key: cord-0904968-f8h2qid4
authors: Anedda, Jasmine; Ferreli, Caterina; Rongioletti, Franco; Atzori, Laura
title: Changing gears: medical gloves in the era of COVID-19 pandemic()()
date: 2020-08-04
journal: Clin Dermatol
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.08.003
sha: 22c2f1167aec0166c7fe5276f48eb8f3809ff0a9
doc_id: 904968
cord_uid: f8h2qid4

nan

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC); angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

The current coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic has greatly changed our perspective of the risk for infection from contact, and the use of personnel protective devices (PPD) usually reserved for healthcare workers (HCW), has spread to the general population, sometimes indiscriminately. As a result, medical glove stock has been depleted, but most of all they have become a source of medical concern. [1] [2] [3] [4] The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned about the limited protective efficacy of gloves. There is high risk for infection spread with their incorrect use that could instead favor the spread of the Sars-Cov-2. Regular use of gloves for daily activities may lead to a false sense of protection and to an increased risk for self-contamination. This would involve the involuntary touching of the face or the spreading of fomites to desks, phones, and computers keyboards. A study has found that virus can survive on gloves for 2-4 hours. 5 Appropriate Use of Gloves Hand to face contacts has a substantial role in upper respiratory tract infections, 6, 7 although COVID-19 main way of transmission remains from symptomatic person-to-person through respiratory droplets. [1] [2] [3] [4] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) have recently provided guidance to regulate the use of gloves both in the healthcare setting and the community. 2, 4 In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (Table 1) , gloves are recommended when caring for confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients, especially when there is the risk of contact with body fluids (e.g., blood, wound care, aerosol generating procedures).

Hand protection with gloves is essential in any medical procedure, because skin cleaning/disinfection alone does not remove all pathogens, especially when the contamination is considerably high. Non-sterile disposable gloves should be prioritized, and ECDC alerts that no direct evidence documents an increased protection against COVID-19 through gloves use, when compared with proper hand hygiene alone. There are many different types of gloves, depending upon the level of protection, tactility, risk of allergy, or cost ( Table 2) . Although biohazard risk requires frequent glove changing, the extended use of gloves, decontamination with hand disinfectants, and re-use are frequent. 8 All of this should be avoided, because effects of hand sanitizers are tested on the skin, while application on gloved hands impacts on their mechanical properties. In a recent investigation, 9 the application of 70% ethanol or 63% isopropanol commercial disinfectants reduced the tensile strength of latex and nitrile gloves, with a higher impact on nitrile gloves. Elongation did not change much with latex gloves, but nitrile gloves were affected. There are additional concerns about permeability, as alcohol can permeate any type of glove after 10 minutes. Some types of gloves are permeated at two minutes, and repeated exposure to disinfectants can increase the permeability of the gloves. Alcohol is inactivated in the presence of organic matter, which can easily remain on used gloves, thus potentially driving the viral transmission.

Extended length gloves are not necessary when providing care to suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. They are not specifically recommended, except for activities with increased risk, such as submerging hands into a solution. For standard procedures, it is sufficient to cover the cuff (wrist) of the gown while donning. [1] [2] [3] [4] Another common measure that is no longer recommended is "double gloving," except for surgical procedures that carry a high risk of disrupting the integrity of the glove. "Double gloving" seems to increase the incidence of dermatologic side effects, from irritation and over-hydration to induction of latex allergy. The increase of skin damage as the consequence of overzealous PPD use and hand hygiene is an emergent consequence of the COVID-19 handling. [10] [11] [12] About 74.5% of front-line COVID-19 HCW developed hand dermatitis in the Chinese experience. 13 A questionnaire-based study suggested that 88.5% of skin reactions on the hands are associated with the use of latex gloves. 14 Three type of adverse events might occur: latex allergy, talcum powder reactions, and irritant dermatitis. Excluding latex allergy and powder within the gloves, the problem of excessive dryness and pruritis, associated J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f with irritant dermatitis, may be aggravated by occlusion, leading to sweating and/or overhydration. This then may increase the permeability to sanitizers or detergents, creating a vicious circle, plus aggravation of hand dermatitis. 12 A peculiar pattern of hand dermatitis has been recognized, characterized by erythema and fine scaling on the palms and web spaces. 15 This may be attributed to the depletion of surface lipids, resulting in deeper penetration of detergents and progressive damage of skin layers is a major pathogenetic mechanism. Irritant contact dermatitis is more commonly found with iodophors, chlorhexidine, chloroxylenol, triclosan, and alcohol-based products, whereas allergic contact dermatitis develops due to quaternary ammonium compounds, iodine or iodophors, chlorhexidine, triclosan, chloroxylenol, and alcohols sensitization.

