parameters, and the root-mean-square relative error [Formula: see text] are obtained. With the new fractional orders and parameters, the numerical solution of the SEIR fractional order Ebola system is closer to the real data than those models in other literature works. Meanwhile, we find that most of the fractional order Ebola systems have the same order. Hence, the fractional order Ebola system with different orders using the Caputo derivatives is also studied. We also adopt the MGAM algorithm to obtain the new orders, parameters, and the root-mean-square relative error which is [Formula: see text] . With the new parameters and orders, the fractional order Ebola systems with different orders fit very well with the real data.

Ebola is very dangerous and fatal. After its existence was found in 1976 in the Ebola River region of southern Sudan and Congo (old Zaire), it caused quite a stir in the medical community. After this, people call this infectious disease "Ebola". The Ebola virus can break the internal organs of the human body and once infected with this virus, people's blood will flow out, with a lethal rate of between 50% and 90%. On July 17, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed that the Ebola virus outbreak in the African country Congo (DRC) should attract global attention. On June 1, 2020, a new round of Ebola out-break broke out in Northwest of Congo. This is the 11th outbreak of Ebola in Congo (DRC) since 1976.

At present, the total deaths caused by the Ebola virus in the world is approximately 12,999 [1]. In the latest outbreak, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, the three countries with the most severe epidemics, have claimed 14,000 lives. In addition to the three foreign countries in West Africa, there were eight deaths in Nigeria, two deaths in Mali, and one death in the United States due to Ebola infection. As a result, it is necessary to study the spread of infection. After extensive search, at present, it is a mystery what is the reservoir of the Ebola virus. Many experts believe that the reservoir includes fruit bats [2] . Once you are exposed to the body fluids, secretions, tissues, and many more, you may be infected with Ebola virus and have some symptoms within 2-21 days. During 4-10 days, a person has the ability to spread pathogen. When people are infected with Ebola virus, symptoms such as headache, general fever, stomach discomfort leading to vomiting and bloody diarrhea will appear. Therefore, some diseases like malaria and typhoid are often misdiagnosed as Ebola. There are also some mathematical models to study Ebola virus. Rachah et al. [3] applied the optimization theory to research the impact of vaccination on Ebola virus which spread among people. In [4] , Althaus et al. used the SEIR model to elaborate the development trend of the EBOV epidemic, and the numerical solution obtained by the predictive correction method is very close to the actual number of infections reported in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. Rachah et al. [5] explained the diffuse of Ebola virus on the basis of the SEIR model and how to control Ebola virus in the most effective way. Ndanguza et al. [6] used the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to study the 1995 epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo using the number of symptomatic infections and deaths, demonstrating that the infection rate of Ebola virus is 99.95% and the mortality rate is 98.6%.

The calculus invented by Newton and Leibniz plays a critical role in modern mathematics and classical mathematics. Fractional calculus is a theory with respect to differentiation and integration of any order and is a generalization of integer order calculus. In the past three centuries, researchers mainly studied the fractional calculus in the pure theoretical field of mathematics. However, with the development of modern engineering, we can see the application of fractional order differential equations in various fields [7] [8] [9] . Then, more and more scholars at home or abroad concentrate on exploring the theory of fractional calculus. Now, there are a lot of scientific fields that involve the fractional order differential equations. Both the theoretical analysis and numerical calculation of the fractional order differential equations are particularly urgent. Because fractional calculus has a memory function, this function ensures the influence of historical information on the past and the future. Therefore, when studying the fractional order models, fractional calculus can achieve our ideal results [10] . There are many kinds of viruses in the world. Combining the fractional calculus with biological infectious disease models can allow us to more accurately understand the development of the epidemic. Then Area et al. [11] discussed the fractional order Ebola system with the same order in terms of the Riemann-Liouville fractional order derivative. Tulu [12] put forward a fractional order Ebola model in terms of the Caputo fractional order derivative to simulate the number of deaths caused by Ebola virus. González-Parra [13] explained and understood influenza A (H1N1) with a nonlinear fractional order model. Ariel [14] explored the Leptospira outbreak pattern from the spread of Leptospirosis in the population and from animals to humans. Other than that, there are some other models, such as coronavirus [15] [16] [17] [18] , the anthrax disease [19] , human liver [20] , and so on. In many literatures, most of the models are normal with the same order, and the parameters of the Ebola model are either existing or predicted. There are two aspects that need to be improved: one is improving the fitting effect between the numerical solution of these systems and the real data; the other is that different orders can be considered.

