key: cord-0911691-xwolds95 authors: Chidambaram, V.; Tun, N. L.; Haque, W.; Majella, M. G.; Sivakumar, R. K.; Kumar, A.; Hsu, A. T.-W.; Ishak, I.; Nur, A.; Ayeh, S.; Salia, E.; Zil-E-Ali, A.; Saeed, M.; Sarena, A.; Seth, B.; Ahmadzada, M.; Haque, E.; Neupane, P.; Wang, K.-H.; Pu, T.-M.; Ali, S.; Arshad, M.; Wang, L.; Baksh, S.; Karakousis, P.; Galiatsatos, P. title: Factors Associated with Disease Severity and Mortality among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date: 2020-08-13 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.07.20166868 sha: 6ae4c3b4e14a770899adc87d41e390db75f67162 doc_id: 911691 cord_uid: xwolds95 Background: Understanding the factors associated with disease severity and mortality in Coronavirus disease (COVID19) is imperative to effectively triage patients. We performed a systematic review to determine the demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological factors associated with severity and mortality in COVID-19. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and WHO database for English language articles from inception until May 8, 2020. We included Observational studies with direct comparison of clinical characteristics between a) patients who died and those who survived or b) patients with severe disease and those without severe disease. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two authors independently. Results: Among 15680 articles from the literature search, 109 articles were included in the analysis. The risk of mortality was higher in patients with increasing age, male gender (RR 1.45; 95%CI 1.23,1.71), dyspnea (RR 2.55; 95%CI 1.88,2.46), diabetes (RR 1.59; 95%CI 1.41,1.78), hypertension (RR 1.90; 95%CI 1.69,2.15). Congestive heart failure (OR 4.76; 95%CI 1.34,16.97), hilar lymphadenopathy (OR 8.34; 95%CI 2.57,27.08), bilateral lung involvement (OR 4.86; 95%CI 3.19,7.39) and reticular pattern (OR 5.54; 95%CI 1.24,24.67) were associated with severe disease. Clinically relevant cut-offs for leukocytosis(>10.0 x109/L), lymphopenia(< 1.1 x109/L), elevated C-reactive protein(>100mg/L), LDH(>250U/L) and D-dimer(>1mg/L) had higher odds of severe disease and greater risk of mortality. Conclusion: Knowledge of the factors associated of disease severity and mortality identified in our study may assist in clinical decision-making and critical-care resource allocation for patients with COVID-19. Since the first documented reports of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the virus has had a global impact, affecting millions, which led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare the outbreak a pandemic [1, 2] . Patients who develop Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may require hospitalization and intensive care unit admission [3] [4] [5] . With variable access to critical care resources across countries, recent guidelines for the COVID-19 pandemic have called for allocating life sustaining treatments based on a patient's risk of mortality [6, 7] . Health systems preparedness requires a deeper understanding of how to effectively triage patients with COVID-19, in order to maximize the benefit of scarce intensive care unit resources while minimizing the potential harm of outpatient management of ill patients. While the guidelines warrant utilizing triage scores that have been previously validated for assessing organ failure/dysfunction and survival (e.g. sequential organ failure assessment, SOFA), these are non-specific in etiology [7, 8] . Thus, having an understanding of the predisposing conditions and disease-specific clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters, may lay the groundwork for developing a COVID-19 specific composite score at a later stage, which can predict unfavorable clinical outcomes. With the massive influx of studies on COVID-19 in the recent months and their often conflicting or unclear findings, a systematic review of the factors associated with survival or disease severity in patients with COVID-19 that takes into consideration the inherent variability in study population, will be of great utility to clinicians, researchers and policy makers. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought to better understand the clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters associated with mortality and disease severity among patients with COVID-19. We followed the PRISMA guidelines for reporting in systematic reviews and metaanalyses (9) . We searched PubMed, Embase and the WHO COVID-19 database by using the search strategy included in the supplementary document (Section I). For PubMed and Embase, an initial search on March 26, 2020 was conducted, and updated multiple times with the final update performed on May 7, 2020. The WHO database was initially downloaded on March 27, 2020 and the final update was performed on May 8, 2020. Only articles published in the English language were included. We included observational studies that included patients with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of the age of the participants. The study designs of the included studies were assessed and recorded independently by two authors (VC and MM). The differentiation between case series and cohort studies was made based on the criteria outlined by Dekkers et al [10] . Case reports, case series, and randomized control trials were excluded from this review. We