key: cord-0896782-2rkqna4x
authors: Cao, Mi-Xia; Xie, Xiao-Dong; Wang, Xin-Rui; Hu, Wen-Yue; Zhao, Yi; Chen, Qi; Ji, Lu; Wei, Ying-Yi; Yu, Mei-Ling; Hu, Ting-Jun
title: Separation, Purification, Structure Analysis, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network on PRV-Infected RAW264.7 Cells of a Polysaccharide Derived from Arthrospira platensis
date: 2021-10-26
journal: Antioxidants (Basel)
DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111689
sha: fdd4c7060b83bf25653139f442f03fbe88ce8407
doc_id: 896782
cord_uid: 2rkqna4x

To investigate the structure of Arthrospira platensis polysaccharide (PAP) (intracellular polysaccharide) and the antioxidant activity of the first component of PAP (PAP-1) on pseudorabies virus (PRV) -infected RAW264.7 cells. The PAP was separated and purified by the Cellulose DE-52 chromatography column and Sephacryl S-200 high-resolution gel column to obtain PAP-1. The antioxidant activity and regulation of PAP-1 on PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network were investigated by chemical kit, Q-PCR, and ce-RNA seq. The results indicated that the molecular weight (Mw) of PAP-1, which was mainly composed of glucose and eight other monosaccharides, was 1.48 × 10(6) Da. The main glycosidic bond structure of PAP-1 was →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→. PAP-1 may be increased the antioxidant capacity by regulating the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. This study provided a scientific foundation for further exploring the antioxidant activity of PAP-1 based on its structure.

Algal polysaccharides are natural macromolecular compounds extracted from algal and are composed of more than ten monosaccharide molecules connected by glycosidic bonds. The most commonly used method for extracting polysaccharides is the hot water extraction method, but it requires a long extraction time, high temperature, and a large amount of solvent. Therefore, researchers have improved extraction methods based on the hot water extraction method, including enzyme-assisted hot water extraction method, ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction method, microwave-assisted hot water extraction method, freeze-thaw-assisted hot water extraction method, alkaline extraction, freeze-thawing cold-pressing, and so on [1, 2] . However, different extraction methods not only affect the extraction rate but also influence the structure and biological activity of polysaccharides [2, 3] . Therefore, it is necessary to screen the extraction methods to determine which is best and to ensure the structural integrity of polysaccharides when further studying their structures. In this study, the best extraction method of PAP was selected for subsequent experiments, which provided an experimental basis for further study on the structure and activity of PAP.

Arthrospira platensis was extracted with distilled water at 80 • C for 4 h. Trichloroacetic acid was dripped into the above solution to remove the protein in the extract. Then, the supernatant was obtained by centrifugation of the above solution and placed at 4 • C for 24 h. After alcohol precipitation and centrifugation, alcohol precipitation was carried out again for 24 h. The solution was centrifuged again, and the precipitate was washed with acetone two times. Finally, the precipitation obtained by centrifuging the above solution was dried to obtain PAP.

Papain (100 mg) was added to Arthrospira platensis aqueous solution (This solution contains 20 mg of Arthrospira platensis and 200 mL of distilled water.) and heated at 52 • C for 1 h and 100 • C for 0.5 h to inactivate the enzyme. Then, the samples were incubated in a water bath at 80 • C for 4 h, and the subsequent steps were the same as those in Section 2.2.1.1. 

The Arthrospira platensis aqueous solution was treated by ultrasonication for 1 h (50 • C, 320 W). Then, the samples were placed in a water bath at 80 • C for 4 h, and the remaining experimental processes were the same as those described in Section 2.2.1.1.

The Arthrospira platensis aqueous solution was microwaved at 600 W for 10 min. Then, the water bath was incubated at 80 • C for 4 h, and the remaining experimental processes were the same as those described in Section 2.2.1.1.

The Arthrospira platensis aqueous solution was freeze-thawed repeatedly. Then, the samples were placed in a water bath at 80 • C for 4 h, and the remaining experimental processes were the same as those described in Section 2.2.1.1.

The weight ratio of PAP to Arthrospira platensis was considered the polysaccharide yield of PAP. The polysaccharide content of PAP was determined by the anthrone-sulfuric acid method.

The scavenging activities of extracts to hydroxyl free radicals were determined by an improved Cumbes-Sironoff method and Fenton method [32] . Polysaccharides and Vc solutions with different mass concentrations (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/mL) were prepared. Then, 9 mM FeSO 4 (50 µL), 9 mM salicylic acid-ethanol (50 µL), polysaccharide solution (50 µL), and 8.8 mM H 2 O 2 (50 µL) were added to 96-well plates. After incubation at 37 • C for 1 h, the absorbance at 510 nm was measured. The scavenging rate was calculated according to the following formula:

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (%) = [A 0 − (A X − A X0 )]/A 0 × 100% where A 0 is the absorbance of the blank control, A X is the absorbance of the sample, and A X0 is the absorbance of the sample without H 2 O 2 solution.