In this article, we mainly study the fractional order Ebola system in terms of Caputo fractional order derivative. Firstly, we research the fractional order Ebola system with the same order, then a fractional order Ebola system with different orders is proposed. The GMMP scheme [21] is the method that we take to get the numerical solution of the SEIR fractional order Ebola system. This will make the calculation cost low. There are some other numerical methods, such as q-homotopy analysis transform method (q-HATM) [15, 19, 20, 22] , the fractional Euler method (FEM) [23] , discretized collocation method [24] , variational iteration method(VIM) [16] , fractional natural decomposition method (FNDM) [17] , and so on. Then we adopt the MGAM method [25] to estimate the parameters of literature [11] . With the new fractional orders and parameters, the numerical solution of the SEIR fractional order Ebola system is closer to the real data than the models in other literature sources.

The composition of this article is as follows. In Sect. 2, three classical fractional derivatives are introduced, and the expression of fractional order Ebola system is shown. In Sect. 3, some properties of the fractional order Ebola model are introduced, including the nonnegative solution, the basic reproduction number R 0 , and the stabilities of equilibrium points. In Sect. 4, we introduce the GMMP method, including the stability and convergence. In Sect. 5, we show the MGAM method for parameter estimation. In Sect. 6, the numerical simulation of the SEIR fractional order Ebola model is studied and compared with real data. In Sect. 7, we have a sum up for the paper.

Compared to the integer order calculus, the fractional order calculus has more advantages. For example, fractional order calculus has a memory function and can catch the entire properties of the function. Fractional calculus is a better description of the dynamical behavior of a system. So it has a great influence on the development of scientific research [26] . The most influential definitions for fractional order derivatives include Riemann-Liouville (R-L), Caputo, and Grünwald-Letnikov (G-L) definition [27] . In 1847, the German mathematician Riemann made further additions on this basis and formed the first more complete definition of fractional calculus, i.e., the Riemann-Liouville definition

where n -1 < α < n, n ∈ Z + , and (z) = ∞ 0 t z-1 e -t dt is the gamma function. The R-L definition has a high position in theoretical analysis. However, Caputo derivative with initial value conditions is more suitable for modern engineering applications, especially in viscoelastic theory and solid fluid mechanics. The expression of Caputo deriva-tive definition is explained in the following way:

where n -1 < α < n, n ∈ Z + . For the purpose of getting numerical solutions of the fractional order differential equations, we introduce the concept of Grünwald-Letnikov fractional order derivative. The definition of Grünwald-Letnikov fractional order derivative is given as follows:

where n -1 < α < n and f (t) has n-order continuous derivative on the interval [a, t].

By the definitions of fractional order derivative, we can obtain that the G-L fractional derivative and the R-L derivative are equivalent, while the Caputo derivative and the R-L derivative are not. Their difference can be shown as follows:

where n -1 < α < n, n ∈ Z + , and f (k) (a), (k = 0, 1, . . . , n -1) are the initial conditions. We also consider r α k = t k-α (k+1-α) . In this paper, we prefer the Caputo operator and concentrate on the case n = 1, namely α ∈ (0, 1). Thus, equation ( 

where 0 < α < 1 and f (a) is the initial condition. We also consider r α 0 = t -α (1-α) .

Firstly, the integer order model of Ebola epidemic is presented. According to the characteristics of infectious disease models, it is better to divide the total human population N into four sub-populations: S(t) susceptible humans, E(t) exposed humans, I(t) infection humans, R(t) removed humans. Using [11] , the Ebola classical differential equation is as follows:

where q ∈ [0, 1] is an adjustable factor. The parameters denote different meanings respectively: (i) γ is the recovery rate;

(ii) δ is the per-capita infectious rate; (iii) β = pc, where p is the probability that a healthy person will be infected with Ebola when exposed to an infected person, and c is the per-capita contact rate. Hence, β is an average number of people infected after touching with an infected person who has already developed symptoms. It varies every day. The parameters have been acquired from [11] . They are

And the initial conditions are as follows:

Among them AM = 18,805,278 is the total population of these countries, including Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, and m is the number to be determined which is the proportion of susceptible population to total population. So far, there has been no empirical evidence that humans are completely immune to viruses. We can set 50 ≤ m < 100,