included all studies that reported a direct comparison of clinical, laboratory or radiologic characteristics between a) patients who died and those who survived or b) patients with severe disease and those without severe disease. Only those studies which defined "severe disease" based on the American Thoracic Society guidelines for the treatment of Community-acquired Pneumonia [11] or 7 resolved by a consensus between two authors (MM and VC). The data extraction form for this review was created using the Qualtrics platform [14] . The primary outcomes were a) death of the patient and b) the presence of severe disease in the patient. There were no secondary outcomes. Data on the study characteristics, source of funding, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, in-hospital complications, laboratory, and radiological features of the study participants were extracted. Data on sex of the patient, smoking status, presence of comorbidities, clinical symptoms, in-hospital complications, and radiological features were extracted as binary variables, while age was extracted as continuous data. For the laboratory parameters, data were extracted as both continuous and categorical variables. Binary data for the laboratory variables were collected using all the cut-offs described in the included studies. The time points for lab measurements, radiological evaluation and the disease severity assessment were extracted for the included studies. Continuous data for the age and laboratory variables were documented as mean. The median values reported in studies were transformed into mean [15] . The risk assessment for bias for all the studies included in this review was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS) for observational studies [16] . The three major domains of quality of a study covered by this tool were selection of participants, comparability of cohorts and outcome assessment against a total score of 9. This was performed independently by at least two of the following authors (RS, MM, ES, SA). When conflicts related to bias arose, the final decision was taken by a consensus between VC and NT. We performed a meta-analysis with random effects model to obtain pooled effect sizes for the outcomes of interest. The associations between binary parameters and mortality were reported using pooled risk ratios (with 95%CI). Due to the lack of consistency in the time point of assessment of disease severity, odds ratios (with 95%CI) were used to determine the association between the various factors and the presence of severe disease. When the laboratory parameters were reported using different cut-offs, we reported the effect sizes for each cut-off taken separately in addition to the pooled effect sizes for all the cut-offs taken together. Statistical heterogeneity across the studies was assessed by forest plots, I 2 and Tau 2 statistics. When the I 2 was more than 60%, we performed subgroup analyses based on the whether the studies included all patients with COVID-19 or only the patients who were critically ill. If the heterogeneity was still higher than 60%, we performed sensitivity analyses by excluding studies with a low quality (NOS ≤ 5). Sensitivity analyses for the laboratory and radiological parameters were also performed by excluding studies which did not report the time points of assessment. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of the funnel plot, and Egger's test was performed for those exposures reported by at least 10 studies. For continuous variables, meta-regression was performed to assess the percentage change in mortality or the presence of severe disease with unit increase in the mean of laboratory parameter reported in the studies. For the binary exposures, unadjusted effect sizes were calculated from the summary data. Adjusted effect sizes were not used due to the lack of consistency in the parameters that they are adjusted for, among the included studies. All analyses were carried out using the meta package in Stata (StataCorp, version 16) [17] . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.20166868 doi: medRxiv preprint This study was not supported by any funding source. We identified 15680 studies from three databases after removing duplicates, of which the full text was retrieved for 502 articles. All the articles included were in the English language. The reasons for exclusion of studies are outlined in Figure 1 studies in the review, 101 were retrospective cohorts, seven were prospective cohorts, and one of them was an ambispective cohort study. There were no cross-sectional or case control studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Of the studies that determined the risk of mortality, an aggregate of 20296 participants were assessed, with 32 studies from China, six from the United States, two from Spain, one from the United Kingdom, one from Italy, one from Iran and a multi-country study. Five of these studies only included patients who were critically ill or invasively ventilated [18, 22, 31, 34, 47] . Among the studies that assessed the association with severe disease, a total of 17992 participants were included with seventy-one studies from China and one study from Italy. The characteristics of the included studies, along with the time points for laboratory, radiological and disease severity assessment, are outlined in the tables S1 and S2 (Supplementary Section II). Quality assessment was performed using the New-Castle Ottawa scale (NOS) as all of the studies used a cohort study design. This revealed that one of the studies (0.9%) had . