key: cord-0919498-firc6pc6
authors: Gupta, Shivam; Modgil, Sachin; Bhatt, Priyanka C.; Chiappetta Jabbour, Charbel Jose; Kamble, Sachin
title: Quantum computing led innovation for achieving a more sustainable Covid-19 healthcare industry
date: 2022-05-06
journal: Technovation
DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102544
sha: 12e2e8480f7b958a39847a2484c200d611ceab28
doc_id: 919498
cord_uid: firc6pc6

Involvement of multiple stakeholders in healthcare industry, even the simple healthcare problems become complex due to classical approach to treatment. In the Covid-19 era where quick and accurate solutions in healthcare are needed along with quick collaboration of stakeholders such as patients, insurance agents, healthcare providers and medicine supplier etc., a classical computing approach is not enough. Therefore, this study aims to identify the role of quantum computing in disrupting the healthcare sector with the lens of organizational information processing theory (OIPT), creating a more sustainable (less strained) healthcare system. A semi-structured interview approach is adopted to gauge the expectations of professionals from healthcare industry regarding quantum computing. A structured approach of coding, using open, axial and selective approach is adopted to map the themes under quantum computing for healthcare industry. The findings indicate the potential applications of quantum computing for pharmaceutical, hospital, health insurance organizations along with patients to have precise and quick solutions to the problems, where greater accuracy and speed can be achieved. Existing research focuses on the technological background of quantum computing, whereas this study makes an effort to mark the beginning of quantum computing research with respect to organizational management theory.

The quintessence of societal development has shifted towards the technology, giving rise to a plethora of terms for current societal age, namely: information era, digital era, new media era, industry 4.0 era, to name a few (Ivanov et al., 2019; Jabbour et al., 2018; Radanliev et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2018) . The basic thread of connectivity is information and communication technology (ICT) that offer innovative solutions to society and organizations those have unexpectedly become highly dependent upon technology (Azadegan et al., 2020) . From layman to organizations to technological giants, every stakeholder of the technological landscape is constantly trying to upgrade their expertise in the space of technology and innovation (Gong & Ribiere, 2020; Tan et al., 2020) . Organizations thrive to upgrade their prevailing expertise as well as infrastructure to attain supremacy in the marketplace. Disruptive technologies act as a medium to bring disruptive advances and innovation (Martínez-Vergara & Valls-Pasola, 2020) , which are continuously transforming the business models and putting organizational performance on a nonstop swivel (Craighead et al., 2007; Kull & Closs, 2008) . The quest for technological innovation has led organizations to explore completely new possibilities of technological landscape, making way for a future i.e. post-digital/binary era. However, the extensive research on quantum computing will challenge the existence of classical computers and provide a futuristic vision for wave-based technology rather than binary one that exists currently. In a quantum world, information can be encoded as 0, 1 or both 0 and 1 simultaneously; where two particles can be viewed as both separated and yet tangled (Mehring, 2007; Voss, 2002) .

Companies like Google and IBM have claimed the application of quantum computing for digital innovation (Cho, 2018; Malina & Woerner, 2019) . To achieve technological supremacy the innovation and new technological developments definitely address the uncertainty and complexity in an organization (Cuijpers et al., 2011) . The new unknowns in the quantum leap are foreign for processing the information for all functions of any firm. Furthermore, last two decades witnessed the penetration of information technology (IT) in every business sector and every business tries to utilize their best of innovation capabilities. Healthcare sector has also been revolutionized by IT applications and inventions as well, due to their potential for minimizing cost and improving quality of services via breakthrough innovations (Alrahbi et al., 2021; Hansen et al., 2019; Singh & Varshney, 2020) . The adoption of a quantum J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f computing led information system (IS) in healthcare is crucial since it includes human lives at stake and has potential for offering innovative solutions to many challenges. The unstoppable pandemic situation has created a lot of disarray worldwide and scientists and organizations are all into the race in combating with its alarming situation alike. Huge amount of data is being generated everyday based on Covid-19 and the business eco-system need fastest machine possible to crunch these data and as well as serve the patients across geographies (Biancone et al., 2021) . Data is being generated right from number of cases to the various clinical trials to develop drug and advanced vaccines (Madhavan et al., 2021) . While quantum computing is just emerging as a viable technology, it stands in practice on the shoulders of many scientists who spent years (Chae, 2019; Dahlmann & Roehrich, 2019) to solve complex problems with high-performance computing (HPC). Disruptive technologies have created a wave of change and offering unexpected novel capabilities, also termed as DARQ (Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Extended Reality (XR) and Quantum Computing (Q). However, all other components of DARQ have been researched and established reasonably in the mainstream except Quantum Computing (Accenture, 2019) .