The DPPH free radical scavenging activities of polysaccharides were determined by a previously reported method [33] . DPPH (0.0082 g) was dissolved in 95% ethanol to make a 100 mL solution. In addition, polysaccharides and Vc solutions were dissolved in DMSO to prepare different concentrations of inhibitor solutions (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/mL). The DPPH solution (0.5 mL) was added to different concentrations of the inhibitor solution (0.5 mL). The absorbance was measured at 517 nm after reacting in the dark at room temperature for 30 min. The scavenging rate was calculated according to the following formula:

where A 0 is the absorbance of the blank control, A i is the absorbance of the sample, and A i0 is the absorbance of the sample without the DPPH solution.

The method for the determination of reducing power is based on a previously reported method [34] . The polysaccharides and Vc solutions were dissolved in PBS to prepare solutions at different concentrations (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/mL). Then, the polysaccharide solution (50 µL) and 1% potassium ferricyanide (50 µL) were mixed and incubated at 50 • C for 20 min. After incubation, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 10% trichloroacetic acid (40 µL) was added. FeCl 3 was added to the supernatant, and the absorbance was measured at 700 nm after 5 min. The reducing power was calculated according to the following formula:

where A 1 is the absorbance of the sample and A 2 is the absorbance with deionized water instead of FeCl 3 .

PAP extracted by enzyme-assisted hot water extraction method was prepared into 20 mg/mL solution. PAP solution was added to a Cellulose DE-52 chromatography column (2.0 cm × 60 cm) and then subsequently eluted with deionized water, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 M NaCl solution. The eluent was collected in test tubes by fraction collector, each tube was 5 mL. The content of polysaccharides in each tube was detected by the anthrone-sulfuric acid method, and then the elution curve was drawn with the number of tubes as abscissa and the content of polysaccharide as ordinate. The main absorption peaks were mixed according to the polysaccharide content of the eluent. NaCl was removed by dialysis in deionized water, and the purified polysaccharides were obtained by vacuum freeze-drying. Then, each component separated and purified by Cellulose DE-52 chromatography column was further purified by a Sephacryl S-200 high-resolution gel column (1.7 cm × 100 cm). The polysaccharide content of the eluent was also detected, and the absorption peaks were combined and finally freeze-dried.

The methods of scavenging hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals, and reducing power were the same as those described in Section 2.2.3.

Analysis of the First Component of PAP (PAP-1)

Dextran standards (5 mg/mL) with different molecular weights (1152, 5000, 11,600, 23,800, 48,600, 80,900, 148,000, 273,000, 409,800, and 667,800 Da) and PAP-1 were centrifuged and filtered. The purity of PAP-1 was identified, and its molecular weight was determined by HPGPC. The conditions were as follows: Chromatographic column: BRT105-104-102 gel column (8 × 300 mm) (BoRui Saccharide, BRT105-104-102, Yangzhou, China); mobile phase: 0.05 M NaCl; flow rate: 0.6 mL/min; column temperature: 40 • C; sample size: 20 µL; detector: differential detector RI-502 (Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., RI-502, Guangzhou, China).

The optical intensity of PAP-1 (0.4 mg/mL) was measured by a digital automatic polarimeter (Shanghai Precision Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., WZZ-2S, Shanghai, China) at 20 • C.

PAP-1 was mixed with KBr and pressed into thin slices, which were scanned by FT-IR (Thermo Scientific, Nicolet iS50, New York, NY, USA) in the range of 4000~400 cm −1 .

PAP-1 (5 mg) was dissolved in 2 M trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) and then hydrolyzed at 121 • C for 2 h, but the standard solutions have not been hydrolyzed by trifluoroacetic acid. Nitrogen was introduced into the acidolysis solution and blown dry. The pow-der was cleaned with methanol repeatedly and blown dry three times to remove the trifluoroacetic acid. The obtained dry powder was dissolved in distilled water and transferred to a chromatographic bottle for determination. Galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, 6-Deoxy-L-mannosehydrat, arabinose, fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose, fructose, xylose, and ribose were prepared in 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 µg/mL solutions, respectively. The standard can be directly analyzed on the machine without derivation. The adopted chromatographic system was a Thermo ICS-5000+ ion chromatographic system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, ICS-5000+, New York, NY, USA). The chromatographic conditions were as follows: Dionex™ CarboPac™ PA20 liquid chromatography column; sample size: 20 µL; mobile phase A: H 2 O; mobile phase B: 100 mM NaOH; column temperature: 30 • C. The monosaccharide components were detected by the electrochemical detector (HPLC-DAD) (Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Shimadzu LC-10A, Guangzhou, China).