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. respectively. Other complications with higher risk of mortality were sepsis, bacteremia, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), acute kidney injury and acute liver dysfunction. Association of laboratory parameters (based on specific cut-offs) with the risk of mortality are mentioned in the Table 2 . Among the laboratory parameters that were . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . assessed using binary cut-offs, increased total leucocyte count, increased neutrophil count, decreased lymphocyte count and reduced platelet count were associated with increased risk of death. Inflammatory parameters such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin were associated with increased risk of death with RRs of 5 Among the laboratory parameters that were assessed for association with severe disease using binary cut-offs (Table 3) , decreased lymphocyte count (OR 2.64, 95%CI 1.12-6.23), decreased serum albumin (OR 5.63, 95%CI 1.45-21.87), increased aspartate . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . CT with higher odds of severe disease were lung consolidation, ground glass opacities, air bronchogram, hilar lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion, crazy-pavement pattern, reticular pattern, tree-in bud appearance, inter-lobar septal thickening, and bronchiectasis. However, the OR of severe disease were not increased with peripheral distribution of infiltrates, nodular infiltrates, linear infiltrates, unifocal involvement or pleural thickening. Meta-regression of continuous variables (Table 4 ) revealed that with every ten-year increase in the mean age of the patients, there was a 7.6% and 11.2% increase in the mortality (p-value =0.02) and disease severity (p-value <0.001) respectively. Increase in the mean total leukocyte count (p-value=0.04) and a decrease in the mean lymphocyte count (p-value=0.02) were significantly associated with higher mortality. Higher levels of mean C-reactive protein and mean D-dimer during admission were linked to higher proportion of both severe disease as well as mortality. Increasing mean lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase among the included studies were associated with higher mortality but not severe disease. Higher serum creatinine levels and lower serum albumin levels correlated with disease severity but was not significantly associated with mortality, though the direction of the relationship was consistent. Unit increase in the mean blood urea nitrogen resulted in 5.3% increase in the mortality (p-value=0.030). Our analysis did not reveal a significant association between mortality or disease severity and other . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . laboratory parameters, such as platelet count, hemoglobin, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), procalcitonin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total bilirubin and interleukin-6 levels. Bubble plots assessing the linear relationship between the variables and the outcomes (proportion with severe disease and proportion who died) are shown in Figure 4 and Subgroup analysis did not significantly reduce heterogeneity between studies except for the association of elevated procalcitonin levels and presence of diarrhea with mortality. The magnitude of the effect size changed significantly in the subgroups however the direction of the effect remained consistent for multiple parameters, including dyspnea, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, bacteremia, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In studies with critically ill patients, the direction of the effect was reversed for gender and elevated procalcitonin levels, but the association was not statistically significant in the subgroups. Sensitivity analysis by excluding low-quality studies (NOS≤5) did not significantly reduce heterogeneity or alter the pooled effect sizes for the exposures with I 2 >50% for mortality. Sensitivity analysis by excluding low-quality studies reporting COVID-19 severity yielded a decrease in the heterogeneity for various exposures, such as smoking, hypertension, myalgia, and air-bronchogram in CT. Nevertheless, heterogeneity was substantially high for exposures, such as dyspnea, chest pain, abdominal pain, unifocal involvement in CT and certain laboratory parameters. Sensitivity analysis for the laboratory and radiological variables by excluding studies with . