key: cord-0893421-srirueus
authors: Tong NG, Wee
title: COVID -19: PROTECTION OF WORKERS AT THE WORKPLACE IN SINGAPORE
date: 2020-10-08
journal: Saf Health Work
DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.09.013
sha: 97da460bd4f1f9b84b42b7db3916054f6716eed5
doc_id: 893421
cord_uid: srirueus

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in movement restrictions being instituted globally and the cessation of work at many workplaces. However, during this period, essential services such as healthcare, law enforcement and critical production and supply chain operations have been required to continue to function. In Singapore, measures were put in place to protect the workers from infection at the workplace, as well as to preserve the operational capability of the essential service in a COVID-19 pandemic environment. This paper critically analyses the measures that were implemented and discusses the extension to broader general industry.

Non-emergency access to workplaces were reduced to minimal designated one-way entrance and exit points. All employees as well as visitors and contractors had their temperature taken on ingress and egress from the workplace. Access temperature taking was commonly performed via non-contact infrared temporal artery thermometers. If the threshold value (37.5 degrees Celsius) was exceeded, the person was denied entry, given a surgical mask (if they were not wearing one), and advised to seek immediate medical attention. If a fever was detected at the exit, the procedure for management of a suspect case at the workplace was initiated. For larger workplaces, the use of infra-red thermographic camera systems replaced manual temperature taking at both the entrance and exit.

Use of mass temperature screening, in this context, was utilised during the SARS (2003) and H1N1 (2009) outbreaks by various Asian countries. Whilst the screening characteristics of such an approach is not optimal, with one report stating sensitivity 70%, specificity 92%, positive predictive value 42% and negative predictive value 97% [2] , active surveillance has been suggested to have possible benefits in slowing the spread of disease in a pandemic setting [3] . Thus, while mass temperature screening has a role in infection control in the workplace, it must be coupled with other complementary measures.

Workers are also mandated to wear a surgical or cotton mask whilst at the workplace, including all workers in production areas and open plan offices. Workers were instructed that they could remove their masks only in the toilets and during their meals. The evidence that surgical and cotton masks do not protect the wearer against aerosol inhalation of viral pathogens is strong and predates the COVID-19 pandemic [4] . However, the current premise for the use of cotton masks is not to protect the wearer against aerosol inhalation. It is postulated that cotton masks can reduce fomite contamination of the environment by the wearer as well as reduce fomite transfer from the environment to the nasal area of the wearer, by the wearer's hands. Thus, while surgical and cotton masks cannot be recommended for high risk exposure such as front-line health care workers (where N95 masks are compulsory), the premise of community mitigation described above requires further study. A recent meta-analysis of observational J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f studies suggested some benefit in community use of surgical and cotton masks [5] . Apart from this study, there is insufficient evidence to fully recommend or reject the use of surgical and cotton masks for community mitigation. Its current use is predicated on the theoretical benefits outweighing the theoretical harm. Use of these masks in this manner also requires the workers to be educated in maintaining the cleanliness of the mask as well as performing disciplined hand disinfection (either through alcohol sanitisers or hand washing) upon mask removal.

At a national level, social distancing was introduced as a measure to reduce the risks of aerosol spread and direct fomite contamination of a person's body and clothes. At the workplace, this was implemented as separation of workstations and workers by at least one metre, reduction of worker density by encouraging work-from-home and transiting face-to-face meetings to teleconferencing platforms [6] .

The practice of hot desking was suspended and common areas such as canteens and worker rest areas were re-organised to facilitate worker separation. Where possible, workplaces were encouraged to install screens between workers. Social gatherings and cohesion events were cancelled or postponed. As a stand-alone measure, the impact of social distancing on infection control has not been quantitatively reported. However, working in concert with other measures, the impact has been modelled to significantly reduce the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 [7] . Social distancing should also be implemented in a culturally and ethically sensitive manner [8] . For example, in Singapore, this has included considerations such as temporary allocation of larger rooms at workplaces to facilitate social distancing for Muslims during daily prayers.

In common areas with unavoidable large footfall, such as toilets, canteens and lifts, cleaning and disinfection frequency was increased, especially after high usage periods. Unnecessary common contact points such as fingerprint recognition attendance or access systems were converted back to their nontouch card-based modes where available or otherwise suspended. Transportation times were staggered and waiting areas for transport were increased where possible to reduce worker density at these areas. To J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f prevent congestion at public bus and subway stops, workers were released from the workplace at staggered intervals, according to their cohort segregation, as described below.

