key: cord-0911007-xhwv3779
authors: Dotan, Arad; Mahroum, Naim; Bogdanos, Dimitrios P.; Shoenfeld, Yehuda
title: The COVID-19 as an infectome paradigm of autoimmunity
date: 2021-11-24
journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.009
sha: ca770c0377dbc583df753735126dc74edf61b16e
doc_id: 911007
cord_uid: xhwv3779

nan

which referred to the numerous micro-organisms that thrive in many human systems. The word 23 'theater', used by Whipps, indicates a specific medium and environment where micro-organisms 24 interplay with their surroundings and contribute to the development of various diseases in different 25 organs [1] . Nowadays, it is well known that the microbiome acts as an incremental component for 26 the intact functioning of the human body and our well-being. The term infectome also relates to 27 micro-organisms that contribute to the development and progression of diseases, particularly those 28 of autoimmune nature [2] . The gut microbiome, for instance, has been of tremendous interest to 29 researchers for years, as the gastrointestinal tract constitutes a vibrant medium of micro-organisms 30 known to play a role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases of the gastrointestinal system. 31

Nonetheless, many extra-intestinal disorders are also closely influenced by gut microbiome 32 The interaction of the novel SARS-CoV-2 and specific microbiome populations may de 89 novo induce or exacerbate subclinical autoimmunity [5] by various mechanisms (Fig 1) worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19, which is yet to be seen in more extensive studies. 104

In conclusion, the microbiome, particularly the lung and gut microbiome, could have a 105 crucial role in the pathogenesis, clinical severity, outcomes, and treatment of COVID-19; 106 nevertheless, further research is required to improve our understanding. Studies that deal with the 107 definition and isolation of microbiome should be conducted to provide reliable data that can assist 108 in targeted treatment to COVID-19 patients and other conditions. 109 

The microbiome in autoimmune diseases

The SARS-CoV-2 as an 119 instrumental trigger of autoimmunity

Is gut microbiota dysbiosis a predictor of increased susceptibility 121 to poor outcome of COVID-19 patients? An update. Microorganisms

Infectomics and 123 autoinfectomics: a tool to study infectious-induced autoimmunity

Airway gene 126 expression correlates of RSV disease severity and microbiome composition in infants

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Role of Natural Products Against Microbial 130

Signatures of COVID-19 severity and immune response in the respiratory tract microbiome. 133 medRxiv

Plasma microbiome 135 in COVID-19 subjects: an indicator of gut barrier defects and dysbiosis. bioRxiv. 2021. 136 that enable excessive viral proliferation may increase the severity of illness and the rising chance 143 of viral-induced autoimmunity