The initial conditions indicate that the number of people infected was small at the beginning. If preventive measures were taken promptly at that time, then the number of next infections would be less. We can use the ODE45 function in Matlab to solve the solution of nonlinear differential equation (6) . Table 1 reveals the number of Ebola infections in these countries, including Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone from March 27 to December 1, 2014. We get the simulation result shown in Fig. 1 , in which the root-mean-square Table 1 These data are statistics on the number of people who have tested positive for Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, which is a cumulative process relative error is g(U) = 1.0061, demonstrating that the effect of match could be improved further to reflect the spread of Ebola. The fractional calculus has more physical significance than the integer order calculus, the most important of which is that the fractional order derivative offers good ideas for describing the memory and genetic characteristics of different materials. Recently, many fractional order infectious disease systems have been proposed [15, 16, 19, 28] . Hence, the fractional order Ebola system with the same order is depicted as follows:

where C 0 D α t means the Caputo fractional order derivative with α ∈ (0, 1). Here, the expression of parameters β, γ , δ, and q has been explained in classical model (6) and N is the total population. However, we can see that units on the left of system (9) are not same as those on the right. To be specific, they are going to be the dimensions of (days) -α and the dimensions of (days) -1 . If we take the left-hand side of this system (9) by λ α which has the dimension of (days) α-1 , then we can have the same units (days) -1 on both sides of this system. Generally speaking, we can get λ α = 1 in the fractional order system. In this paper, we use the MGAM methods to find a suitable set of fractional orders and parameters that make the fractional order Ebola system to provide numerical results that agree well with the real data.

In this chapter, we analyze the basic properties and the stabilities of fractional order model (9) . The first thing to note is that when the initial values are nonnegative, the solutions of model (9) are always nonnegative. Then, we present the basic reproduction number R 0 and provide the condition for the stabilities of the disease-free equilibrium (DFE).

The Laplace transform of the Caputo fractional derivative C a D α t f (t) has the following form:

where a ≤ η ≤ t for all t ∈ (a, b].

Theorem 1 The region + = (S, E, I, R); S ≥ 0, E ≥ 0, I ≥ 0, R ≥ 0 is a positive invariant of system (9) .

Proof From literature [30] , the existence and uniqueness of the solution of system (9) on the time interval (0, +∞) can be obtained. On the hyper-planes of region + , we have

We apply the Laplace transform to formula (10)

Thus, if S(0) belongs to the hyper-plane S = 0, then S(t) = 0, t > 0. Therefore, the hyperplane S = 0 is a positive invariant set. If (S(0), E(0), I(0), R(0)) ∈ + , according to Eqs. (12)- (15) and Lemma 2, the solution S(t), E(t), I(t), R(t) cannot escape from the hyper-planes of E = 0, I = 0, R = 0; i.e., the region + is a positive invariant set.

According to system (9), we can easily get the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) as E 0 = (N, 0, 0, 0). The next-generation operator approach [31] is adopted to calculate R 0 . We first need to obtain the Jacobian matrices F (the new infection terms) and the Jacobian matrices V (the remaining transfer term):

V -1 is as follows:

Thus,

The calculation method of the basic reproduction number is as follows:

where ρ denotes the spectral radius of a matrix FV -1 . Therefore, we have

The Jacobian matrix evaluated at DFE is

where the matrices A and B are

with the matrices C and F -V being given by

Notice that the eigenvalues of the matrix J(E 0 ) consist of zero and λ * , where λ * represents the eigenvalues of matrix F -V . The meaning of the matrix F is the new infection terms and the matrix V is the remaining transfer term. For convenience, let the matrix F -V be the matrix D. The local stability of DFE is assessed by the eigenvalues of the characteristic equation det(λ * I -D) which is

This is a second order polynomial. Applying the Routh-Hurwitz criteria [32] , if all coefficients of characteristic equation (23) are positive, the maximum real part of all the eigenvalues of the matrix D are negative. Therefore, we give the following theorem.

The disease-free equilibrium E 0 of fractional order system (9) is locally stable if R 0 < 1 and the coefficient a of characteristic equation (23) satisfies a > 0. If R 0 > 1, then E 0 is unstable.