PAP-1 (50 mg) was oxidized with 15 mM NaIO 4 (25 mL) and then reacted at 4 • C in the dark. The absorbance was measured at 223 nm every 4 h until it reached a stable value. The consumption of periodic acid was calculated according to the standard curve of NaIO 4 . The yield of formic acid was determined by titration with 0.053 M NaOH. Then, ethylene glycol was added to terminate the periodic acid reaction. The oxidized products of periodate were dialyzed in water for 48 h and reduced by adding NaBH 4 (50 mg) for 12 h. Then, acetic acid was added to adjust the pH, and the solution was dialyzed in deionized water for 48 h. The residue was completely hydrolyzed with 2 M trifluoroacetic acid. Methanol was repeatedly added and dried to remove trifluoroacetic acid. Finally, the product was acetylated and analyzed by GC (Agilent Technologies lnc., Agilent 7820A; Santa Clara, CA, USA) [35] .

PAP-1 (1 mg) was methylated so that all the free hydroxyl groups were methylated by the Hakomori method. Infrared spectroscopy is used to detect the absorption at 3500 cm −1 to determine whether the methylation reaction is complete. Then, 2 M trifluoroacetic acid (100 µL) was added and hydrolyzed at 121 • C for 90 min to obtain a partially methylated monosaccharide. These monosaccharides were reduced and acetylated, and the methylene chloride phase in the lower layer contained partially methylated alditol acetate. The above derivatives were analyzed by GC-MS, and the connection mode of the glycosidic bond was obtained by analyzing the peak sequence in GC and the main ion fragments of MS. Mass spectrometry conditions were as follows: PAP-1 was detected by electron bombardment ion source (EI) in full SCAN mode, and the mass scanning range (m/z) was 30-600 (Agilent Technologies lnc., Agilent 5977B; Santa Clara, CA, USA). Gas chromatography conditions: 140 • C for 2.0 min, 3 • C/min to 230 • C for 3 min, and the injection volume was 1 µL (Agilent Technologies lnc., Agilent 7820A; Santa Clara, CA, USA).

PAP-1 (50 mg) was dissolved in D 2 O (0.5 mL) and freeze-dried into powder (this process was repeated to fully exchange active hydrogen). The 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, one-dimensional spectrum, and two-dimensional spectrum of DEPT135 in which PAP-1 was dissolved in D 2 O were measured by a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer (Bruker Scientific Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Bruker AVANCE III HD600, Shanghai, China) at 25 • C.

2.6. The Effect of PAP-1 on Antioxidation of PRV-Infected RAW264.7 Cells 2.6.1. The Effect of PAP-1 on the Activity of RAW264.7 Cells RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 cell/mL were added to 96-well culture plates. They were divided into a blank group, cell group, and PAP-1 groups (25, 50, 100, 200 , 400, 800, and 1600 µg/mL). Culture medium (100 µL) was added to the cell group, PAP-1 solution at different concentrations was added to the PAP-1 groups, and the cells were cultured for 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect cell activity [36] . Add the CCK-8 solution (10 µL) to each well of 96-well plates, then put them in an incubator to incubate for 1-4 h, and finally use a microplate reader (Tecan (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd., Infinite M200 Pro, Zürich, Switzerland) to detect the absorbance at 450 nm.

2.6.2. The Effect of PAP-1 on the Activity of PRV-Infected RAW264.7 Cells

The following groups were used: blank group, cell group, PRV group, and PAP-1 groups (25, 50, 100, 200 , and 400 µg/mL). Cell culture medium (100 µL) was added to the cell group, and PRV solution (100 µL) was added to the other groups and incubated for 2 h in 96-well culture plates. The supernatant was discarded, and the cells were washed with PBS three times. Culture medium was added to the cell group and PRV group, while PAP-1 solution (100 µL) was added to the PAP-1 groups. They were cultured for 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h, and the cell activity was detected by the CCK-8 method.

This experiment included the cell group, PRV group, and PAP-1 groups (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) (96-well culture plates). The steps of incubating PRV and adding PAP-1 solution were the same as those in Section 2.6.2. The supernatant was discarded, and the cells were washed with PBS three times. DCFH-DA fluorescent probe (100 µL) was added to each well and incubated for 30 min. Finally, PBS (100 µL) was added to each well to remove the cells, and then the absorbance was measured at an excitation wavelength of 488 nm and an emission wavelength of 525 nm according to the Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit.

