key: cord-0922288-7vfqtkg2 authors: Thakar, Anup; Goyal, Mandip; Bhinde, Sagar; Chhotala, Yagnik; Panara, Kalpesh; Chaudhari, Swapnil title: Impact of AYUSH 64 as an adjunctive to standard of care in mild COVID 19 - An open-label randomized controlled pilot study date: 2022-05-18 journal: J Ayurveda Integr Med DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100587 sha: 25650a10f52168b628b3627f0fa792bb16f63be4 doc_id: 922288 cord_uid: 7vfqtkg2 BACKGROUND: Ayurveda herbal formulation AYUSH-64, proven to treat malaria and influenza-like illness in india was repurposed for COVID-19 patients considering preliminary evidances, however, scientific data was not available. AIM: To evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of AYUSH 64 as an add-on to standard of care in mild COVID19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single centre, randomized, open-labeled, controlled, pilot study were conducted on mild COVID 19 confirmed patients. Patients allotted in interventional group (n=41) recieved AYUSH 64, 3 gm per day in three divided dose for 14 days as an adjuvant to standard of care (SOC) whereas control group received SOC (n=39) alone. Outcomes were reduction in WHO ordinal scale for clinical improvement, all-cause mortality, incidence of COVID19 symptoms among asymptomatic patients at baseline, use for oxygen therapy, use for a mechanical ventilator, the total duration of symptomatic phase and adverse events. RESULTS: Mean score of WHO ordinal scale was reduced as time lapse in both the groups (f(1)= 20.5, p < 0.001) indicating clinical improvement among groups. There was no statistically significant difference in mean WHO ordinal scale between groups (f(1)= 0.98, p = 0.32). The proportion of asymptomatic patients progressing to the symptomatic stage is lower in AYUSH 64 group [OR, 0.68 (CI, 0.17 - 2.66)]. Mean days for the total duration of the symptomatic phase was also short in AYUSH 64 group (4.68 ± 3.29 days) compared to SOC group (5.81 ± 3.5 days). No incidence of the requirement of a mechanical ventilator, adverse drug reaction and death were observed in either of the groups. CONCLUSION: The findings of this pilot study show that an integrated approach of AYUSH 64 with SOC provide early trends of benefit by reduction in disease progression and in total symptom duration. However, its effects remains inconclusive on outcomes such as all cause mortality, use of oxygen therapy, invasive ventilator due to sparse outcomes. Pathophysiology and clinical maping of COVID 19 considering Ayurvedic approch is possible through literature review of Ayurvdic texbooks. Patients suffering from mild COVID 19 usually have a fever and upper respiratory symptoms, [5] which may be correlated with Sannipataja Jwara (fever dominant disease originated from vitiation of all three body humors). [6, 7] Dispite of these mild symptoms during early stage, this is to be considered as Sannipataja only, because of its potential to become fatal in its advanced satage. AYUSH 64 containing four herbs namely Kiratatikta (Swertia Chirata Pexbex. Karst), (Alstonia scholaris R. Br.), Kuberaksha (Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming.) and Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth) was selected as intervention for early stage COVID 19 population considering its antipyratic properties. [8, 9] An earlier clinical studies on AYUSH 64 exhibited promising results in malaria (Vishama Jwara) [10] and influenza-like illness (ILI). [11] Recently, in an in-silico molecular docking evaluation of the AYUSH 64 showed that one of the ingrandients of AYUSH 64 inhibited the replication of main protease enzyme (M pro -Akuammicine N-Oxide) in SARS-CoV-2. [12] ministry of Ayush, government of India also suggested use of AYUSH 64 during early stage COVID 19. [13] Hence, the present study was aimed to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of AYUSH 64 as an add-on to standard of care (SOC) in improving the clinical status of mild COVID 19 patients. A single-center, individually randomized, controlled, open-label, interventional study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of oral administration of AYUSH 64 in COVID 19 adults patients admitted to Guru Gobind Singh Hospital (GGH), Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Site was a tertiary care Dedicated COVID 19 Hospital (DCH), level 3, run by government administration having ICU and other emergency facilities. [14] Participants Individuals having positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, that were admitted in the COVID ward at the GGH were screened within 48 hours of their admission. Those who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and gave written informed consent were allocated to either of the treatment groups randomly. Random sequence was generated through computergenerated randomization software with 1:1 allocation ratio without stratification. The randomization had a block size of 18. Sample size of 80 participants has been considered for the this pilot study to obtain the preliminary efficacy and safety of