Proof According to the expression of R 0 , when R 0 < 1, we can obtain δγ > γβq + βδ. Thus, the coefficient b of the characteristic equation (23) is positive. And, from the condition a > 0. Based on the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, the maximum real part of all the eigenvalues of the matrix D is negative. It is worth noting that the eigenvalues of the matrix J(E 0 ) involve zero. In response to this situation, literature [33] has already discussed. We can obtain that the disease-free equilibrium E 0 of fractional order system (9) is locally stable. On the contrary, if R 0 > 1, based on the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, the coefficient b must be negative. There is a positive number in the maximum real part of the eigenvalues of the matrix J(E 0 ). Thus, the disease-free equilibrium E 0 of fractional order system (9) is not stable.

Next, we will research the global asymptotic stability at the disease-free equilibrium.

The disease-free equilibrium E 0 of fractional order system (9) is globally asymptotically stable if R 0 < 1 and the coefficient a of characteristic equation (23) satisfies a > 0.

Proof Since S < N for fractional order system (9), for the second equation of system (9), we have

For comparison, define a linear system given by (24) with equality, namely

Now, we observe the following system:

It has the coefficient matrix F -V . Through the discussion of Theorem 2, system (26) satisfies lim t→∞ E = 0 and lim t→∞ I = 0. With the help of comparison theorem [34] , and noting (24) , it follows that these limits also hold for the second and third equations of fractional order system (9) . For the remaining equations of system (9), we have lim t→∞ R = 0 and lim t→∞ S = N . Thus, for R 0 < 1 and the coefficient a of characteristic equation (23) satisfying a > 0, the disease-free equilibrium E 0 = (N, 0, 0, 0) is globally asymptotically stable.

Remark 1 Because the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium point of fractional order system (9) are the same, the stabilities analysis to the endemic equilibrium point can refer to the process of disease-free equilibrium.

4 Numerical method for the fractional order differential equation

Simply, system (9) can be expressed as the form of λ C a D α t y(t) = f (t, y(t)), where y(t) = (S(t), E(t), I(t), R(t)) T . We consider a uniform grid in [a, t], a = t 0 < t 1 < t 2 < · · · < t N = t, t i+1t i = t = h. Meanwhile, y(t) is assumed to be continuous in each finite interval (a, t) with t < T. Based on the classical notation of finite differences

where c α k = (-1) k α k is the binomial coefficient and α ∈ (0, 1). Then, both Riemann-Liouville and Grünwald-Letnikov fractional order derivatives could be rewritten as the following formula:

It is worth noting that the difference term r α 0 between the Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional order derivative (5) also works on the uniform grid. Thus, the Caputo fractional order derivative can be expressed as follows:

where c α k = (-1) k α k is the binomial coefficient, y(a) is the initial condition, and r α n = r α 0 (t n ) = ω α 0,-1 (n) -α . The meaning of the function ω is ω α μ,ν = (μα+1) (να+1) , μ, ν ∈ N 0 ∪ {-1}. And r α n y(a) tends to zero when n → ∞. The first step is to obtain the difference grid according to the solution area, and the continuous solution domain of the differential equation is expressed as a finite number of grids; the second step is to obtain the difference quotient by calculation, which is used to replace the differential term in the differential equation; the third step is in the discrete case getting the difference equation, which contains a finite number of unknown variables. This is the basic process of the Gorenflo-Mainardi-Moretti-Paradisi scheme (GMMP). You can see [21, 35, 36] for details. In general, the fractional order nonlinear equation can be presented using Caputo operator λ C a D α t y(t) = f t, y(t) , 0≤ t ≤ T, y (k) (a) = y (k) 0 , k = 0, 1, . . . , n -1,

where C a D α t represents the Caputo operator.

We combine (29) with (30) to get the formula that y(x n ) = h α λ f t n , y(x n ) + n k=0 c α k y(x n-k ) + h α r α n y 0 .

Through the above simple reasoning, the solution form (31) of the fractional order nonlinear equation has been obtained. Any Caputo fractional order differential equation with initial value problem can be numerically solved by formula (31) . We need to bring in the specific equations and use the Matlab software (R2016a) to solve them. It is worth mentioning that the code we used was written by ourselves. Since there is an unknown variable y(x n ) on both sides of (31), we choose the Newton algorithm to gain the value of y(x n ) via equation (31) .