Existing research focuses on the technological expertise of quantum computing, but this domain is yet to be explored from the perspective of managing a complex industry such as healthcare that is directly linked to the lives of humans and animals. Therefore, this study aims to explore, "what are the areas of healthcare industry, where quantum computing can play a disruptive role in near future?" More specifically, "where quantum technology is to have innovative solutions for more advanced healthcare system?" Healthcare organizations are among the first in queue to adopt evolving and innovative technological infrastructure and hence become most vulnerable to the near future disruptions. This study adopted a qualitative approach to answer the research question and it contributes to the body of knowledge by expecting the near term disruptive changes those can give a permanent shape to healthcare industry, how different players/stakeholder including suppliers, patients, healthcare providers and supporting agencies such as health insurance are going to act under the influence of quantum computing. This research highlights a futuristic approach towards the possibilities of quantum computing in healthcare system, grounded in the organizational information processing theory (OIPT) to provide a way forward for organizations to adopt disruptive technologies. The remaining paper is structured in five sections. Section 2, presents the literature review followed by related theories. Section 3 indicates the research design J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f followed by findings in section 4. Section 5 indicates the discussion of findings and study being concluded in section 6.

A plethora of literature has developed based on the technical know how's of quantum computing; however, a limited literature is available with the management and information system perspective of this disruptive technology (Madhavan et al., 2021) . The spread of Covid-19 questions ability of healthcare industry to address the healthcare challenges posed to entire world population (Drago et al., 2021) . This study aims to connect the literature of quantum computing technology and healthcare organizations to the organizational information processing theory with respect to the current pandemic situation worldwide that can possibly be utilized for innovative solutions in healthcare setting.

Presently there is a unique opportunity to take a lead in new generation technologies that can offer many societal and economic benefits as early as possible. Emerging technologies such as industry 4.0 have evolved to lead us towards a post-digital era (Accenture, 2019) . The quantum world is not binary. Particles in a quantum space behave like a wave, where electron is supposed to spin in two different directions at one point of time, where one can assign either 1 or 0; or both 1 or 0 to the information simultaneously, that gives rise to their being separate yet entangled at the same time (Arute et al., 2019; Hewitt-Horsman, 2009; Jiang et al., 2019) . Quantum computing is a concept driven from Physics where the behavior of atoms and fundamental particles like electrons and photons is used to develop the computing prowess (Georgescu, 2014) .

A classical computer deals with bits, which can take the state of 0 or 1, whereas a quantum computer measures the performance in qubits which can simultaneously take 0, 1 and anything in-between. This ability to be in different state at the same time is called superposition. There The processing power and speed of quantum computers is greatly higher than the supercomputers, which further can pave ways for solving most complex problems and answer the unknowns (Timpson, 2019) . Quantum computing can be employed to solve some of the persisting complex problems revolving around our life, health, environment, engineering and business to have disruptive and innovative solutions.

Healthcare industry has witnessed a fundamental shift by radical innovations and the technological changes sprouted from industry 4.0. Technologies such as Blockchain, Artificial

Intelligence, Augmented Reality, Cyber Physical Systems, Cloud Computing, to name a few, have already been implemented widely in the healthcare applications (Ahram et al., 2017; Boonstra et al., 2018; Goh & Arenas, 2020; Massaro, 2021; Nchinda et al., 2019; Urbinati et al.,2019) resulting a continuous whirlwind of technological upgradation for the industry (Wimelius et al., 2020) . The Covid-19 has witnessed the rise of telemedicine as safe and sustainable solution that can serve mass consumers with basic needs and advice in healthcare (Biancone et al., 2021; Drago et al., 2021) .

