key: cord-0894638-tpv1jnsw
authors: Uz, Burak; Savaşan, Esra; Soğancı, Dila
title: Anxiety, Depression and Burnout Levels of Turkish Healthcare Workers at the End of the First Period of COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey
date: 2022-02-28
journal: Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci
DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.1.97
sha: 36b92a1d6d080bae6c337fad263d0f2ee2688f03
doc_id: 894638
cord_uid: tpv1jnsw

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 pandemic affected the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs) as well as their physical health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anxiety, depression and burnout levels of Turkish HCWs after the first period of the pandemic. METHODS: The participants filled sociodemographic data form, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). RESULTS: In this study, 221 HCWs (68.8% female) with a median age of 28 (20−66) years were included. Concerning HADS cut-off points, 39.8% of the participants scored above the depression cut-off point, while 26.2% scored above the cut-off point for anxiety. The anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D) scores of nurses and medical secretaries were significantly higher than the physicians. Also, the anxiety and depression rates of nurses were higher than both physicians and medical secretaries. Emotional exhaustion (MBI-EE) and depersonalization (MBI-D) scores were highest in nurses, followed by medical secretaries and physicians, respectively. In multivariate analysis, being a nurse (OR 4.671, p = 0.044) or medical secretary (OR 4.013, p = 0.048), requirement of using a mental health support line (OR 4.641, p = 0.005), having any kind of addiction (OR 2.562, p = 0.019) and being under antidepressant therapy (OR 3.096, p = 0.036) significantly increased the risk of anxiety. However, in multivariate analyses, the only requirement of using a mental health support line significantly increased the risk of depression (OR 8.542, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Female HCWs, nurses and medical secretaries experienced higher levels of mental health symptoms than male HCWs and physicians.

The worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) continues to be a major public health concern. The first validated case was diagnosed on March 11, 2020, in Turkey. As of 05 November, 386,820 individuals have been diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 2,564 in-dividuals (0.66%) are being seriously ill, and 10,639 individuals (2.75%) have lost their lives [1] .

Similar to previous pandemics [2] , owing to the disease itself or related lockdowns and isolation procedures, COVID-19 pandemic also resulted in many psychosocial impacts on healthcare workers (HCWs) both in the short and long-term periods. Mental health problems faced by medical staff during this devastating period highly varied from more frequently encountered effects, such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, burnouts, increased stress, to less frequently exposed ones, like substance abuse or suicidal behavior [3] . Fundamentally, all these mentioned psychological responses can be seen as an escape or a natural defense mechanism given to a crisis. Facing an emerging and fast-spreading disease with many unknown points (concerning contagion, etiopathogenesis and complications), but without an effective treatment, increased the uncertainty and anxiety levels of HCWs. The lack of preventive vaccine, ongoing outbreak and disease-related deaths, and particularly coping with the loss of their colleagues against the battle to COVID-19 further aggravated distress levels of medical staff. Fear of self-contamination or concern of transmitting the virus to family members and close relatives, especially to elderly people with chronic disorders or those with immune deficiency, increased the risk of profound anxiety [4] . Intense work environment under intense stress, lack of adequate medical staff or personal protective equipment, as well as high expectations from HCWs could trigger emotional outbursts resulting in a feeling of worthlessness, burnouts and withdrawal among HCWs [5, 6] .

The proximity of the medical staff to COVID-19 positive patients will increase their contamination risk accordingly. Nurses, physicians and patient caregivers working at emergency wards, infection or respiratory diseases, or isolation units are particularly involved in SARS-CoV-2 infected patient care. We can define those individuals as "frontline HCWs" who are the most vulnerable to mental health problems due to pandemic [7] . Most of these frontline HCWs are being isolated and quarantined who are likely to perceive greater stigmatization than the other HCWs (who are not involved directly in COVID-19 patient care) and consistently more affected psychologically. High-risk perception of HCWs due to increased disease awareness, inadequate social support arising from isolation and stigmatization, accompanied by previous or current psychiatric illnesses or possible financial problems due to flexible working hours and disgraceful reports on doctor assaults after deaths of COVID-19 patients may trigger psychological events at any time during the combat against pandemic [3] .