If the GMMP method is not stable, it may lead to absurd numerical solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to study the stability of the GMMP method. To present the stability of the GMMP method, we consider the following fractional differential equation:

where m > 0 is the coefficient and y(0) = y 0 is the initial condition. Applying equation (31), we obtain

The λ is used to make sure that both sides of this equation have the same dimension which is explained in fractional order system (9) . Generally speaking, we can get λ = 1. Thus, equation (33) 

Then it holds that

Lemma 4 ([37] ) Assume that α ∈ (0, 1) for all the coefficients c α k > 0 defined in (27) shows the properties

What is more, the coefficients r α n and the new coefficients explained by S α μ,n = n k=0 c α k (nk) μα have the following properties when n ≥ 0: 

Let ξ n = |y(x n )|, ρ n = r α n |y 0 |, η n = c α k . Based on Lemma 3, the following result is gained:

It follows from Lemma 4 that r α k < 1 and 0 < c α k ≤ S α 0,n < 1. Thus, the product in (40) is deduced by

and the sum is deduced by

Thus, it follows from equations (41) and (42) that

As you can see, there exists a constant K such that exp(1) + r α n |y 0 | ≤ K for all n ≥ 0. Equation (43) can be rewritten as

Thus, the numerical solutions (31) obtained by MGAM method are absolute stable.

To present the convergence of the GMMP method, we also consider specific function (32) . We define the global error |e n | between the true value y n and the approximate value y(x n ) as

where q n = y ny(x n ) and p n = y(x n )y(x n ) with y(x n ) = (1mh α ) -1 { n k=0 c α k y n-k + h α r α n y 0 }.

The numerical solutions (31) obtained by the MGAM method are convergent when the global error |e n | satisfies

where C ≤ (1mh α ) -1 exp((1mh α ) -1 ).

Proof It follows from [37, Theorem 6.2] that we obtain

Combining with (45), the following result is valid:

Using Lemma 3, (46) holds. From Lemma 4, we can get c α k = O(h 1+α ) for h → 0, n → ∞. And according to [37, Corollary 6 .1], q n = O(h 1+α ), h → 0 is deduced. Thus, for equation (46), the convergence order is expected to be one.

The reported Ebola cases are those who tested positive for Ebola virus by a laboratory. Now, the testing methods recommended by the WHO are as follows: automatic or semiautomatic nucleic acid testing for routine diagnostic management is adopted. If nucleic acid testing is not possible in remote areas, rapid antigen testing can be used. It is recommended to use rapid antigen detection methods during screening as part of monitoring activities, but reactivity testing should be confirmed by nucleic acid testing.

In order for the numerical solution of the fractional order model to be closer to the real number of infected people, we must estimate and correct the original parameters. At this time, a fractional order dynamical system could be depicted as the following form with uncertain parameters:

y (k) (a) = y (k) 0 , k = 0, 1, . . . , n -1, where y = (y 1 , y 2 , . . . , y n ) T and f = (f 1 , f 2 , . . . , f n ) T are n-dimensional vector functions, and h i (i = 1, 2, . . . , n) represents uncertain parameters u i (i = 1, 2, . . . , p), p is the number of parameters.

In literature [11] , the author used the predictor-corrector PECE method of Adams-Bashforth-Moulton to solve numerically the fractional order differential equations. In order to make the numerical solutions of fractional order differential equations fit well with the real data, the author should find the best value of the parameter q that minimizes the L 2 norm between the real data and the model, defined by

where c j is the cumulative number of infected people according to the data at day j and c j is the prediction proposed by the model. If the value of ξ is smaller, it means that the number of infections predicted by this model is closer to the real data. However, the author still did not explain how to find the optimal value q, and there will be a big error in judging the results of fitting with real data based on the value of ξ .

Next, in this paper, we need to find the optimal parameters to make the numerical solution of the fractional order Ebola system as close as possible to the number of people infected with Ebola adopting MGAM algorithm. This process is very complicated and requires strict calculations, and we use Matlab (R2016a) to write code to realize it. The steps are as follows:

(i) For certain parameters, the GMMP method can be adopted to get the numerical solution y(t j ) of fractional order differential equation (9) . This result cannot be used as our final data. Next, we look for the optimal result.

(ii) D is composed of many closed intervals as Cartesian products and it is bounded. So there is no doubt that (u 1 , u 2 , . . . , u m ) ∈ D.