Future may be predicted by assumptions and simulations, but the unexpected scenarios such as pandemics may not be predicted beforehand. However, quantum computing technology is supposed to offer healthcare solutions to the problems impossible for computers today, such as genome sequencing, discovering new drugs and materials, creating vaccines and medicines much faster than today, to name a few (Abduljalil & Abduljalil, 2020; Aftab et al., 2020; Hashemzadeh et al., 2020; Loeppky, 1999; Sneha & Doss, 2016; Szefler, 2018; Vinod & Prabaharan, 2020; Wang et al., 2018a) . Furthermore, huge amount of data is generated by healthcare systems having complex information management and clinical operations ( Basile et al., 2022; Massaro, 2021; Nchinda et al., 2019; Ozercan et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018b; Zheng et al., 2019) (Accenture, 2019) . Healthcare data is flowing through patient records, medical instruments, service applications, experiments, etc. and traditional technological systems fail to analyze and leverage the results from such data (Malik et al., 2018; Plachkinova et al., 2018; Rajabion et al., 2019) . Quantum computing appears to be a promising and disruptive technology to leverage the extensive data and processes of healthcare industry.

Healthcare industry, in general, encompasses numerous heterogenous systems (Thune and Mina, 2016) performing discreet but related operations. New theories and knowledge is usually generated from a multifaceted interplay between scientific, clinical as well as commercial units altogether. Dai & Tayur (2020) healthcare technological innovation process is considered to be iterating between the innovation development to implementation and the healthcare ecosystem components from technology, healthcare delivery, financing to policymaking (see Figure 1 ).

Adapted from (Dai & Tayur, 2020; Thune & Mina, 2016; WHO, 2010) 

Technological uncertainty is one of the critical factors an organization deals within current era of digitization and disruptive innovation (Ahmad et al., 2013) . Startups disrupt incumbents' stand in the market with new technological innovation and implementation capabilities (Barlow et al., 2006; Martínez-Román et al., 2020) in the marketplace, which leads to dealing with uncertain factors with respect to technology implementation quite frequently (Tatikonda & Montoya-Weiss, 2001) . Organizations have to streamline processes with numerous uncertain factors, viz., internal information processing structure (Winkler et al., 2015) , inter-departmental collaboration (Cuijpers et al., 2011) , end user demand (Arifiani & Arifiani, 2019) , infrastructure demand (Gupta et al., 2018a,b) , etc. End user satisfaction in healthcare is the resultant of internal information processing structure, inter-departmental collaboration and utilization of infrastructure and technology. To bring into line these factors, one significant approach is to re-align the organizational design thereby increasing their information processing capacity (Cuijpers et al., 2011) . Organizational Information Processing Theory (OIPT) given by Galbraith (1973) paves way for a strategic alignment within firms. The major focus of OIPT is organizational design structure and how innovative changes can be brought; a firm must develop to deal with numerous uncertainties arise time and again. The organizational structure should reflect the information processing needs in order to make effective decisions when high level of uncertainties or risk arise (Gupta et al., 2019) . OIPT advocate the concept of information processing needs, developing capability of information processing and their fit to address any uncertainties.

Organizations adopt different ways to survive uncertainty and increasing information needs either to have buffers to decrease the impact of an uncertain event or adopt a structural mechanism that influence the information processing capability to address uncertain environment. Therefore, OIPT implementation is considered as a connection between the information and its management by organizations to attain competitive advantage through continuous innovation (Fairbank et al., 2006) . Organizations, therefore, must exploit the information efficiently as well as effectively for driving innovation in complex uncertainties (Srinivasan & Swink, 2018) . Implementation of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f OIPT in healthcare sector has also been studied extensively, but the emphasis mainly remains upon the integration of computerized operations (Queenan et al., 2016) , decision making based on uncertainties in context with health insurance (Winkler et al., 2015) , supply chain disruptions (Azadegan et al., 2020) . However, now, when big incumbents like Google and IBM are trying to penetrate the market with their Quantum computing capabilities (Cho, 2018; Flother et al., 2020; Gibney, 2019; Soenksen & Yazdi, 2017) , and offering cloud infrastructure for the same, it puts a tremendous pressure over healthcare industry to keep up with the pace. Thus, OIPT turns out to be most suitable approach to understand the information needs and information management by organizations while implementing much disruptive technologies such as quantum computing,

which not only needs a whole new technological infrastructure, but will put decision makers and their teams at a tough position to redefine policies.