A limited number of studies elucidating the inevitable effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health status of HCWs has been reported. We hypothesized that anxiety, depression and burnout levels in Turkish HCWs might increase during the recent pandemic. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate anxiety, depression and burnout levels of Turkish HCWs after the first peak of the COVID-19 outbreak and investigate potential risk factors during this hugely challenging period.

This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital in Samsun, Turkey. The present study aimed to measure the levels of anxiety, depression and burnout levels among HCWs (physicians, nurses, and medical secretaries). The participants who gave informed consent were able to fill sociodemographic data form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). This study was conducted in accordance with the rules of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Since our study was a single-center study and a limited number of healthcare professionals was employed, we planned to include all physicians and nurses in our study. On the other hand, although medical secretaries were not anticipated in the frontline setting of combat against COVID-19, they were deemed appropriate to be included in this study, as they were large in number (n = 97) and produced valuable support for frontline HCWs in the background. Sixty-four out of 97 physicians (65.9%), 87 out of 150 nurses (58.0%), and 70 out of 97 medical secretaries (72.2%) were included in this study; missing/drop-out participants are shown by a diagram (Fig. 1) . The participants who were willing to participate in our study and signed the informed consent form were included. The exclusion criteria included the HCWs who did not sign the informed consent form and HCWs with missed or abandoned study forms. Besides, the personnel other than physicians, nurses, or medical secretaries (administrative staff, cleaning staff, security guards, technical service personnel, or other operators) were also excluded from this study. This study was conducted between 16 June 2020 and 31 August 2020.

This form was designed by the investigators and included two main parts: (a) Sociodemographic data of the participants and (b) Questionnaire dedicated for COVID-19 pandemic.

The HADS was developed by Zigmond and Snaith [8] , which is used to investigate anxiety and depression levels in a certain society and hospital samples. It consists of two There are 14 items in total, seven items in each scale. Each question is scored as 0−3 on the 4-point Likert scale, and higher scores indicate increased severity of anxiety and depression. The total score for each subscale ranges from 0 to 21. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the HADS were conducted by Aydemir et al. [9] . Using ROC analysis, cut-off scores for Turkish society have been determined as 10 for anxiety and 7 for depression subscale.

The MBI was developed by Maslach and Jackson [10] , which is used to investigate occupational burnout levels of certain individuals or groups. It consists of 22 items in total and the MBI measures three dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion (MBI-EE, 9 items), depersonalization (MBI-D, 5 items) and personal accomplishment (MBI-PA, 8 items). Each question/proposition is scored between 0 and 4 on the 5-point Likert scale. Individuals with increased burnout levels are expected to have high MBI-EE and MBI-D scores but low MBI-PA scores. In contrast, lower scores of MBI-EE and MBI-D, but a high MBI-PA score indicates an individual with decreased levels of burnout. The adaptation of the MBI for Turkish society was performed by Ergin [11] .

Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) is the original and most commonly used version of the MBI. MBI-HSS was developed to detect burnout levels of professionals working in the human services, including nurses, physicians, health aides or counselors [10, 12] . In the present study, the MBI-HSS version was used to investigate burnout levels of HCWs.

The Ministry of Health approval was obtained on June 12th, 2020 (form number: 2020-06-09T12_21_59). Institutional Academic and Ethical Committee approval was also obtained on June 18th, 2020, from Medicana International Samsun Hospital (no. 7106).

The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 25 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics of categorical variables were presented as number and percent. A chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. The variables were investigated using the visual and analytical methods (Kolmogorov−Smirnov/Shapiro−Wilk's test) whether or not they were normally distributed. Descriptive statistics of numerical variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed or median (min−max) for non-normally distributed variables. Independent Sample t test and one-way ANOVA analysis were used to compare groups for normally distributed variables. In the subgroup analysis of multiple groups, Tukey or Tamhane tests were used according to the homogeneity of the variances. Intergroup homogeneity of variance of normally distributed variables was evaluated with the Levene test. For non-normally distributed variables, Mann−Whitney U and Kruskal−Wallis tests were performed. Pairwise comparisons were used to compare multiple groups without normal distribution. Values are presented as number (%).

The correlation coefficients for the numerical variables did not show a normal distribution; therefore, Spearman's rho coefficient was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate risk factors that could affect HADS. p values of ＜ 0.05, ＜ 0.01, and ＜ 0.001 were considered as statistically significant.