This experiment also included the cell group, PRV group, and PAP-1 groups (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) (6-well culture plates). The steps of incubating PRV and adding PAP-1 solution were the same as those in Section 2.6.2. The supernatant was used to measure MDA level, and the cells were washed with PBS three times. Add PBS (500 µL) to each well, scrape off the cells, crush the cells with a cell ultrasonic breaker (Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co., Ltd., SCIENTZ-IID, Ningbo, China), centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 10 min, and then take the supernatant to measure the activities of GSH-Px, SOD, MPO, XOD, and CAT in the cells. The experiment was carried out in strict accordance with the instructions of the kits.

CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed by ceRNA-seq to further explore the antioxidant regulatory effect of PAP-1 on PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. The experiment was divided into three groups, which were PAP-1 group (200 µg/mL), PRV group, and cell group, with three replicates in each group (When performing ceRNA-Seq, each group was labeled for convenience. "C" is the abbreviation of cell, "V" is the abbreviation of virus, and "M" is the abbreviation of medicine. Therefore, the PAP-1 group, PRV group, and cell group are marked as CVM group, CV group, and C group, respectively). RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 cells/mL were added into a 6-well plate. After incubation for 8 h at 37 • C with 5% CO 2 , PRV solution was added and incubated for 2 h. The virus solution was discarded and washed with PBS three times. Finally, PAP-1 was added and incubated for 12 h. Cell samples were collected, and the ceRNA-seq was completed by Guangzhou Gidio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The constructed sequencing library was sequenced with Illumina HiSeqTM 4000 to find the differentially expressed circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA among the three groups of PAP-1 group, PRV group, and cell group. According to the sequence of circRNA, the targetScan 7.2 is used to predict the interaction with miRNA, and then combined with the regulatory relationship between miRNA and genes in the miRTarBase and miRBase databases, Cytoscape 3.7.1 software is used to construct a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Finally, Gene Ontology and KO enrichment analysis were performed on the mRNA differentially expressed in the C group and the CV group, and the CV group and the CVM group.

2.6.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR RAW264.7 cells treatment was the same as the second experiment in Section 2.6.3. The total RNA of RAW264.7 cells was extracted by Trizol reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was synthesized with the 5×All-In-One RT MasterMix with AccuRT (Lot. 0229854828001, abm). Quantitative real-time PCR EvaGreen 2 × qPCR MasterMix-No Dye (Lot. 10518551127002, abm). The mRNA expression levels of MPO, XOD, SOD, and GSH-Px were detected by Q-PCR.

The data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0, and the results include the mean ± SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparisons among groups, and the LSD-t-test was used for pairwise comparisons among groups.

In this study, the extraction rate and contents of polysaccharides processed by the three extraction methods except for the microwave-assisted hot water extraction method were significantly higher than those processed by the hot water extraction method ( Figure 1A ,B) (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Scavenging hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals, and reducing power are important indexes to evaluate the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides [37] . The scavenging capacity of PAP increased rapidly and then slowly with increasing concentration, which was consistent with a previous research method [38] . The order of scavenging of hydroxyl radicals by different extraction methods, DPPH radicals, and reducing power from strong to weak was enzyme-assisted hot water extraction method > freezethaw assisted hot water extraction method > microwave-assisted hot water extraction method > ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction method > hot water extraction method ( Figure 1C -E). Compared with other methods, the enzyme-assisted hot water extraction method had the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high extraction rate, less damage to polysaccharide structure, avoid changing the biological activity of polysaccharides, low cost, energy savings, and environmental protection [39] . Therefore, the PAP obtained by the enzyme-assisted hot water extraction method was selected for subsequent experiments.

The PAP obtained by the enzyme-assisted hot water extraction method was separated into five peaks by a Cellulose DE-52 chromatography column; that is, it mainly contained five polysaccharide components (PAPs) (Figure 2A ). After further purification by a Sephacryl S-200 High-Resolution chromatography column, each component showed a single symmetrical elution peak, indicating that the molecular weights of PAPs were uniform ( Figure 2B -F). The polysaccharide contents of PAPs were significantly higher than those of PAP (p < 0.01) ( Figure 2G ), and the results were similar to that of Ren et al. [40] . The yield of PAP-1 was the highest of the PAPs, so the structure of PAP-1 was analyzed in detail in this study.