Healthcare industry is often bounded in uncertainties from all fronts, be it disruptive technological innovation, or unpredictable health hazards, or discoveries of new diseases or drugs. Previous research (Ng & Bezak, 2020; Swan, 2015) highlights the challenges and barriers . Furthermore, such scenarios have an enormous capability for producing big data and thus offering opportunity for better data analytics (Sestino et al., 2020) , not just patient care data, but data related to virus type and gene mutations, ecological and geographical data, etc., which could be leveraged for forecasting and predictive capabilities by both technology and healthcare industry (Sousa et al., 2019) . In the context of introducing quantum technology capabilities to cope with unpredicted health hazards, healthcare industry will be required to process and access its existing organizational structure to provide better decision support and to decide whether this disruptive innovation can be leveraged with existing ones (Au-Yong-Oliveira et al., 2021).

Furthermore, countries are investing greatly in healthcare technology innovations (Cresswell & Sheikh, 2013) , 

To examine the potential of quantum computing led innovation in Covid-19 strained healthcare industry, we have undertaken a qualitative approach in the present study. A semi-structured questionnaire (shown in Appendix A) is developed with the view of organizational information processing theory (OIPT). The Professionals from healthcare sector, representing pharmaceutical industry employees, hospital staff, clinicians, nurses and information technology consultants in healthcare having considerable experience of a minimum 3 years have been approached for sharing their views. Therefore, the present study offers understanding the potential and address to the problems of healthcare industry to address the dynamic situation such as Covid-19.

A qualitative study is appropriate, when the field of study is new and its significance in a particular field is not known or very few informants are available (Strauss and Corbin, 1990) . In J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f this study, the professionals of healthcare industry have indicated their concerns and expectations from the quantum computing that will offer advantage to the eco-system even beyond Covid-19.

Since quantum computing in healthcare is at very nascent stage and due to non-availability of established scale as a starting point, qualitative study was planned (Strauss and Corbin, 1990 ).

The subjective questionnaire was developed on the basis of McCracken (1988) Table 2 shows the profile of respondents and for anonymity, they are masked from R1 to R20. The data is collected from India, since it has witnessed considerable disruption and strain on healthcare system due to Covid-19 in past years. 

Employing transcription and verbatim, study developed a thematic analysis to present the themes and sub-themes. The research design of the study is presented in Figure 3 . By employing coding to transcript, study has ensured the internal consistency. Study compared the emerging themes with secondary data for triangulation purpose. For this, study developed first the open codes from the interview data. Secondly, it converged and extracted axial codes corresponding to open codes.

At last, it mapped the extracted axial codes to selective codes. Through triangulation approach study assessed the research questions from different views for having validity and in-depth analysis. Table 3 showcases the three-layered approach that shows the convergence with gathered data, reports from industry and research articles. pricing not only in pharmaceutical products, but also in designing and pricing the healthcare insurance. 

It is critical to have accurate and early diagnoses that can lower the cost of treatment and result in better outcome. For instance, the survival rate increases multifold and treatment cost decreases significantly when disease like Covid-19 and Cancer can be diagnosed early. Parallel to this, the current diagnostic techniques are difficult, complex and costly. It has been observed that even after establishing the diagnosis; it suggests that around 20% cases are victim of wrong diagnosis.