In this study, 221 HCWs (68.8% female) with a median age of 28 (20−66) years were included. Medical staff consisted of 64 (29.0%) doctors, 87 nurses (39.4%) and 70 medical secretaries (31.7%). The detailed demographic data of the participants are depicted in Tables 1, 2 .

The average monthly household income of the study sample was as follows: over 8,000 Turkish Lira (TL) in 64 (29.0%) participants, 4,500−8,000 TL in 49 (22.2%) participants, and 2,000−4,500 TL in 108 (48.9%) participants.

Concerning HADS cut-off points [9] , 39.8% (n = 88) of the participants scored above the depression cut-off point, When the groups were evaluated according to MBI-EE, the mean score of at least one group was significantly different from others (p ＜ 0.001). Similary, when the groups were evaluated according to MBI-D, the mean score of at least one group was significantly different from others (p = 0.002). c p ＜ 0.001; d p ＜ 0.01. 

A comparison of MBI subscale scores concerning profession groups is given in Table 4 . The mean MBI-EE score was highest in nurses (19.10 ± 9.17), followed by medical secretaries (14.37 ± 6.89) and lowest in physicians (10.81 ± 6.48). All p values were statistically significant between groups (pphysician-nurse ＜ 0.001; pphysician-medical secretary = 0.008; p nurse-medical secretary = 0.001). The mean MBI-D score was significantly higher in nurses than in medical secretaries (p nurse-medical secretary = 0.024) and physicians (p physician-nurse = 0.004), while the physicians and medical secretaries had similar MBI-D scores (pphysician-medical secretary = 0.898). However, MBI-PA scores were similar between study groups (p = 0.238).

HADS-A and HADS-D scores were significantly higher among women, individuals without a post-graduate or PhD education level, who were single and not having a child. Additionally, increased daily working time (at all levels), receiving antidepressant, the requirement of using a mental health support line and having suicidal behaviour were significantly associated with higher HADS-A and HADS-D scores.

HADS-A and HADS-D scores were significantly lower in those whose total professional experience was ≥ 20 years than those whose total professional experience was ＜ 20 years (p ＜ 0.001). HADS-D scores were significantly lower in those whose number of shifts per month was 0 or 1−3 than those whose number of shifts was ≥ 10 (5.6 ± 3.8, 5.4 ± 3.2, and 8.8 ± 4.6, respectively; p ＜ 0.001).

Similarly, HADS-A scores of individuals who did not have shifts were significantly low than those whose number of shifts per month was ≥ 10 (6.3 ± 4.2 vs. 10.8 ± 5.2; p ＜ 0.001).

Having a COVID-19 positive individual among friends or relatives, not to have any change in working status (as compared to flexible working) and finding the measures taken by the institution as partially sufficient or insufficient were significantly associated with higher scores of HADS-A and HADS-D. In addition, individuals living with only their spouse had significantly lower median HADS-A scores (p = 0.020).

MBI-EE scores were significantly higher among women, individuals without a post-graduate or PhD educational status, who are single, without a child, and those with a higher daily working time schedules (at all levels). Additionally, the requirement of antidepressant treatment or a mental health support line and the presence of suicidal behaviour were also associated with increased MBI-EE scores. MBI-EE scores were significantly lower in those whose total professional experience was ≥ 20 years than those whose total professional experience was ＜ 20 years (p ＜ 0.001). Similarly, MBI-EE scores of individuals who did not have shifts were significantly low than those whose number of shifts per month was ≥ 10 (13.6 ± 7.7 vs. 19.7 ± 9.4; p ＜ 0.001).

The presence of a patient with COVID-19 among friends or relatives, no change in working condition (as compared to flexible working), finding the measures taken against the pandemic partially sufficient or insufficient, and not following the current media were significantly associated with increased MBI-EE scores. In contrast, individuals living with only their spouse had significantly lower mean MBI-EE scores (p = 0.014).

MBI-D scores were significantly higher in participants with busier daily working time schedules (at every level) and participants required for a mental health support line. In addition, having an individual diagnosed with COVID-19 among friends/relatives and not having a change in working status (as compared to flexible working) were significantly associated with higher MBI-D scores. MBI-D scores of individuals who did not have shifts were significantly low than those whose number of shifts per month was ≥ 10 (4.1 ± 3.3 vs. 6.5 ± 4.5; p = 0.002).