Workplaces need to monitor the constantly evolving risk to their workforce. Monitoring includes tracking of workers that have been, or living with someone that is, identified as a contact and issued with lawful stay-at-home or quarantine orders. Exposure to local hotspots and clusters should also be reported, as they occur. Depending on circumstances, the worker, if not already issued with legal public health orders, may be asked to work from home, or give paid leave of absence for fourteen days, and asked to stay at home.

A suspect case can arise at the workplace when a worker feels acutely unwell, or when a fever is detected at temperature screening. Following transfer of the worker to a medical facility, the company will proceed to disinfect the designated work area of the suspect case and commence contact tracing to identify workers that have been in close contact with the suspect case. The definition of a close contact was defined by the Singapore Ministry of Health as within two metres of the case and for greater than thirty minutes of exposure time [9] .

Active management of suspect cases identified at the workplace acts in concert with the wider national effort (Singapore) to contain the spread of COVID-19 through aggressive contact tracing and quarantine of contacts. There is modelling evidence that such a strategy can be effective in containing the spread of a pandemic [10] and this strategy was used effectively during the SARS outbreak in 2003 [11] .

Differences between the infectivity profile of COVID-19 and SARS, notably the increased likelihood of transmission before symptom development, may reduce the effectiveness of this measure in containing the spread of COVID-19 [11] . This measure is also unlikely to be effective in countries that are not performing or only performing limited contact tracing.

Workers can be segregated into cohorts to prevent widespread manpower degradation and total loss of the essential service if a case occurs in the workplace. There have been reported instances of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f hospitals closing, during the pandemic, following large numbers of cases and quarantined contacts amongst their staff [12, 13] . Thus, a principal consideration in cohort segregation strategies is to prevent a case from generating multiple contacts within the essential service. This is achieved through multiple levels of cohort segregation. For example, for a hospital, doctors should not socialise with other doctors from other hospitals (one level), and care teams should not mix with other care teams without PPE protection (another level) [14] . Other modalities of segregation, across industries, include segregation by shift, production rooms and operational areas. Care must be taken to prevent mixing of cohorts, especially in common areas such as toilets, canteens, rest areas and locker facilities as well as during shift changes, when shift cohorts are all on-site at the same time. Measures that can be taken include designated toilets for different cohorts, separation of locker facilities according to cohort and rostered use of canteen and rest areas. Where possible, quick wipe-down disinfection of contact surfaces such as tables and chairs can be conducted between cohort usage of common areas. Meeting rooms, training rooms and spare offices can all be converted to designated eating and rest areas for critical individual teams to further reduce the risk of infection at common areas.

An issue that Singapore has faced has been the spread of COVID-19 in foreign worker dormitories. As at 11 August 2020, the total number of cases detected has been 52,395 out of 323,000 atrisk (prevalence of 16.22% contrasted against a community prevalence of 0.04%, representing 2195 cases out of 5,381,000 at risk) [15] . All foreign workers in dormitories have been confined to their dormitories or quarantine facilities since 21 April 2020 and have not yet returned to work. A key aspect to the control of spread in this population is the need to conduct pro-active testing rather than testing only symptomatic cases that see a doctor. As the health seeking behaviour of this population is different, large numbers of mild cases did not seek medical attention and contributed significantly to the scale of the outbreak in this population. In preparation for the return of these workers to the workplace, apart from the workplace measures discussed above, the government has since created capacity to pro-actively test the entire foreign worker population every two weeks, to support pro-active detection.

On 01 June 2020, Singapore came out of a two-month long partial lockdown. To mitigate spread via the workplace, the measures discussed above were extended from essential services to all workplaces.

As of 11 August 2020, the measures appear to have contributed to the national effort to contain community spread of the epidemic. In the period 01 June 2020 to 11 August 2020 (71 days), there were 510 community cases, compared to 1540 community cases in the period 21 March 2020 to 31 May 2020 (also 71 days). The death rate has remained low in Singapore, with 27 total deaths across both the dormitory and community populations (as of 11 August 2020) As workplaces re-opened on 01 June 2020, there has been active policing of workplace measures, with the deployment of enforcement officers and advisory personnel to inspect and guide the workplaces, respectively. Whilst we are unable to accurately attribute the extent that workplace measures have contributed to the suppression of cases, they represent an important component of the overall effort.

In conclusion, as workplaces begin to re-open within a COVID-19 environment, protection of the worker should be a priority. The measures that were implemented by essential services to both protect the worker, and to ensure business continuity, has been extended to general industry in Singapore, with corresponding contribution to the suppression of community spread.

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The author declares no financial support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f