Take step length h j to refine the interval [u (min) j , u (max) j ], (j = 1, 2, . . . , m), and get

This means that we need to find the optimal parameters U = (u 1 , u 2 , . . . , u m ) in G(D).

(iii) Calculate the root-mean-square relative error function

where y(t j ) is the numerical solution of fractional order system equation (33) for given parameters U = (u 1 , u 2 , . . . , u m ), and x j is the actual data. Then we can estimate the precise parameters U * within the given domain G(D). In this paper, we selected the number of people infected with Ebola at 20 time points. So, we can choose N as 20.

(iv) If the step h j is inappropriate, it will be difficult for us to find the optimal result in the grid G(D). Here is a method, when you do not get better g(U * ) under the first set step, you need to adjust the step h j to get another g(U * * ). Next, as long as they satisfy g(U * * ) < δ or U * -U * * < ε, where δ and ε are small error parameters, this proves we find an approximate estimate of the parameter vector which is U * * . Otherwise, let U * = U * * , turn to the first step (i).

Unlike the classical differential equation theory, solving the fractional order differential equations is very difficult. The solutions obtained by the classical method are only approximate solutions. There are many methods to solve the fractional order differential equations, such as the Mellin transform method, power series method, and Babenko's symbolic calculus method [10] . Therefore, in this section, we use the GMMP method to give the numerical results and the MGAM method is used to acquire the parameters for the SEIR fractional order Ebola model. With the new parameters and orders, the results demonstrate that it matches closer with the real data than the SEIR integer-order Ebola system (6) . From this, a conclusion can be gained which is the new parameters and orders are more precise. Meanwhile, the fractional order Ebola system with different orders (53) using the Caputo fractional order derivative is studied. We also use the MGAM algorithm to gain new orders and parameters. With the new parameters and orders, the fractional order Ebola system with different orders fits very well with the real data.

From Sect. 5, we should be aware that the parameters that need to be estimated are the Ebola transmissibility β, the fractional order α, q, and m. The unknown parameter vector is written as U = (α, β, q, m). The choice of parameter intervals to narrow the target value is crucial for the result. In light of the reality, the intervals and the step h j are chosen in the following way:

and

The initial value has not been changed and the time is chosen as t = 250 days. In Sect. 4, we have used the modified GMMP method to obtain the numerical solution and use the parameter estimation method again in Sect. 5. We acquire the results U * as follows:

with g(U * ) = 0.4146. The simulation results in Fig. 2 show that the parameter value U * obtained by using the MGAM method makes the fractional order Ebola system fit very well with the real data compared with Fig. 1 . We compare Fig. 1 with Fig. 2 to prove that our method is effective, as shown in Fig. 3 . By observing how the parameters influence the variety of infected people I(t) when other parameters are unchanged, we can draw the conclusion that the parameter measured by the MGAM method is the ideal parameter. The fitting results of SEIR integer-order Ebola system (6) in which the root-mean-square relative error is g(U) = 1.0061 and fractional-order Ebola system (9) in which the root-mean-square relative error is g(U * ) = 0.4146 with real data

The results show that the four parameters have an impact on the number of infected people I(t). The influence of orders and parameters is reflected in Fig. 4 , which shows that our estimated parameters are indeed the ideal parameters.

Many fractional order epidemic models have the same order [38, 39] . Hence, the fractional order Ebola system with different orders using Caputo derivatives is studied as follows:

N , Figure 6 The fitting results of integer order system (6), fractional order Ebola system (9) which has the same order, and fractional order Ebola system (53) which has different orders with the real data. Their root-mean-square relative errors are g(U) = 1.0061, g(U * ) = 0.4146, and g(U * ) = 0.2744 respectively

where β, γ , δ, q are the same as in (6) , N is the total population, and α ∈ (0, 1). We have introduced the parameter λ α i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) to ensure that the dimensions of both sides of fractional order equations (53) are equal. For convenience, we have taken λ α i = 1 (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) in fractional order system (53). From Sect. 5, we should be aware that the parameters that need to be estimated are α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , α 4 , β, q, m. The unknown parameter vector is written as U = (α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , α 4 , β, q, m). The choice of parameter intervals to narrow the target value is crucial for the result. In light of the reality, the intervals and the step h j are chosen in the following way: the real data, which is shown in Fig. 5 . To prove that the fractional order Ebola model of different orders (53) is better than that of the same order (9), we made a comparison, see Fig. 6 . By observing how the parameters influence the variety of infected people I(t) when other parameters are unchanged, we can obtain the conclusion that the method is very good and the parameter we estimated is indeed the ideal parameter. The results show that when α 4 changed, the number of infected people I(t) basically did not change, while other parameters had a certain impact on I(t). The influence of orders and parameters is reflected in Fig. 7 .

