key: cord-0896398-s4t13oy3 authors: Kumar, Abhinandan; Hasija, Vasudha; Sudhaik, Anita; Raizada, Pankaj; Nguyen, Van-Huy; Van Le, Quyet; Singh, Pardeep; Nguyen, D.C.; Thakur, Sourbh; Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar title: The practicality and prospects for disinfection control by photocatalysis during and post-pandemic: A critical review date: 2022-01-26 journal: Environ Res DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112814 sha: ac3db80d6adc2f3e054245b023794f20086f75c6 doc_id: 896398 cord_uid: s4t13oy3 The prevalence of global health implications from the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the innovation and large-scale application of disinfection technologies for contaminated surfaces, air, and wastewater as the significant transmission media of disease. To date, primarily recommended disinfection practices are energy exhausting, chemical driven, and cause severe impact on the environment. The research on advanced oxidation processes has been recognized as promising strategies for disinfection purposes. In particular, semiconductor-based photocatalysis is an effective renewable solar-driven technology that relies on the reactive oxidative species, mainly hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide (•O(2)(−)) radicals, for rupturing the capsid shell of the virus and loss of pathogenicity. However, the limited understanding of critical aspects such as viral photo-inactivation mechanism, rapid virus mutagenicity, and virus viability for a prolonged time restricts the large-scale application of photocatalytic disinfection technology. In this work, fundamentals of photocatalysis disinfection phenomena are addressed with a reviewed remark on the reported literature of semiconductor photocatalysts efficacies against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, to validate the photocatalysis process on an industrial scale, we provide updated data on available commercial modalities for an effective virus photo-inactivation process. An elaborative discussion on the long-term challenges and sustainable solutions is suggested to fill in the existing knowledge gaps. We anticipate this review will ignite interest among researchers to pave the way to the photocatalysis process for disinfecting virus-contaminated environments and surfaces for current and future pandemics. Similarly, in Japan, a hefty hike in alcohol disinfectants (2,000%) was reported by a local 194 company in April 2020 to overcome the shortage (News, 2020b ). In the same way, an 195 apparent spike of 166% and 343% of multipurpose cleaner and aerosol disinfectant, 196 respectively, was seen in the USA, which drastically affected their supply chain (Guynn, 197 2020). Interestingly, a total of 1,963.58 t of disinfectants were utilized for wastewater 198 disinfection in Wuhan between 29 January to 18 February, 2020 (net, 2020). Notably, for However, to optimize the energy consumption and environmental footprints of these 221 techniques, a more in-depth assessment is required with a potential alternative for 222 disinfecting water, air, and surfaces. Certainly, photocatalysis is an advanced "green The oxidation of compounds can be directly carried by ℎ + only before their capture within process is a complex phenomenon with a complicated mechanism. Therefore, less work is 323 reported on the antiviral activities of these materials. However, efforts have been made to 324 explore the mechanistic insights and photo-inactivation properties of g-C3N4 for µg/mL after 6 h visible light illumination (Fig. 4b) . To further ascertain the cause of MS2 328 particles death, RNA of photocatalytically treated MS2 was analyzed with qRT-PCR, which 329 depicted 4.5 log decline in viral RNA, confirming inhibition in viral reproduction. 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