From Figure 3A -C, the antioxidant activities of PAPs showed a dose-dependent relationship with the concentration. The order of scavenging hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals, and reducing power from strong to weak was PAP-3 > PAP-1 > PAP-4 > PAP-5 > PAP-2. Overall, the antioxidant activities of PAPs were different; this trend is consistent with the results of Chen et al. [38] . , polysaccharide content (B) (means ± SD, n = 9), and antioxidant activity (C-E) (means ± SD, n = 3) of PAP were obtained by different extraction methods. HWEM, hot water extraction method; EHWEM, enzyme-assisted hot water extraction method; UHWEM, ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction; MHWEM, microwave-assisted hot water extraction; FAHWEM, freeze-thaw assisted hot water extraction. Bars with * and ** indicate significant difference or most significant difference with the HWEM group, respectively (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). "A, a" designate p < 0.05 or p < 0.01 between them. 

From Figure 3A -C, the antioxidant activities of PAPs showed a dose-dependent relationship with the concentration. The order of scavenging hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals, and reducing power from strong to weak was PAP-3 > PAP-1 > PAP-4 > PAP-5 > PAP-2. Overall, the antioxidant activities of PAPs were different; this trend is consistent with the results of Chen et al. [38] . Figure 4A , the equation of the lgMw-RT calibration curve was y = −0.206x + 12.862 (R 2 = 0.9919). The Mw of PAP-1 was calculated by the formula to be 1.48 × 10 6 Da. 

The specific rotation [α] 20 D of PAP-1 at 20 °C was +196.5° (c = 0.4 mg/mL, H2O). The higher positive value of optical rotation indicated that PAP-1 mainly exhibits α-glycosidic bonding [41] .

In Figure 4B , there was a strong absorption peak at 3350.82 cm −1 , which was attributed to the stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups. The absorption peak produced by 

The specific rotation [α] 20 D of PAP-1 at 20 • C was +196.5 • (c = 0.4 mg/mL, H 2 O). The higher positive value of optical rotation indicated that PAP-1 mainly exhibits αglycosidic bonding [41] .

In Figure 4B , there was a strong absorption peak at 3350.82 cm −1 , which was attributed to the stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups. The absorption peak produced by the stretching vibration of C-H appeared at 2929.83 cm −1 . These two characteristic absorption peaks indicated the presence of polysaccharides in the sample [42] . The peak at 1658.35 cm −1 was the hydration vibration peak C-O of polysaccharides [43] . The peak at 1416.54 cm −1 was due to the bending vibration of C-H. Three peaks at 1155.99, 1080.76, and 1022.04 cm −1 indicated the presence of a pyranose ring and was caused by the C-O-C vibration. The peak of carbohydrate molecules, that is, the asymmetric ring stretching vibration of pyranose, appeared at 932.41 cm −1 . The absorption peak at 851.95 cm −1 indicated that there were α-glycosidic bonds and C-H α-anomers. The peak at 762.41 cm −1 was due to the inclusion of C-O-C and was caused by the stretching vibration of the symmetric ring of D-glucopyranose [44] . In conclusion, PAP-1 is an α-configured neutral polysaccharide with a pyranose ring.

The molar ratio of the monosaccharide composition of PAP-1 was: fucose:6-Deoxy-Lmannosehydrat:arabinose:galactose:glucose:xylose:mannose:galacturonic acid:glucuronic acid = 0.15:0.15:0.08:0.02:54.99:0.06:0.04:0.01:0.02 ( Figure 4C,D) . Chaiklahan et al. found that the content of rhamnose in PAP was the highest, but our results showed that the content of glucose was the highest in PAP-1, which may be due to the monosaccharide compositions of PAP being related to its place of origin [45] .

After PAP-1 was oxidized by periodic acid, the consumption of periodic acid and the formation of formic acid were 1.02 mM and 0.08 mM, respectively. The oxidized samples were subjected to smith degradation, and then the products were reduced. The products were mainly erythritol and a small amount of glycerol, which indicated that there were glucose residues linked by (1→4) glycosidic bonds in PAP-1.

Three kinds of connection modes (t-Glc(p); 4-Glc(p); 4,6-Glc(p)) and three derivatives (1,5-di-O-acetyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl glucitol; 1,4,5-tri-O-acetyl-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl glucitol; 1,4,5,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-methyl glucitol) were obtained by methylation analysis of PAP-1 ( Figure 4E-H) .

The 1 H NMR spectrum signals of PAP-1 were mainly concentrated between 3.0 and 5.5 ppm. The proton signals of the sugar ring appeared between δ3.2-4.0 ppm, and the signal peaks of the main terminal matrix were present at δ5.31, 5.26, 5.15, 4.89, and 4.57 ppm and were concentrated in the range of 4.3~5.5 ppm ( Figure 5A ).