To date, there have been no verified reports of COVID-19 infection as direct consequence of skin damage. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the main cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, can be expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis, hair follicles, and eccrine glands, as well as on skin blood vessels. 16 Basic skincare measures should be taken to avoid the risk of SARS-CoV-2 entry through the skin. 10-15 Careful hand skin drying and hypoallergenic hand cream/emollients may be employed to prevent trapping sanitizers in the web spaces. Emollients may also be applied at other times to correct any residual dryness and scaling or with the occurrence of hand dermatitis, topical corticosteroids are indicated.

A final consideration is the generation of massive amount of medical waste, caused in part by the extensive use of PPD. 17 Health care workers, together with the general population, are using more gloves than ever before, while it should be limited to very essential preventive measures.

Medical gloves remain an essential part of the infection-control strategy; however, caring for patients with COVID-19 has pointed out the need for more accuracy and respect of novel guidance. Prolonged use of gloves, outside of direct patient contact, might be selfdefeating rather than protective. Hand dermatitis is an emerging concern. At this time, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not cleared, approved, or authorized any medical gloves for specific protection against the virus that causes COVID-19 or prevention of COVID-19 infection.

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Table 1 : Actual recommendations for medical gloves use amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.

-To reduce microbial contamination from hands contacts with blood and other body fluids, -Contain the risk of transmission from the health-care worker to the patient and vice versa, -Contain the risk of germ dissemination to the environment and from one patient to another. In the community -Providing care to someone sick, especially if contacts with organic fluids -Cleaning and disinfecting the person, and surfaces frequently touched in the environment -Remove gloves after any contact with the patient, before touching other surfaces -Hand-washing before and after removing the gloves. Gloves wearing never substitute hand washing and sanitization. -Wearing gloves running errands is not recommended. 

Latex Used in maneuvers with high biological risk, that is when it is necessary to handle blood or body fluids in a repeated or prolonged way Good protection against pathogen High tensile stretch, best fit and sense of touch, extremely flexible Contraindicated in latex allergy; should not be used with organic soils, oils, gas or grease.

Alternative to latex, especially if latex allergy, for high biological risk procedures. Moderate protection against pathogen High puncture and chemical resistance; good comfort soft and flexible, but stiffer than latex More expensive option

Use in case of low biological risk (low protection against pathogen), for patient cleaning activities Food prep (low heat) Average resistance to chemicals (alcohols), low tensile strength Less expensive option

Only manoeuvres where one-handed and short-lasting sterility is required (intravesical catheterization, endotracheal aspiration) Loose fit, ideal for frequent gloves change, but low protection against hazardous materials Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Very economic

Latex and polyvinyl free surgical or diagnostic gloves Very loose, no protection against pathogens Least expensive option

Used to prepare surgical instruments and endoscopes for disinfection, cleaning of environments High mechanical resistance Note: Gloves used for household activities in the community, although made of the same materials (e.g. gloves made from natural latex, nitrile, vinyl and polyethylene) usually do not meet the standards described for medical gloves that are used in healthcare.

World Health Organization. Glove use information leaflet

Food and Drug Administration. Medical gloves for COVID-19

Use of gloves in healthcare and non-healthcare settings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Face touching: a frequent habit that has implications for hand hygiene

Avoiding upper respiratory tract infections by not touching the face

Coronavirus Survival on (COVID-19) pandemic

Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019

The adverse skin reactions of health care workers using personal protective equipment for COVID-19

Skin damage among healthcare workers managing coronavirus disease-2019

Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis

Environmental perspective of COVID-19