trial drugs. All patients, randomized to Interventional drug, received 3 g dose of AYUSH 64 per day orally in three equal divided dose at regular interval after food for 14 days as an add-on treatment to standard of care. Control group participants were given SOC following the guidelines of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, which were updated from time to time, were followed by the study site for diagnosis [15] and management [16] Due to the discharge policy of the study site, patients were discharged from the hospital after 14 days initially. [18] Later on, because of changes in this policy, patients were allowed to choose home isolation if they remain afebrile for at least 3 consecutive days. [19, 20] For such homeisolated patients, research assistants visited home for data collections at the end of intervention and follow up to assess the outcomes. The possible adverse events were planned to be recorded on Case Record Form and Severity of events were categorized in to mild, moderate and severe. Further, its association to the intervention was analysed and recorded in six categories (certain, probable, possible, unlikely, unclassified, unassessable). [21] Data were analyzed by statistical software IBM SPSS version 27. The data on continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. p values of < 0.05 were considered to be significant. Pearson's chi-square and fisher's exact test (in case of small frequencies) were used for categorical variables. Mean score of WHO ordinal scale for clinical improvement at different timeline was analysed by univariate two way ANOVA considering group and time as fixed factor. Continuous variables were analyzed by paired t-test and independent t-test for Intra and Inter-Group analysis respectively. Laboratory values that did not follow normal distribution were analyzed through nonparametric tests like the Wilcoxon test and Mann Whitney U test for intra and inter Group analysis respectively. The confidence level was set at 95%, and p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. The study protocol was conducted as per the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines of good clinical practice and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, MP Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar with approval no. IEC/Certi/98/03/2020 dated 10-06-2020. The study was registered in CTRI before the initiation of enrolment. (CTRI/2020/06/025855 registered on 13/06/2020). Interim reports of the study were submitted to the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), New Delhi for drug safety on 7 th August 2020 and 15 th September 2020. Total 115 COVID 19 positive patients were screened during the period of 15 th June 2020 to 16 th July 2020. Of these, 80 participated in the study, allocated randomly to AYUSH 64 group (n=41) or SOC group (n=39). From AYUSH 64 Group, 2 patients did not meet required drug compliance, and 2 refused to have AYUSH 64 in addition to ongoing standard of care after few days of enrolment. Of the 39 patients in standard of care group, two patients dropped out without giving any reasons. Hence, outcome assessment was done on 37 patients in each group. (Fig 1) Recruitment of participants in this study was stopped on 16 th July 2020, as the study reached a predefined sample size for the pilot study. Background characteristics of patients are presented in (Table 2) . AYUSH 64 when given as an add-on treatment, serum creatinine decreased significantly and hemoglobin (Hb) increased significantly. The rest of the laboratory parameters showed changes that were statistically not significant. Standard of care group provided a significant increase in laboratory values of eosinophil and Hb; whereas rest of the laboratory parameters showed changes that were statistically not significant. While comparing both the Groups for laboratory parameters, except creatinine, the difference in all parameters was statistically not significant. ( Table 5) The changes occurring in laboratory values in either groups were in normal range for that investigation. No incidence was reported for the outcomes like the number of patients who required mechanical ventilation, the number of patients reporting ADR / AE, and the incidence of allcause mortality. This is the first study of its kind in Gujarat, India, to evaluate the efficacy of AYUSH 64 through a randomised controlled trial (RCT) on the WHO-recommended "ordinal score for disease severity" outcome along with others. Study suggested AYUSH 64 given as an add-on to standard of care may provide possible benefits by reducing incidence of COVID 19 symptoms among asymptomatic patients and total symptoms duration to the mild COVID 19 patients than the standard of care alone. However, present study data was not statistical significant may be due to the small sample size and trivial outcome reported in participants. Present pilot study data may facilitate the estiamation of sample size calcuclation for further full-size RCT. A recent study revealed that AYUSH 64 when given with SOC for 30 days, hastened