The techniques such as CT (computed tomography); MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and

scanning through X-rays are common diagnostic tools for practitioners across the world (Yuan et al., 2020) . The quantum computing has the potential to address the problems faced in healthcare due to Covid-19. In the words of R5, "Believing the claims of Google and IBM, quantum computing has a potential to utilize the emerging technologies to address the Zoonotic diseases such as Ebola, Covid-19 and SARS, that otherwise place the major implications in terms of economic and health disruption". Therefore, quantum computing is having very high potential in saving human lives and possibly preventing the loss of human lives.

In medical field from last 3 decades, the imaging has revolutionized healthcare in many ways. It allows the clinicians and nurses to identify the disease in advance and facilitate the patients for their faster recovery (Strategyand.pwc, 2020) . By history, imaging is one of the key developments in past 1000 years. As on today, medical imaging facilitates healthcare providers, The quantum computing may facilitate by employing the technologies such as machine learning or artificial intelligence to multiple power of medical imaging.

Radiation therapy has been used from quite some time to treat the cancer and other tumors based surgeries in medical field. The main goal of the radiation therapy is to shrink the undesirable tumor or cancer cells (Zheng et al., 2019 

When it comes to disease types and its variants, these can be in thousands. According to an estimate, there are around 10000 diseases and we have only 500 cures, those may be effective or not. With the increasing rate of diseases, the global spend on healthcare is expected to rise to approx. $18 trillion worldwide by 2040 (Zinner et al., 2021) . In the words of R20, "The molecule design is the very first stage in any drug design and discovery. The existing system of drug development, do hundreds of millions of comparisons with the help of classical computers up to a certain molecule size". Through quantum computers it can be possible to compare large molecules that can further advance the pharmaceutical products for range of diseases.

Clinical research in coronavirus and its variants along with others such as AIDS, tuberculosis can further facilitate to identify the machines and tools to develop the countermeasures against chronic and other complex diseases. Coronavirus is known as part of SARS virus, which is a major threat for human beings today (Abduljalil & Abduljalil, 2020 That can further dictate the opportunities for quantum computing in life sciences to shorten the time in days to discover, develop and commercialize a therapy as compared to the existing one of years (Flother et al., 2020) . With the help of unparalleled decision support offered by quantum computing, it can help in being innovative to avoid human and animal trials and still provide the groundbreaking medicines to the world. Table 5 indicates the open, axial and selective codes under Pharmaceutical Organizations. 

The quantum computing as a service (QCaaS) can facilitate the health insurers proactively with solutions those are customer/patient centric. The cloud based QCaaS can offer precise applications that can fit the bill best in terms of having the health insurance that best suits to a patient on the basis of lifestyle and environment they are living in (Fairbank et al., 2006) .

This can help health insurers in the process of risk aggregation along with underwriting function.

For insurance companies the risk modeling and design of different plans is critical to cater the need of masses. In the classical system, due to limited computing power, one has to run multiple interactions and still may not have the adequate solution that best suits to a healthcare insurance buyer needs (Cuijpers et al., 2011) . 

In the corporate world, merger and acquisition are common practices and the same is with health insurance organizations, where organizations need the smooth transition and acquire the data of insurer for getting the benefits and best services of the company (Schulte & Lee, 2019 and at different treatment centers in case of patients". The auto-payment will help companies to get their due premium on time as well as patient in dire need of funds for treatment will be savior and big relief in the time of disease. Table 6 indicates the open, axial and selective codes under healthcare insurance organizations. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f

Data is being produced in every industry and healthcare is not an exception, where data is getting produced at different stages. For instance, laboratory conducts different medical tests, at hospital in outpatient department (OPD), at pharmacies and medical stores, where patients procure the required medicines and healthcare insurance organization, those are receiving the diverse data on daily basis across the globe . Increasing digitization and connected sensory system may disrupt the existing hospital industry and can diminish the requirement of physical 

In many developing countries, the counterfeit products are witnessed in pharmaceutical industry, which is a key industry in healthcare. The presence of counterfeit products in any economy is a threat to safety and health of its citizens (Sestino et al., 2020; Sousa et al., 2019) . According to an estimate more than half a million people die in a year due to the consumption of spurious medicines across the globe. In an e-commerce environment, it is difficult to trace the quality of medicines, which is one of the key channels for most of patients due to the consequences Covid-19 has posed on us. Therefore, an innovative system of encryption can be devised that can prevent the violation of intellectual property rights (IPR). In the words of R3, "The quantum computing shows the potential of utilizing quantum uncertainty for encryption, where it can be used for making private keys that can encrypt the information which is available online and can prevent the copy paste issue to generate the spurious pharmaceutical products. Additionally, the same can be applied in securing the data of patients.