In this paper, we researched fractional order Ebola mathematical models with the same order or different orders. The nonnegative solution, the basic reproduction number R 0 , and the stabilities of equilibrium points for the SEIR fractional order Ebola system are an-alyzed. Considering the numerical solution acquired from the GMMP scheme, which is stable and convergent, we use the MGAM method to estimate the parameters of the SEIR fractional order Ebola system. With the new fractional orders and parameters, Fig. 2 and Fig. 5 show that the numerical solutions fit well with the real data, which proves that the GMMP scheme and the MGAM are efficient and valid for parameter estimation. The real data begins at the Ebola infection that broke out in the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone in 2014. By comparing the fitting effects illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 6 of integer order Ebola model (6) and fractional order Ebola models (9), (53) with the real data, we can conclude that we have indeed made improvements on the basis of literature [11] . Figure 4 and Fig. 7 show the effect of every parameter on the number of infected humans I(t) with the other parameters fixed. In addition, from the root-mean-square relative error g(U * ) = 0.4146 of fractional order model (9) , in which the order is the same, and the root-mean-square relative error g(U * ) = 0.2744 of fractional order model (53), in which the orders are different, we get the conclusion that the fractional order Ebola model with different orders can provide a better fitting with the real data than other models. However, there is still some work that needs to be done. Next, we will improve this model to satisfy a type of infectious disease.

Previously unknown reovirus of bat origin is associated with an acute respiratory disease in humans

Mathematical modelling, simulation, and optimal control of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa

Estimating the reproduction number of Ebola virus (EBOV) during the 2014 outbreak in West Africa

Dynamics and optimal control of Ebola transmission

Analysis of bias in an Ebola epidemic model by extended Kalman filter approach

Nonlinear signal processing and system identification: applications to time series from electrochemical reactions

Existence of positive solution for singular fractional differential equation

Fractional Differential Equations

On a fractional order Ebola epidemic model

Modeling the effect of quarantine and vaccination on Ebola disease

A fractional order epidemic model for the simulation of outbreaks of influenza A(H1N1)

An epidemic model for the propagation of leptospirosis outbreaks

A new study of unreported cases of 2019-nCOV epidemic outbreaks

New investigation of bats-hosts-reservoir-people coronavirus model and application to 2019-nCoV system

Novel dynamic structures of 2019-nCoV with nonlocal operator via powerful computational technique

A mathematical model for COVID-19 transmission by using the Caputo fractional derivative

A mathematical analysis of a system of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional differential equations for the anthrax disease model in animals

A new study on the mathematical modelling of human liver with Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative

Time fractional diffusion: a discrete random walk approach

Regarding new numerical solution of fractional schistosomiasis disease arising in biological phenomena

An efficient algorithm for solving the fractional optimal control of SIRV epidemic model with a combination of vaccination and treatment

Collocation methods for terminal value problems of tempered fractional differential equations

Novel parameter estimation techniques for a multi-term fractional dynamical epidemic model of dengue fever

Fractional-Order Nonlinear Systems: Modeling, Analysis and Simulation

The Grunwald-Letnikov method for fractional differential equations

Optimal control of a fractional-order HIV-immune system with memory

Generalized Taylors formula

Global existence theory and chaos control of fractional differential equations

Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission

Higher Algebra

Stability analysis of an HIV/AIDS epidemic model with treatment

Stability Analysis of Non-linear Systems

On three explicit difference schemes for fractional diffusion and diffusion-wave equations

Error estimates of finite element methods for nonlinear fractional stochastic differential equations

The Grunwald-Letnikov method for fractional differential equations

Numerical behavior of a fractional order HIV/AIDS epidemic model

Epidemic model of leptospirosis containing fractional order

We appreciate editors and reviewers' warm work earnestly. Their comments and suggestions are very meaningful to our research work. 

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

WQP proposed the main the idea and the proofs of this paper. TZL prepared the manuscript initially and gave the numerical simulation of this paper. SA revised the English grammar of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Received: 23 August 2020 Accepted: 2 February 2021