Other variables and the total time of professional experience did not affect MBI-D scores significantly.

MBI-PA scores were identified as significantly higher among individuals with a child, without previous or current psychiatric illness, not receiving antidepressants, and without suicidal behaviour. In addition, finding the measures taken by the institution during the pandemic as sufficient and following current media significantly increased MBI-PA scores. Other factors, the total time of professional experience and number of shifts per month, did not affect MBI-PA scores significantly.

Risk factors affecting the participants' anxiety status were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the results are presented in Table 5 . According to the results of univariate logistic regression analysis, the independent risk factors affecting the anxiety status were gender, having children, profession, use of mental support line, adequacy of the measures taken by the institution, presence of the COVID-19 among friends or close environment, media follow-up and daily working hours. In multivariate analysis, being a nurse (odds ratio [ were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the results are shown in Table  6 . According to the results of the univariate logistic regression analysis, the independent risk factors affecting the depression status were gender, having children, profession, the requirement of using a mental health support line, adequacy of the measures taken by the institution, presence of COVID-19 among friends or close relatives, presence of psychiatric disease and daily working hours. In multivariate analysis, only using a mental health support line increased depression risk 8.542 folds than nonusers (OR: 8.542, 95% CI: 2.320−31.449, p = 0.001).

Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total HAD score, HADS-D and HADS-A subscales were 0.893, 0.776, and 0.868, respectively. On the other hand, Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated for the total MBI, MBI-EE, MBI-D and MBI-PA subscales were 0.794, 0.905, 0.696, and 0.733, respectively. Consequently, the reliability of both scales and their subscales were considered adequate [13] .

Concurrent validity analyses of the HADS and MBI subscales are depicted in Table 7 . There was a positive and very good correlation between HADS-A and HADS-D (r s : 0.720, p ＜ 0.001). 

The present study was conducted following the first period of the pandemic in Turkey. Despite efforts taken for normalization, the overall anxiety and depression rates were considerably high (26.2% and 39.8%, respectively) among Turkish HCWs. In a Chinese study [14] , the proportion of HCWs who experienced symptoms of anxiety and depression was much higher than our results (44.6% and 50.4%, respectively). Ayhan Başer et al. [15] reported that women, HCWs and people with psychiatric illness had significantly higher levels of anxiety. Mild, moderate and severe anxiety rates of HCWs were reported as 76.5%, 12.9%, and 11.5%, respectively. The increased rates of mental health symptoms among HCWs could be explained by the high-risk perception of medical staff compared to the general population [16] , inevitable close contact with patients with COVID-19 and fear of contaminating their relatives. Uncertainty of the pandemic period also triggered anxiety and increased hopelessness levels of people during the first month of the pandemic in Turkey [17] .

During the pandemic, the most affected profession group was nurses, followed by medical secretaries and physicians concerning mental health. Our findings were in accordance with the current literature [18] . In a crosssectional study that was conducted in the first month of the pandemic in Turkey, the state anxiety levels of nurses were higher than both doctors and other HCWs [17] . Lai et al. [14] reported that women, nurses and front-line HCWs experienced more severe mental health symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia and distress than other HCWs. The susceptibility of nurses to mental health disorders could be explained by several factors: (a) The frequency of mental health disorders is higher in women among HCWs [18] [19] [20] , and nurses are generally female. In our study, 88.5% of the nurses, 82.9% of the medical secretaries, and only 26.6% of the physicians were female. (b) Nurses were more directly participated in the treatment and patient care processes of high-risk patients compared to physicians [21] . (c) Hormonal differences might occur due to gender [22, 23] . Although the physicians are anticipated to treat the COVID-19 patients at the frontline, the medical secretaries demonstrated worse mental health symptoms. This result could be explained by higher education status, awareness about COVID-19 and monthly income levels of the physicians. Similar to nurses, a great majority of the medical secretaries were female.

The anxiety levels of HCWs have increased with the increase in weekly working hours [17] . Our results are also compatible with this report. HADS-A, HADS-D, MBI-EE, and MBI-D scores were all higher in medical staff with a daily working time of ≥ 12 hours than those with ＜ 12 hours. In univariate regression analyses, it was shown that both anxiety and depression rates increased with the higher daily working time of ≥ 12 hours (6.67 and 4.36 folds, respectively) than those with ≤ 8 hours. A flexible working arrangement decreased anxiety, depression and burnout levels than a fixed working schedule.

