key: cord-0907791-letln4dd
authors: Arunkumar, S.; Sriram, G.; Gnanadesikan, C.
title: A review of covid 19 in tamilnadu with regression and correlation co-efficient
date: 2020-11-19
journal: Mater Today Proc
DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.777
sha: cba654a06a6aaae06917b4496bef60812fc3b805
doc_id: 907791
cord_uid: letln4dd

The present study is about the detailed analysis of the pandemic Corona Virus 2019 which has rocked the entire world with a maximum impact with its structure, its appearance and nomenclature, Clinical presentation and transmission, diagnostic technique. It’s a respiratory illness caused by the virus SARS-CoV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). It’s a syndrome is different from other virus syndromes as this might act as Symptomatic also as Asymptomatic. The common symptoms would be cold, fever, cough, sneezing, running nose, breathing issues, Fatigue, etc. The paper may be a vivid picture on the COVID 19 cases in Tamilnadu which is within the Southern part of India and therefore the treatments like Ventilator, Plasma, etc and therefore the remedy offered to the patients like Naturopathy, Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, etc,.for better recovery and immunity to fight against the virus. It analyses the detailed reports and statistics during a regression form with reference to daily new death rate and total death rate with the assistance of statistical tools of the general rectilinear regression equation. the entire confirmed cases and daily new confirmed cases are plotted using Normal P-P plot of regression Standardized Residual. The Pearson correlation value is 0.837 which features a strong direct correlation between active cases and total recoveries.

It was reported in "Nature" within the year 1968 that there was a symbol of virus detected not only in avian bronchitis but it was observed by Almeida and Tyrell that it could be found in murine hepatitis and upper tract diseases in humans may be a disease which was mainly spread through avian which is otherwise referred to as birds. it had been found in chicks in 1931. Thus results in the invention of a gammacoronavirus with the very fact that the majority of the coronavirus which inflict humans are betacoronaviruses. Almeida and Tyrell named this as alphacoronavirus. [1] Coronaviridae is a common name which is assigned to a family of viruses with two subfamilies, Letovirinae and Coronavirinae. It is believed that the bats behave as a carrier or the source of Coronavirus. 

The range of Coronavirus may be about120 nanometers in diameter which is a singlestranded RNA virus. it might be highly vulnerable to mutation and will be recombined that creates it highly diverse. The impact factor of infection is found at the utmost with human and non-human mammals and birds. The total varieties of virus reside in bats and wild birds is around 40 which may likely spread to other animals and vice-versa to humans. The virus is originated from China's meat markets which sells meats from the wild animals

The basic shape of Corona Virus is caused by the spike like structure which is named glycoproteins or peplomers which acts as a threshold to enter the host cells. The spike is splitted into two broad categories. They are S1 which is surmounted on the surface of the receptor's host cells and S2 glues with the plasma membrane. The enzymes of angiotensin present in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV-1 and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV-2 act as a plasma membrane, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 differs from the enzyme that's inhibited by conventional Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 inhibitors which consists of enalapril and ramipril.

In a nutshell, the subunit of the spike S1 binds to the enzyme ACE-2 on the cell wall surface. TMPRSS2, a transmembrane serine protease number, then stimulates the spike and cleaves ACE-2.It has an impact on the S2 subunit, which triggers fusion of the virus to the cell wall. Thus leads to the virus getting into the cell through the process such as the discharge of endosomes by acidification or the action of an intracellular cysteine protease, cathepsin.

The First diagram indicates within the initial growth position of the virus within the cell wall . An S1 subunit (red) at the distal end of a glycoprotein spike of the virus sticks to a membrane-bound molecule of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2(blue).Since many S1 subunits of the glycoprotein spikes gets embedded to membrane-bound molecules of ACE-2, the membrane creates an envelope round the virus (an endosome). When the coronavirus gets closer to the cell wall, the process gets on until the endosome is complete.

There are two possible ways in which the virus can enter into the cell. They are::

TMPRSS2, a cell membrane-bound serine protease (brown), splits the S1 subunits (red) of the virus from its S2 subunits (black) with the ACE-2 enzymes; thus causes the endosome to enter into the cell (endocytosis), through which the virus is released by acidification or the action of another protease, cathepsin. TMPRSS2, the same serine protease, , causes irreversible conformational changes within the S2 subunits of the virus, enabling them to fuse with the cell wall which may be due to the internalizing the cell.

Chronic pancreatitis is treated through a serine PI, camostat mesylate which is introduced in Japan that not only inhibits the TNPRSS2 but also helps by blocking the SARS-COV-2 entry into bronchial epithelial cells in Vitro.

Coronaviruses affect our respiratory track making the affected feel too hard to breathe or breathe. it's too hard to trace the presence of the virus and people who are inflicted with it because it is both symptomatic and Asymptomatic. The symptoms of the disease are. Symptoms of the disease would be Respiratory symptoms, Fever at evaluation, Cough, Sneezing, Running Nose, Breathlessness, pharyngitis , Nausea, Diarrhea, Haemoptysis Loss of taste or smell.

There are only few categories of individuals who is found with similar symptoms are hospitalised especially when they are inflicted with pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis and septic shock [3] . Immediate medical attention should be sought with emergency warning signs such as Breathlessness, Body ache, Abdominal pain, Haemoptysis, etc.

