key: cord-0917984-vvz01320
authors: Venerito, Vincenzo; Lopalco, Giuseppe; Iannone, Florenzo
title: COVID-19, rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive drugs: an appeal for medication adherence
date: 2020-03-30
journal: Rheumatol Int
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-020-04566-9
sha: be28e49317458c0c5717b4d13e9b2028e0bfc1f1
doc_id: 917984
cord_uid: vvz01320

nan

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has raised concerns among patients on chronic immunosuppressive therapy because of immune response to virus perceived to be lowered, possibly fuelling non-adherence behaviour. Indeed, high frequency of infection has been observed in patients with rheumatic diseases. Despite immunosuppressive agents and impaired immune function had been associated with increased risk of infection [1, 2] , it must be remembered that uncontrolled disease activity is among the most sensitive and specific independent predictors.

To put research into context, for rheumatoid arthritis patients it has been estimated that each 0.6 unit increase in Disease Activity Score on 28 joints (DAS28) score corresponds to a 4% increased rate of outpatient infections and a 25% increased rate of infections requiring hospitalisation [3] . Similarly, those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) > 4 have 71.5% higher odds of outpatient infection [4] .

Early in a pandemic, there is the paramount duty to encourage and optimize patient medication adherence to prevent arbitrary treatment discontinuation and consequent disease flare leading to an increase of infection risk.

As a compelling argument in favour of medication adherence, it should be noted that some of the most administered drugs, particularly chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have well-known antiviral effects [4] , being also effective and acceptably safe for treating SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia, as the results of Chinese clinical trials have recently shown [5] .

At this time, there is a lack of information about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients with autoimmune diseases. In the absence of such data, which we all need to be published as soon as possible, patients should rely on basic personal prevention procedures and common sense, whereas clinicians should advocate against arbitrary discontinuation of immunosuppressive agents by patients themselves unless symptomatic and upon medical advice only.

Author contribution VV: conception of the work, manuscript drafting, acquisition of data, final approval. GL: acquisition of data, manuscript revision, final approval. FI: draft editing, interpretation of data, final approval. All authors approve the final manuscript and take responsibility for all its aspects.

Funding The authors declare no financial supports for this work.

Conflict of interest The authors did not receive at any time payments or services from a third party (government, commercial, private foundation, etc.) for any aspect of the submitted work. The authors did not have relevant financial relationships in the 36 months prior the submission of this paper that could be perceived to influence this work. There are no pending patents or conflicting interest for the submitted work. No other relationships had an impact on the submitted work. For further information please find the attached the ICMJE statement for each author.

Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis and prevention of reactivation in rheumatic patients receiving biologic therapy: international recommendations

Short-and long-term mortality due to sepsis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

High disease activity is associated with an increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Infection risk in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: susceptibility factors and preventive strategies

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19

* Florenzo Iannone florenzo.iannone@uniba.it 1 Rheumatology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy