key: cord-0915432-178swqje
authors: Hahm, Bumsuk
title: Special Issue “Viral Evasion or Suppression of Host Immunity”
date: 2020-06-18
journal: Viruses
DOI: 10.3390/v12060656
sha: 59c715cdc1226333c0dcde5a42e07a3d914bebcb
doc_id: 915432
cord_uid: 178swqje

Viruses have evolved to survive in hosts, presumably by devising meticulous strategies to elude or suppress host immunity [...].

Viruses have evolved to survive in hosts, presumably by devising meticulous strategies to elude or suppress host immunity. It is crucial to understand the interplay between viruses and host immunity from scientific and clinical standpoints.

In this Special Issue, several original research articles demonstrated the intriguing methods which immune evasion viruses utilize for their survival and pathogenicity. Dubrow et al. determined the structural basis by which the NS1 protein of the highly pathogenic 1918 influenza A virus hijacks the cellular proteins of PI3K p85β and CRK (CT-10 regulator of kinase) to promote viral propagation [1] . They demonstrated that 1918 NS1 increases its affinity with PI3K p85β in the presence of CRK, which may lead to enhanced PI3K activation and heightened viral pathogenicity. Cheng et al. explored the mechanism by which non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) escapes the host's innate immunity, leading to early pregnancy failure in cows [2] . They found that BVDV inhibited tau-induced interferon stimulated gene expression from uterine endometrial cells. Wang et al. identified UL24 of pseudorabies virus (PRV) as a viral protein that counteracts host immunity by inducing the degradation of p65, an essential component for NF-κB activation [3] . The authors generated UL24-deficient PRV, which was used fittingly as a control for their findings. Gao et al. determined neutralization antibody specificities in macaques which developed neutralization breadth after long-term simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection and identified neutralization escape mutations [4] . Zhu et al. found that following simian 28 type D retrovirus (SRV) infection, the autophagic proteins LC3 and p62/SQSTM1 interacted with procaspase-8, linking cellular autophagy to the apoptosis pathway in Jurkat T cells [5] . This could be a potential pathogenetic mechanism for the loss of T lymphocytes which has been observed during SRV infection. Interestingly, Lim et al. demonstrated that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) interfere with MHC-TCR interactions in CD8 + T cells [6] . In this study, highly inclined and laminated optical sheet microscopic analysis was used to uncover how TCR motility was reduced on the anti-viral CD8 + T cells that endogenously synthesize n-3 PUFAs.

Interesting review articles were reported to emphasize virus-host immunity interplay. These include the hepatitis B virus-mediated suppression of the host's innate immunity [7] , a summary of the viral and host factors contributing to the pathogenesis of hypervirulent fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) strains that cause hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome [8] and the interaction between gut microbiota and viral infections and their impact on immune regulations in chicken, where four viral diseases, including Avian influenza, were discussed [9] . Furthermore, our group has summarized recent findings on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-metabolizing enzymes that regulate host defense and immunity to virus infections [10] . Of particular note, Alhammad and Fehr reported that several viruses, including coronaviruses, utilize the macrodomain as a unique mechanism to counter hosts' antiviral responses via the regulation of ADP-ribosylation [11] .

Collectively, these reports exemplify the importance of virus-host immunity interplay and provide new avenues for exciting virus research.

Molecular Basis of the Ternary Interaction between NS1 of the 1918 Influenza A Virus, PI3K, and CRK. Viruses

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Infection Disrupts Uterine Interferon Stimulated Gene Regulatory Pathways During Pregnancy Recognition in Cows

Pseudorabies Virus UL24 Abrogates Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced NF-kappaB Activation by Degrading P65

Development of Antibodies with Broad Neutralization Specificities against HIV-1 after Long Term SHIV Infection in Macaques

Autophagy Induced by Simian Retrovirus Infection Controls Viral Replication and Apoptosis of Jurkat T Lymphocytes

3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Impede the TCR Mobility and the TCR-pMHC Interaction of Anti-Viral CD8+ T Cells. Viruses

The Interactions between HBV and the Innate Immunity of Hepatocytes

The Contributions of Viral and Host Factors. Viruses

Current Findings on Gut Microbiota Mediated Immune Modulation against Viral Diseases in Chicken

Emerging Connections of S1P-Metabolizing Enzymes with Host Defense and Immunity During Virus Infections

The Viral Macrodomain Counters Host Antiviral ADP-Ribosylation. Viruses