The quantum computing has many potential applications, since it has moved from experiments to enterprise wide deployment in few industries. Few industries in recent past have witnessed the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f exciting results. Following the principles and features of quantum theory such as entanglement and superposition, it can allow the guess and practice based approach in disease treatment with quick solutions (Yuan et al., 2020) . By enhancing the capability of precision medicine, the quantum computing adoption in healthcare is set to change the field of diagnosis, treatment and inhibit disease. According to R16, "The application of quantum computing can cater the personalized market demand and mass customization by driving the knowledge from pandemics.

The aim of community and public health can be achieved with the help of genomics". Apart from maintaining public health, quantum computing can also help in offering the insights for businesses that otherwise lie in the medical records in hospitals and scientific research in the form of patents and articles published in journals. Table 7 indicates the open, axial and selective codes for patient. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f

Emerging technologies have revolutionized healthcare industry and aiding the clinicians, nurses, hospital staff and other stakeholders to serve the patients with utmost care and safety (Yuan et al., 2020; Yang & Hsiao, 2009) . Right from laboratories to teaching and practice hospitals utilize imaging and diagnostic techniques to early identify the symptoms of a disease. However, the existing techniques of imaging and diagnosis are having the scope to enhance its utilization of big data and precise insights from medical doctors, nurses and others. At present, the radiation therapies is most common for many diseases and before conducting any surgery to kill the harmful tissues, but the current techniques are not optimal to the greatest extent. Hence, we propose: Disease is one of event, everyone in the world want to keep a distance. Since the events in life are unpredictable, so is the disease at present. It is very painful for many to shell out the funds from their pockets and many die due to the shortage of funds for treatment. Hence, the concept of health insurance has emerged in the past and now well accepted worldwide. However, there are certain challenges for healthcare insurance organizations while designing a healthcare plan for individuals. The biggest challenge is developing a risk profile and pricing (Schulte & Lee, 2019) .

The healthcare companies at present develop the risk profile on the basis of available techniques that can consider few parameters that further decide the pricing which is vague in most of the cases. Another concern for patients is that they have to do multiple formalities in insurance offices, when actually they need funds in the case of treatment to a disease. Hence, we propose:

The modeling of all-round risk parameters on the basis of bodily and genetic conditions can be facilitated through quantum computing techniques that can offer optimal pricing to customers.

The auto-payment at the time it is required can designed in a way to benefit the patient in dire need.

In the present healthcare set-up, the focus is on organizing the healthcare facility, rather than focusing on the patient. If we examine critically, the administration staff and other facilities may not be required and those may be adding extra cost to the system, while the key objective is to treat the patient (Accenture, 2020; McKinsey & Company, 2020) . The exact point of care needs to be the patient and that can be treated at home and not necessarily in hospital for most of the cases. Many a times it happens, that patient has entered the healthcare facility and after spending certain time, the patient is out with another disease. Therefore, the focus needs to be on identifying the hygienic conditions required for a patient, so he/she does not contract any other disease. Hence, we propose: 

Technological innovation places a radical shift to the economic and social status as well as affirms the competitive edge among economies and organizations (Arthur, 2017; Coccia, 2020; Coccia et al., 2018) . Quantum computing in future will prove to be most disruptive of technologies once it enters the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f marketplace. It is not some enhanced version of existing industry 4.0 technology, rather it is entirely new, with completely different working and basic principles, rather than binary bits of 0s and 1s, it works in qubits and probabilistic fundamentals (Mihara, 2011) . Organizations, such as IBM, Google, IonQ, Honeywell, etc., that have claimed to build quantum computers and algorithms are already set to provide cloud services for commercial access for the technology using online web services by Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft. Although, the vision of quantum computers replacing our personal desktops is a distant dream, however, start-ups leveraging the cloud-based quantum computing services offering innovative solutions to major problems more specifically of healthcare.