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. an unclear timepoint for the assessment of the parameters did not result in change in the direction or significance of the association. In our analysis, bias due to small study effect could not be ruled out while assessing risk of mortality for the following exposures, such as gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ARDS and acute kidney injury and hence the results for these factors should be interpreted with caution. A total of 109 articles were deemed suitable for data synthesis and identification of variables associated with severe COVID-19 disease and mortality. Specific determinants were identified from a array of clinical parameters such as symptoms, co-morbidities, laboratory, and radiological data. Our findings have potential implications for clinical decision-making, as well as allocation of scarce critical care resources for patients with COVID-19. The presence of various comorbidities was reported to be associated with severe disease and/or death in patients with COVID-19 in prior studies [126] . Although the direction of association was consistent with previous reports, the risks of death in patients with diabetes and hypertension were lower in our study with an RR of 1.59 [95% CI: 1.41-1.78] and 1.90 [95%CI: 1.69-2.15] respectively for mortality. The levels of control of diabetes and hypertension in these patients, as well as pharmacotherapy for these conditions were not taken into consideration in our review, which might account for the clinical heterogeneity. There was a significant association between pre-existing cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19 attributable mortality, with an RR of 2.27 [95%CI: 1.88-2.79]. This is similar to the association of cardiovascular diseases with mortality seen in patients with other viral infections [127, 128] . Chronic kidney disease and chronic liver . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . disease were also associated with higher mortality, but because of the lack of data in the available studies, distinction could not be made with respect to the stage of the kidney and liver dysfunction. Pre-existing diseases of the lung were also associated with adverse outcomes in our study. The identification of COVID-19-related symptoms associated with mortality and severe disease is especially important since this is among the most readily accessible information during the initial evaluation of patients. Our finding that dyspnea was associated with higher RR of mortality and higher OR for severe disease is consistent with data reported in other retrospective studies on ICU admission and the development of is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . 19, might be due to a similar mechanism. Elevated troponin levels were associated with an OR of 3.04[95% CI: 1.03-8.97] for severe disease in our study. Consistent with our findings, patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases and non-elevated levels of troponin were shown to have lower death rates compared to those without cardiovascular disease but with elevated troponin [132]. Patients with leukocytosis and lymphopenia had higher OR for severe disease and greater RR for mortality. The occurrence of lymphopenia in severe disease may be due to has been hypothesized to be a prothrombotic state due to endothelial dysfunction and increased hypoxia-inducible transcription factor in patients with severe pneumonia, and plasminogen activation inhibition in patients who develop sepsis [137] [138] [139] . DIC, which is common in patients succumbing to COVID-19, is typically accompanied by elevated Ddimer levels [20] . The levels of D-dimer were found in our meta-analysis to be significantly associated with mortality (RR 3.98, 95%CI 2.87-5.52) and severe disease (OR 2.75, 95%CI 1.92-3.93). Although their association with mortality has not been fully . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . COVID-19 can manifest in a variety of radiographic patterns on chest CT scan, most of which are consistent with viral pneumonia. We found that bilateral lung involvement and consolidation were associated with higher RR of mortality and higher OR of severe disease. Consistent with our findings, the occurrence of bilateral lung involvement was shown to increase with disease progression, and is more commonly Although this systematic review is able to delineate important parameters associated with disease severity and mortality in COVID-19, our study has a few limitations. First, we included current published articles related to the highly dynamic information available on COVID-19. As this pandemic has not impacted all regions within the same time frame, there is a potential timing bias, whereby the majority of patients described are from early-hit regions, which may not be representative of other patient populations, based on sociodemographic characteristics and pre-existing conditions. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . Although a pooled analysis of effect sizes adjusted for potential confounders would have been desirable, most studies did not uniformly report estimates adjusted for the same parameters. Time points of evaluation of laboratory, radiological and disease severity assessment were not clearly defined in many of the studies, which precluded the calculation of risk ratio of severe disease. We did not take into account the critical care . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . We declare no competing interests. Extracted data for all included studies are available on request to the corresponding author. Forest plots for all the pooled estimates are available in the supplementary document. WHO Timeline -COVID-19. [cited 23 May 2020]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . (2020) . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . . It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted August 13, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.20166868 doi: medRxiv preprint . 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