Physician trainees who were exposed to patients with COVID-19 were more likely to be burned out [24] . In a study conducted at the peak period of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic, MBI-EE and gratification levels of Italian HCWs significantly increased. While Italy was one of the European countries most affected by the pandemic, higher gratification levels of Italian HCWs were considered a relative protective factor against increased levels of work-related distress and EE induced by the COVID-19 outbreak [25] . In Turkish adults, using a COVID-19 Burnout Scale, it was shown that the relationship between COVID-19 burnout and COVID-19 stress was partially mediated by resilience [26] . In the present study, women HCWs, nurses, unmarried individuals, HCWs working ≥ 12 hours per day had higher MBI-EE scores. On the other hand, staff whose total professional experience was ＞ 20 years had lower MBI-EE levels, which might be considered a "crystallized intelligence" with increasing experience, as demonstrated previously [27] . Yildirim et al. [28] also showed that young HCWs had higher health anxiety inventory scores than aged HCWs.

In the present study, the HCWs with higher educational levels had lower anxiety, depression and MBI-EE scores, which could suggest a positive effect of education on mental well-being. Our results were consistent with the current literature [20, 29, 30] . In contrast, university graduate nurses and anesthetic technicians had significantly higher anxiety scores, possibly due to increased awareness [30] .

MBI-PA scores of the individuals without a current or previous psychiatric disorder were higher than those who had a psychiatric illness. Using antidepressants or having suicidal behaviour increased depression, anxiety and MBI-D subscores while decreased MBI-PA subscores.

Moreover, in multivariate regression analyses, we have shown that having an addiction or being under antidepressant treatment has increased the risk of anxiety. Similar to our results, the previous history of a psychiatric disorder has been reported as a risk factor for anxiety and health anxiety but not a risk factor for depression in a Turkish population sample [31] . Prevalence of anxiety, depression, insomnia and distress symptoms were significantly higher among Turkish HCWs with a psychiatric disorder and those HCWs receiving psychiatric support during the pandemic [32] . Suicidal behaviour, including suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, may further emerge in vulnerable populations during or after the peak period of the COVID-19 crisis. The elderly, medical staff, individuals with pre-existing or current psychiatric disorders, people without economic independence are at risk of suicidal behaviour. Stress-related mood and substance use disorders are also associated with suicidal behaviour [33, 34] . In the present study, only five (2.3%) individuals stated suicidal behaviour with one (0.5%) suicide attempt, whereas 84 (38.0%) individuals had an addiction, mostly to cigarettes, followed by alcohol and substance.

Advanced age and accompanying chronic diseases are the most important predictors of mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic [35] . The individuals with chronic disease had increased levels of depression, anxiety and health anxiety levels [31] . State anxiety, trait anxiety and hopelessness levels were higher in individuals who live with an individual aged above 60 than those who did not [17] . Unexpectedly, in our study, anxiety, depression or burnout levels of HCWs did not alter significantly in terms of having a comorbid disease or living with an elderly individual at the same residence.

Our hospital was converted into a pandemic hospital towards the end of March 2020 by the Ministry of Health. To take the protective measures against COVID-19, an executive committee was set up by our institution. This team held regular meetings to solve the emerging challenges and collaborated with the local health authority. The participants who found the protective measures adequate (29.9%) had significantly low depression, anxiety and MBI-EE subscores, but significantly higher MBI-PA subscores than those who found these measures partially adequate or inadequate. Partly similar to our current results, the anxiety levels were high in people who stated that their close environment did not adhere to precautions taken for the pandemic, while people who stated that they adhered less to protective measures had low anxiety levels [15] .

To adapt to the new conditions brought by COVID-19 and prevent acute stress disorders, a limited number of preventive mental health services has been offered to HCWs in Turkey. "Healthcare Professionals Mental Support Line," which offers 7/24 hours face-to-face live phone calls with volunteer psychiatrists, was opened on the 6th of April 2020 by the Psychiatric Association of Turkey. Unsurprisingly, the calls from HCWs considerably increased when the first physician loss occurred due to COVID-19, on the 1st of April 2020 [36] . A mobile application named "RUHSAD", which enables a remote support system by video-calls with experts, was also offered on 16th of April 2020 by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health [37] . In the present study, a considerable number of HCWs (43.0%) was aware of a mental health support line. However, only 10.4% of those required to use this line. Being aware of such a line did not relate with HADS-A, HADS-D or burnout scores, whereas the requirement of using such a line was associated with increased HADS-A, HADS-D, MBI-EE and MBI-D scores than those who did not. Moreover, in multivariate regression analysis, it was shown that the requirement of using a mental health support line was the only factor that increased the risk of depression among HCWs.