It is significant for organizations across industries to realize the quantum information processing 

The study presents insights for healthcare industry professionals including clinicians, nurses, hospital staff, pharmaceutical organizations, healthcare insurance companies as well as patients during Covid-19 and beyond. The potential applications of quantum computing in healthcare industry can improve the information processing capabilities of different stakeholders that can be critical to offer seamless services in dynamic times. However, before considering employing quantum computing the executives need to consider (i) the amount of data generated in the system (ii) what are the points of concern in the present system (iii) the role in healthcare (insurance company or pharmaceutical company). Professionals (clinicians, top managers, and support staff from insurance companies) from healthcare industry must analyze the challenges in employing quantum computing. The silico clinical trials can be further integrated with quantum computing for advancing the virtual clinical trials. The advantage of quantum computing can be viewed as a mean of saving the lives those may be in threat in the traditional setting of clinical trials in healthcare sector. The healthcare insurance organizations and professionals can drive benefits of precise risk modeling and offer the price in mapping the requirement and conditions of individual's health. The inter-departmental and inter-industry coordination can be further advanced with quantum computing to offer best experience to a customer in healthcare industry through quantum computing. Further the healthcare organizations can receive the auto payment and supply the funds when required after full-filling all the criteria's. For professionals from J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f pharmaceutical companies, quantum computing can be very helpful in drug composition, scalability and its production. Through quantum computing, the healthcare industry can focus on the patient, while offering maximum safety to data generated from clinical trials or electronic health records. The healthcare professionals from core pharmaceutical sector, health insurance and hospitals along with patients can consider the elements from the proposed framework to employ quantum computing led innovation to develop a new landscape during and beyond

Covid-19 era.

The concept of information processing in healthcare system is mostly manual expect large hospitals, larger pharmaceutical companies and pharmacies. Organizational information processing theory does not include the outside players who influence the activities of an organization. For instance, the health insurance organization directly influences the day to day operations of a hospital, and they affect the pharmaceutical company operations, that in turn impact the patient. To develop an eco-system for quantum computing, one has to have a basic computing infrastructure, and the volume of operations. Our study employs clear theoretical and managerial implications, and it is having certain limitations. For instance, the study witness handful of respondents, as most of them are not aware about quantum computing potential in healthcare, hence their views are only captured, converted and analyzed. Future research can consider a large sample from well established players from pharmaceutical, health insurance and hospital sector across the globe to understand the geographical advancements. From the findings it is evident that how potentially quantum computing can be helpful to the industry, though it does not highlight the specific role of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Hence, future studies can explore the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in enabling quantum computing in healthcare industry. Future work can also consider how quantum computing can lead to changes in healthcare industry in post-Covid world and can play a critical role in integrating the diverse stakeholders such as insurance agent, hospital, pharmaceutical company, payer and patient. Our study considers the region specific orientation towards quantum computing that can be compared with multi-country studies in near future. The upcoming studies can also test the propositions and framework proposed in this study. The common quantum computing techniques can be identified for a group or type of sub-industry. For instance, a type J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f of hospital or size of a pharmaceutical or health insurance company and type of data they generate in their day to day operations. In nutshell, our study offers different options for futuristic, topical and promising future work.

In view of organizational theory, this study contributes to literature by highlighting the appropriateness of OIPT with respect to the disruptive technologies such as quantum computing.

Study highlights the traditional OIPT's focus to tackle uncertainty for better decision making.

Study move forward by highlighting the disruptive nature of quantum technology with respect to healthcare industry. A semi-structured approach is adopted to design, develop and conduct the survey through OIPT lens, where professionals from the healthcare industry have been interviewed and data captured was analyzed. OIPT is more suitable in this study because of its ability to counter information gap processed by an organization. Quantum computing can disrupt the operations of key stakeholders of healthcare industry such as pharmaceutical, hospitals, health insurance organizations and patients. Thus, making a sense of the significant characteristics of technological disruption would be important for recovering the organizational efforts with respect to information processing. The pursuit for pushing the boundaries of technological singularity has always been a top priority for many organizations. This has been made possible with the constant and yet dynamic growth in computing prowess that study have highlighted here with respect to healthcare industry. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 5. In your opinion, how can we benefit by using quantum computing in analyzing the existing body of medical knowledge?