clinical recovery around 4 days in compare to standalone SOC. [23] Similar trend was also observed in present study. Earlier studies estimated that 20% of COVID 19 affected patients require oxygen and the death rate is 3%, [22] which was contrary to our findings. In present study, the use for oxygen therapy was trivial and no mortality was observed among both the groups may be because of characteristic of study population selected i.e. mild cases of COVID 19. No changes in liver profile, kidney profile and other blood parameters in add-on ayurveda intervention group indicates the safety of AYUSH 64. Moreover, no ADE reported in the interventional group ensuring safety of AYUSH 64 when added with standard of care. The safety of AYUSH 64 on hematological and biochemical parameters in this study which is in concordance with the findings reported in earlier studies. [29, 30] Laboratory values of D-dimer and ferritin were significantly decreased in both groups without significant difference between Groups. Recent studies have revealed that there is a positive association with a rise in D-dimer value and disease severity. [24] At the same time ferritin is also a key mediator of immune dysregulation, especially extreme hyperferritinemia, via direct immune-suppressive and pro-inflammatory effects, contributing to the cytokine storm. [25] It was also noted in a previous study that serum ferritin remains within the normal range (30- 400 μg/L) in patients with the non-severe disease [26] and this study also supports the same observation. Recent studies have concluded that raise in CRP is positively associated with the severity of the disease, [27] In this study, it was found that baseline CRP was high with many outliers, which reaches near to the normal range (0 to 5 mg/l) after treatment in both the groups. ESR is a non-specific measure of inflammation and according to Ayurveda Pitta invariably involves the pathogenesis of inflammation (Paka). [28] Tikta Rasa (bitter taste) predominant ingredients of AYUSH 64 might have reduced the Pitta vitiation to provide additional statistical significant effect in ESR in interventional group. Reduction in D-dimer, ferritin, CRP, and ESR (Table 6 ) in both groups indicates a reduction in the severity of disease condition explaining no need of mechanical ventilator and death among study participants. Retention of participants to the trial was also good as about 10% participant withdrew the trial during study period indicating higher feasibility for the further trial. Furthermore, cost of AYSUH 64 is comparatively quite low and may be considered as cost-saving drug as it may hasten the clinical recovery and reduce the burden of hospitalization costs. Because of the recent surge in COVID 19 cases in India, which has greatly increased the hospital burden, a full investigation on the cost-effectiveness of AYUSH 64 is also recommended using an economic model that takes into account a variety of outcomes and other health-system-related aspects. Limitations of this study: This study has some limitations such as participants were included only from single-center which may be low representativeness of the global population. Being a pilot study, the sample size was small and had limited analysis of long-term outcomes. Blinding was not possible in this study, because of operational difficulties associated with drug administration regimens, preparation of placebos, and timelines necessary to initiate experimental research during an epidemic. The result of this study is only applicable to the mild COVID 19 patients. Due to the limitations of the study site, laboratory investigations were not performed on all patients. Our study provides the first evidence showing the preliminary safety, efficacy and feasibility of AYUSH 64 as add-on to standard of care for mild hospitalized COVID 19 patients. The findings of this pilot study show that an integrated approach of AYUSH 64 with standard of care provide early trends of benefit by reduction in disease progression and in total symptom duration. However, its effects remains inconclusive on outcomes such as all cause mortality, use of oxygen therapy, invasive ventilator due to sperse outcomes. The results of this study will be useful to determine sample size and to plan future RCTs. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Prof. Bhushan Patwardhan, who is acknowledged in this submission, is also the chief editor of this journal; and does not possess conflict of interest. The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The work described has not been published previously, it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright holder. -19) and traditional, integrative, and complementary and alternative medicine: a bibliometric Add-on Ayurveda treatment for early stage COVID-19: A single center retrospective cohort study from Gujarat, India Ayurvedic clinical profile of COVID-19 -A preliminary report Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Chikitsa Sthana. 1 st ed., reprint, Ch. 3., Ver.103-06. 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