According to a web-based study conducted at the first period of the outbreak [15] , the most common source of information about COVID-19 was internet/social media (99.7%), followed by TV (75.4%), inner circle (wife, relatives, neighbors, and friends; 24.4%), press (15.1%) and radio (10.3%). During the lockdown, the anxiety and distress levels increased due to a constant stream of information or excessive speculations on TV/social media platforms. In contrast, the prevalence of avoidance behaviour ranged from 4.3% to 4.9% during pandemics [31, 38] . In the present study, seven (3.2%) participants did not follow media, which may indicate avoidance behaviour as a defense mechanism. These people who did not follow media had higher anxiety and MBI-EE scores but had lower MBI-PA scores than people who followed media at any level.

This study has several limitations. Firstly, due to its cross-sectional design, it is not possible to derive causal relationships from this research. Secondly, the study data were collected from a restricted population sample at a single institution. The study sample has a selection bias because of its characteristics. Our sample is highly educated (Table 1) , economically stable, and has good social support. Thus, the results should be interpreted with caution. Finally, there may be conflicting outcomes between our results and the existing literature concerning anxiety and depression rates, which could be related to using different scales and cut-off values. Besides these limitations, our study has some strengths. This study provided valuable aspects about the anxiety, depression and burnout levels of Turkish HCWs at the end of the first period of the pandemic. A relatively high number of individuals (n = 221), including three main groups (nurses, physicians, and medical secretaries), who can be in close contact during the management of patients with COVID-19, were evaluated. To our knowledge, medical secretaries have been evaluated for the first time as a separate group of the profession with our study. Additionally, no previous studies from Turkey have investigated burnout levels of HCWs during the pandemic, as well as anxiety and depression rates.

This study has drawn attention to high levels of anxiety, depression and burnout among Turkish HCWs after the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. By giving priority to high-risk groups (nurses, medical secretaries, HCWs who required telepsychiatric services, individuals with any kind of addiction and those under antidepressant treatment), it will be essential to provide psychiatric support to all HCWs in need. Switching to a flexible working schedule may decrease work-induce distress and therefore mitigate mental health symptoms induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Local psychiatric teams can be established at an institutional base, which can determine risky staff periodically using simple and survey-based scales. HCWs can also be encouraged to use telepsychiatric services whenever they need them. The results of this study may further motivate mental healthcare professionals to provide timely interventions to prevent and reduce the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health status of HCWs.

We would like to thank all of the individuals who have participated in this study, and especially Irem Tarhan, for her assistance with data collection.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Table 19 patient Covidien-Turkey

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Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak

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Prevalence of poor psychiatric status and sleep quality among frontline healthcare workers during and after the COVID-19 outbreak: a longitudinal study

The hospital anxiety and depression scale

Validity and reliability of Turkish version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

Maslach burnout inventory

Maslach burnout inventory

SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference 11.0 update

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Assessment of individuals' attitude, knowledge and anxiety towards COVID-19 at the first period of the outbreak in Turkey: a web-based cross-sectional survey

Differences between health workers and general population in risk perception, behaviors, and psychological distress related to COVID-19 spread in Italy

Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey

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Mental disorders among workers in the healthcare industry: 2014 national health insurance data

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Burnout and somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 burnout, COVID-19 stress and resilience: initial psychometric properties of COVID-19 Burnout Scale

Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: a critical experiment

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Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey

Evaluation of depression and anxiety levels and related factors among operating theater workers during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic

Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender

Prevalence of depression, anxiety, distress and insomnia and related factors in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates

Suicidal behavior in light of COVID-19 outbreak: clinical challenges and treatment perspectives

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Turkey Psychiatric Association. COVID-19 and mental health

Mobile psychological support to healthcare professionals

Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: cross sectional telephone survey