From Figure 5B , the signals in the 13 C NMR (201 MHz, D 2 O) spectrum of PAP-1 were mainly concentrated between 60-120 ppm. By observing the carbon spectrum, it can be seen that the main anomeric carbon signal peaks were mainly located between δ93 and 105 ppm; they appeared at δ101. 33 The anomeric carbon signal was at δ101.05, and the corresponding anomeric hydrogen signal was δ5.32 in the HQSC spectrum ( Figure 5C ). Through the HH-COSY spectrum ( Figure 5D ), the signals of H1-2 were at 5.32/3.55, H2-3 was 3.55/3.90 and H3-4 was at 3.90/3.58. We can infer that H1, H2, H3, and H4 corresponded to the peaks at δ5.31, 3.55, 3.90, and 3.58, respectively. The TOCSY spectrum showed that the peak at δ5.32 correlated to the peaks at 3.58, 3.78, and 3.90, and H5 was 3.78 ppm ( Figure 5E ). The corresponding C5 appeared at 72.53, the chemical shift of C6 was δ61.95, and the corresponding H6a was at δ3.79. Therefore, the signal should be attributed to the glycosidic bond →4)-α-Glcp-(1→ [46] .

In the HMBC spectrum ( Figure 5F ), according to the one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectrum, we attributed the glycosidic bond signal of PAP-1. The anomeric hydrogen of glycosidic bond →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→) had a correlation signal peak with its own C4, and the anomeric carbon had a single correlation peak with its own H4, which indicated that there was a linkage mode of → 4)-α-D-glcp-(1 → 4)-α-D-glcp-(1 →). 

PAP-1 could significantly increase cell activity in the range of 25 μg/mL-400 μg/mL within 8-48 h, while PAP-1 at concentrations of 800 μg/mL and 1600 μg/mL significantly decreased the activity of cells at 48 h (p < 0.01) ( Figure 6A ). Perhaps the concentrations of PAP-1 at 800 μg/mL and 1600 μg/mL were a little high, which caused toxic effects on In summary, we can infer that the main glycosidic bond structure of the polysaccharide was a →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ glycosidic bond. The bonding structures and structural formula of PAP-1 are shown in Figure 5G ,H, respectively. Chen et al. showed that the monosaccharides of PAP were mainly composed of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, and glucose with the molar ratio of 3.42:0.76:0.34:0.53:0.43:0.59 [5] . The results of Pr et al. showed that PAP contained a relatively large proportion of galactose [9] . Ma et al. found that PAP was mainly composed of rhamnose, glucose, and galactose [6] . Similarly, Chaiklahan et al. found that the content of rhamnose in PAP was the highest [45] . Li et al. showed that PAP-1 was mainly composed of glucose, which was similar to our results. The difference was that its structure has a C-6 branched by an α-D-Glcp, and its molecular weight was 93.856 KDa. In addition, they obtained spirulina from Fujian Shenliu Health Food Co. (Fujian, China) by alkali liquor extraction, which was different from our purchasing place and extraction method [47] . Perhaps the structures of PAP obtained by different extraction methods in different regions may be similar or different, which were helpful to lay a foundation for further study of its mechanism of action.

PAP-1 could significantly increase cell activity in the range of 25 µg/mL-400 µg/mL within 8-48 h, while PAP-1 at concentrations of 800 µg/mL and 1600 µg/mL significantly decreased the activity of cells at 48 h (p < 0.01) ( Figure 6A ). Perhaps the concentrations of PAP-1 at 800 µg/mL and 1600 µg/mL were a little high, which caused toxic effects on RAW264.7 cells. Most studies have shown that the polysaccharide components isolated and purified from plant polysaccharides can promote cell proliferation in a suitable concentration range (Excessively low concentration of plant polysaccharide may not significantly improve cell activity, while excessive concentration may cause toxicity to cells and inhibit cell proliferation) [10, 48, 49] . This study was consistent with the above research results. Therefore, PAP-1 in the concentration range of 25-400 µg/mL was used for subsequent experiments. Most studies have shown that the polysaccharide components isolated and purified from plant polysaccharides can promote cell proliferation in a suitable concentration range (Excessively low concentration of plant polysaccharide may not significantly improve cell activity, while excessive concentration may cause toxicity to cells and inhibit cell proliferation) [10, 48, 49] . This study was consistent with the above research results. Therefore, PAP-1 in the concentration range of 25-400 μg/mL was used for subsequent experiments. . Bars with # indicate a significant difference between the PRV group, respectively (p < 0.05). ** and ## show the most significant differences with cell group and PRV group, respectively (p < 0.01).