6. How important is it to develop and maintain an ethical, compliant and encrypted data system?

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Principles of quantum computing

Information sharing using entangled states and its applications to quantum card tricks

Information technology-enabled dynamic capabilities and their indirect effect on competitive performance: Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA

Distributed, decentralized, and democratized artificial intelligence

Coherent control of macroscopic quantum states in a single-Cooper-pair box

MedRec: A Network for Personal Information Distribution

Prejudice in science -Lessons from the coronavirus story

Realizing the potential of blockchain technologies in genomics

In silico clinical trials: Concepts and early adoptions

Software modernization to embrace quantum technology

A conceptual framework for quality healthcare accessibility : a scalable approach for big data technologies

Quantum computing and the entanglement frontier

Complements or Substitutes? Culture-Technology J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Interactions in Healthcare

A reference architecture for integrating the Industrial

Healthcare big data processing mechanisms: The role of cloud computing

Digital academic entrepreneurship: The potential of digital technologies on academic entrepreneurship

AI & Quantum Computing for Finance & Insurance: Fortunes and Challenges for China and America

Knowledge transfer in open innovation: A classification framework for healthcare ecosystems

Internet of Things and Big Data as enablers for business digitalization strategies

Technology management maturity assessment model in healthcare research centers

Evolution in Quantum Computing

IT-based reminders for medication adherence: systematic review, taxonomy, framework and research directions

Molecular Dynamics: New Frontier in Personalized Medicine

Stage-gate process for life sciences and medical innovation investment

The potential of quantum computing and machine learning to advance clinical research and change the practice of medicine. Missouri medicine

Decision-making based on big data analytics for people management in healthcare organizations

Blockchain for value creation in the healthcare sector

An Investigation of Visibility and Flexibility as Complements to Supply Chain Analytics: An Organizational Information Processing Theory Perspective

The ethical nature of critical research in information systems

Digital health eco-systems: An epochal review of practice-oriented research

Big Data: Astronomical or Genomical?

Basics of qualitative research

Blockchain Blueprint for a New Economy

Nanotechnology, from quantum mechanical calculations up to drug delivery

Digital transformation of business ecosystems: Evidence from the Korean pop industry

Integrating operations and marketing perspectives of product innovation: The influence of organizational process factors and capabilities on development performance

Hospitals as innovators in the health-care system: A literature review and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f research agenda

Old and new in quantum information

The 54th edition of the TOP500 saw China and the US maintaining their dominance of the list, albeit in different categories

Creating and capturing value from Big Data: A multiple-case study analysis of provider companies

Identity metamorphoses in digital disruption: A relational theory of identity

Quantum leap: Advancing a strategy for quantum computing that will inspire, support and safeguard economic growth in the Middle East

Data science and the role of Artificial Intelligence in achieving the fast diagnosis of Covid-19

Quantum computing

From Challenges to Opportunities : Towards a Common Strategic Framework for EU Research and Innovation funding

Current strategies and applications for precision drug design

An integrated big data analyticsenabled transformation model : Application to health care

Key components of a well functioning health system. Available atwww.who.int/healthsystems/EN_HSSkeycomponents.pdf?ua=1 (Acessed on

Global Spending on Health: A World in Transition

A paradoxical perspective on technology renewal in digital transformation

Decision making in emerging markets: The Delphi approach's contribution to coping with uncertainty and equivocality

Is 3D printing an inclusive innovation? An examination of 3D printing in Brazil

Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends

Mechanisms of developing innovative IT-enabled services: A case study of Taiwanese healthcare service

Current and Perspective Diagnostic Techniques for COVID-19

Accelerating health data sharing: A solution based on the internet of things and distributed ledger technologies

Quantum computing's potential for drug discovery: early stage industry dynamics