COVID-19 virus is claimed to infect people of all ages. The WHO has played a key role by initiating several measures and amendments for higher risk groups and community support. However, the evidence shows up that the impact is severe with two groups of individuals. they're the Older people that are over 70 years aged and therefore the other category of individuals are those who have serious chronic illnesses like Diabetes, disorder, Chronic respiratory disease, Cancer, Hypertension, Chronic disease have to be safeguarded from COVID-19 by attributing proper medical care and attention.

Evidence remains emerging, but current information is indicating that it's transmitted through human-to-human. The modes of transmission of the virus remains vague even now, but it is still suspected that the disease may spread through large respiratory droplets and direct or indirect contact with infected secretions [4] .The time span of COVID-19 is said to be between 2 to 14 days [5] .If an individual remains stable after 14 days even after being in contact with someone with confirmed positive case, then the individual is completely recovered from the virus.

Prevention is best than cure: The WHO heads up with few basic preventive measures to guard against the new coronavirus [6] like keeping in touch with daily updates from the local and national public health authorities on the virus outbreak. Wash your hands with a sanitizer and maintain hygiene.

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) kit has been devised and is implemented to diagnose positive cases in clinical testing labs [7] . However, it is merely 30-70% productive for cuspidated infection which might be due to incorrect use of lab kits as the grid of testing differs from country to country. The advice from CDC suggests that an individual who is said to have established contact with a person contracted with virus which results in symptoms listed above are advised to call their healthcare practitioner [8] . The criteria for testing falls under the compliance such as Locality, Age group, patient history and liability of getting affected, Time span of symptoms [9] The testing procedure would be carried out successfully iff the criteria is met. Gather test upper tract specimens by employing a nasopharyngeal swab, If it's feasible, then the lower tract specimens testing could be done, If a productive cough is clear then a sputum specimen X-ray and CT scan should be done.

Probable case and Confirmed cases: It is an inconclusive or a suspected case where the result shows that there may be a probable opportunity to have tested positive and an individual who is tested positive in the lab with the signs of virus.

Tamilnadu Government has initiated exclusive Siddha care centres for treating COVID -19 patients altogether the districts of the State. Siddha treatment is provided for patients who have mild symptoms and Asymptomatic COVID 19 positive. It's estimated that quite 75,000 COVID 19 patients are treated under the Indian medicine system in Tamil Nadu . An integrated treatment is obtainable to COVID 19 patients in Tamil Nadu and AYUSH doctors too are extending espouse to the patients with dedication. The govt identified and established quite 18 places for Siddha treatment exclusively in Tamilnadu. As a neighborhood of the treatment to the patients, Traditional food items and herbal concoctions like Kabasura kudineer got which receives a humungous response by the patients. Since the treatment is very successful, an equivalent treatment is obtainable to those that are admitted in Government hospitals.

[10] they provide homeopathy treatment along side allopathic medicines and Multivitamin and Zinc tablets also are being given to the patients, to reinforce their immunity, as a precautions . The Tamil Nadu government has included yoga and naturopathy additionally to Siddha as add-on therapies for COVID-19 treatment. The patients are taught Yogasanas and pranayama to enhance the health of lungs, strengthen their minds and boost the immunity. The treatment is further extended to government medical college hospitals, government district headquarters hospitals and taluk hospitals across the state involving more than 200 experts [11] .

The State which carries out the utmost testing is Tamilnadu where quite 26,58, 138 are tested thus far and 1,83,956 persons are treated and discharged, which testifies to the effectiveness of the integrated treatment provided to the patients. Ayurveda is a traditional and the treatment which has been in practise for several long years. The efforts are being taken to reiterate the positive benefits to meet the needs of the present and the future. The efforts are put in to find the solution for the virus and still it is not formulated. [13] Convalescent plasma (CP) is a treatment which is rendered to those who are affected with virus by collecting samples from the patients who recovered completely to treat humans. This treatment seems to be an effective one as many patients got recovered from the virus. Tamilnadu Government had set up several Plasma centres throughout the districts in order to facilitate care on people and to increase the percentage of recovery.

[14]

It is obvious that the study states that the Capacitively Coupled Plasma treatment is proved to be useful and the adverse ratio is just one percentage which may not be due to this and could be due to several factors in medical field. [16] Donors of Convalescent Plasma

The requirement of the potential donors is that they should have a proper medical documentation or history of SARS-CoV-2 infection irrespective of whether they had nasopharyngeal swab positivity or serologic positivity and remain symptom-free for a period of 14 days to meet the standard donor eligibility requirements.

AABB: Donors have to locate AABB-accredited donation sites for information about convalescent plasma donation and a feature that helps potential donors to contact these centers for more information on eligibility. 

The F ratio is going to be the variance within the variable that's related to the experimental variable . The F ratio = 867.681. The statistical significance is zero. The r value is 0.837 which shows strong positive correlation between Active covid cases and Total cases recovered. The p value is 0.000.

COVID 19 in Tamilnadu is seen a steep increase because the total number of individuals got affected is quite 5000 on a day to day though the cases which recover is found to be more. it's pretty vivid from the statistical chart that COVID-19 is transmitted in Clusters or the extent of community spread. From the study, it's vivid that alternative treatments like Siddha, Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopthy, Naturopathy helps the people to urge recovered from illness and boost their immunity. The Tamilnadu Government takes various steps to curb the virus to make sure that the State is free from virus. this text strongly suggests that the choice treatment helps the patients to urge cured and recovered quickly. We have arrived the data through correlation and regression for the Government and the medical community to use it as a precautious measure for the future.

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