Macrophages are ancient and conservative immune cells that play a key role in host defense and innate immune responses. They can not only initiate the innate immune response but also help to fight infections and inflammation [50] . Adverse stimulation can decrease the activity of macrophages, while plant polysaccharides can increase cell activity caused by harmful stimulation [51] . In this study, the cell activity of the PRV group was highly significantly lower than that of the cell group at 24 h and 48 h (p < 0.01). Compared with the PRV group, PAP-1 in the range of 50-400 µg/mL incubated for 24 h and 48 h significantly increased cell activity (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Among them, PAP-1 groups (50-200 µg/mL) have a better effect, so they were selected for subsequent experiments ( Figure 6B ).

Oxidative stress originates from the imbalance between the oxidant produced by ROS and the endogenous antioxidant. Endogenous and exogenous oxidants are related to disease development [52] . The main component involved in oxidative stress is ROS, which is characterized by oxygen-containing reactive chemicals, such as superoxide anion (O 2

•− ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical ( • OH) and so on. Excessive ROS levels caused by adverse stimulation will cause lipid peroxidation and then produce MDA [53] . MPO can mediate oxidative stress by promoting the production of ROS and reactive nitrogen (RNS) [54] . Xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a homodimer with a molecular weight of 290 kDa, which widely exists in various tissues from bacteria to humans and mammals. XOD uses dioxygen as its substrate to produce O 2

•− and H 2 O 2 [55] . SOD is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of O 2

•− into H 2 O 2 , and then GSH-Px and CAT convert H 2 O 2 into H 2 O [56] . At present, many studies have shown that natural plans can improve the antioxidant activity of hosts and are potent antioxidants, which provide a basis for the development and utilization of antioxidant plants. Natural compounds can alleviate cerebral ischemia injury by targeting the activity of MPO to alleviate oxidative stress [54] . Passiflflora edulis rinds can eliminate the ROS generated by stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils production and inhibit MPO activity to decrease oxidative stress [57] . Taking the XOD inhibitor from plants may be a promising method to prevent microbial infection, inflammation, hypertension, and ischemia/reperfusion injury caused by excessive production of O 2

•− [55] . Okra Polysaccharide can reduce ROS and MDA, and increase SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the liver of mouse type 2 diabetes mellitus model, that is, it can reduce blood sugar by relieving oxidative stress [58] . The treatment of momordica charantia polysaccharides decreased the level of MDA and increased the activities of SOD and CAT in the hippocampus of Kainic acid-induced epileptic rats, and reduced the neuronal damage in the brain induced by kainic acid, which played a neuroprotective role [59] . From Figure 6C , the ROS level in the PRV group was significantly higher than that in the cell group and the levels of ROS in the PAP-1 groups were significantly lower than those in the PRV group at 12-48 h (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). As shown in Figure 7A -F, MDA level, and MPO and XOD activities were significantly increased after PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells, while SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities were extremely significantly decreased (p < 0.01). PAP-1 (50 µg/mL) could significantly reduce MDA level, MPO activity, and increase SOD and CAT activities (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL of PAP-1 could significantly reduce the level of MDA, the activities of MPO and XOD, and increase the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px (p < 0.01). The expression levels of MPO and XOD mRNA increased significantly (p < 0.01), while the mRNA expression levels of SOD and GSH-Px decreased significantly after PRV infected RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Different concentrations of PAP-1 can significantly reduce the expression levels of MPO and XOD mRNA, and significantly increase the mRNA expression levels of SOD and GSH-Px (p < 0.01) ( Figure 7G ). The results of this study are also consistent with those of the above studies. The results indicated that PAP-1 with different concentrations could protect RAW264.7 cells by improving the antioxidant capacity of PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which PAP-1 acts on PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells needs further study. indicated that PAP-1 with different concentrations could protect RAW264.7 cells by improving the antioxidant capacity of PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which PAP-1 acts on PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells needs further study. More and more evidence show that circRNA is closely related to virus infection, and it may play an important role in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of diseases through miRNA. CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA, a regulatory network, has also become an important direction of Chinese herbal medicine regulation. There are 151 circRNAs, 56 miRNAs, and 341 mRNAs differentially expressed in Orf virus-infected goatskin fibroblast cells [60] . The brains of mice infected with Rabies virus were sequenced, and the constructed circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was composed of 25 differentially expressed circRNAs, 29 miRNAs, and 264 mRNAs [61] . In this study, there were 17 differentially expressed circRNAs, 117 miRNAs, and 2113 mRNAs between C group and CV group ( Figure 8A -C) (p < 0.05, FC > 1.5). There are 13 differentially expressed circRNAs, 90 miRNAs, and 175 mRNAs between the CV group and the CVM group ( Figure 8D -F) (p < 0.05, FC > 1.5). Heat map generated by hierarchical clustering analysis of differentially expressed circRNA ( Figure 8G ,J), miRNA ( Figure 8H ,K), and mRNA ( Figure 8I ,L) showed that all samples were clustered into cell groups (C1, C2, C3), PRV group (CV1, CV2, CV3), and PAP-1 group (CVM1, CVM2, CVM3). The results indicated that PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells and PAP-1 acting on PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells caused the differential expression of circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA. To further analyze the regulatory roles among circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA, Cytoscape 3.7.1 software was used to construct a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network diagram ( Figure 9 ). Generally, the expression correlation between ceRNAs is negatively correlated, that is, circRNA can down-regulate the expression of target miRNAs, and miR-NAs can down-regulate mRNA expression. Therefore, the regulatory effect of PAP-1 on PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells was screened based on the expression correlation of circRNA, miRNA and mRNA. Among them, 10 circRNAs, 30 miRNAs, and 71 mRNAs were involved in network regulation. Compared with the CV group, the mRNA expression levels of Igf1, Gclm, Sqstm1, and Slc7a11 genes related to antioxidant activities in the CVM group were significantly increased. The results showed that PRV-infected RAV264.7 cells caused a change in the regulation of the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, and PAP-1 acting on PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells may improve antioxidant activity by regulating the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network.

To reveal the potential functions of differentially expressed circRNA, we used the Gene Ontology website and Innovative Path Analysis software to enrich the functions and signal pathways of circRNA and miRNA-targeted mRNA. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis includes molecular function, cellular component, biological process. The differentially expressed mRNAs screened from C Group and CV Group ( Figure 10A -C) or CV Group and CVM Group ( Figure 10D -F) were analyzed for Gene Ontology function enrichment by David database. In the molecular function of CV Group and CVM Group, genes are mainly enriched in peroxidase activity, antioxidant activity, and oxidoreductase activity acting on peroxide as acceptor, etc. Enrichment and screening of KEGG pathway in C group and CV group resulted in 315 signaling pathways, involving osteogenic class differentiation, c-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Viral carcinogenesis, TNF signaling pathway, herpes simplex infection, nod-like receptor signaling pathway, microRNAs in cancer, Malaria et al. (Figure 11A-D) . 171 signal pathways were obtained by enrichment and screening of the KEGG pathway in the CV Group and the CVM Group, which mainly involved systemic lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, necroposis, viral carcinogenesis, fluid shear stress and atheroslerosis, transcriptional misregulation in cancers, and others signaling pathways ( Figure 11E-H) . Chicken infected with ALV-J also caused the differential expression of circRNA, in which circRNA_3079 and predicted target genes were mostly concentrated in immune or tumor-related signaling pathways, such as p53 signaling pathway, JAK-stat signaling pathway, nod-like receptor signaling pathway, and other signaling pathways [62] . In addition, total saponins from the leaves of Panax notoginseng saponins can regulate chronic unpredictable mild stress. In the model group, the ventral median prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of C57BL male mice expressed a large amount of circRNA, which may be an important mediator of the antidepressant effect of Panax notoginseng saponins [63] . The abnormal expression of circRNA may lead to defective or abnormal cell functions, resulting in a variety of human diseases. At the same time, circRNA can be used as a good biomarker because of its structural stability and high tissue specificity [64, 65] , so it may become a more accurate and effective target for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the future. In conclusion, ceRNA-seq showed that PAP-1 increased the expression of antioxidationrelated genes in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells by regulating the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, and caused changes in antioxidation-related signaling pathways. This study can provide a research basis for circRNA-miRNA-mRNA as a drug target to improve the antioxidant capacity of virus-infected cells.

PAP obtained from the enzyme-assisted hot water extraction method was isolated and purified, and the structure of PAP-1 was deeply studied. The main glycosidic bond structure of PAP-1 was →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→. PAP-1 could increase the antioxidant capacity of PRVinfected RAW264.7 cells by regulating oxidation and antioxidant factors (MDA, MPO, XOD, SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT). In addition, the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed, and the biological functions and regulatory pathways of differentially expressed mRNA in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells incubated with PAP-1 were analyzed. We found that PAP-1 may be increased the antioxidant activity of PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells by regulating circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks and antioxidation-related signaling pathways. This study can lay a certain experimental foundation and open up a new idea for elucidating the activity of PAP-1 from the structure. 

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Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.