key: cord-0888358-6a2j5lsb authors: Kumar, Vijay; Singh, Shyam Babu; Singh, Simranjeet title: COVID-19: Environment concern and impact of Indian medicinal system date: 2020-06-06 journal: J Environ Chem Eng DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104144 sha: 1c604b98fe676ca174648213177dfb7cb7ff74e5 doc_id: 888358 cord_uid: 6a2j5lsb The COVID-19 outbreak has came in existence in late December 2019 at Wuhan, China. It is declared as an epidemic by WHO. The rationale of this study is to provide the details regarding prevention, environment concern, social economic consequences, and medicines for COVID-19. Social distancing, screening, lockdown, use of mask and application of sanitizer or soap at regular time interval is the best prevention against COVID-19. The “oral-feces” transmission of COVID-19 is threat to environment. Improper disposal of medical/biomedical and human waste may harm the total environment. Nitrifying-enriched activated sludge i.e. NAS approach can play important role to clean the environment compartments like sludge and waste. COVID-19 has shown impact on social and economic life, but there is no alternate until the drug discovery. In medicine or treatment of COVID-19 point of views, an integrated approach between modern and traditional medicine system may ensure an early prevention of further viral spread. Based on the symptoms of COVID-19, list of herbs and drugs of Indian Medicine System has been searched and reported. To develop the potential drug against COVID-19, the detailed experimentation and clinical trials to be performed for future prospective. Coronavirus-2 has detained the whole world and declared as an epidemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus came in existence in late December 2019 at Wuhan, China. It is an analogue to viral pneumonia and later identified as novel coronavirus pneumonia instigated by novel coronavirus [1] . In taxonomy point of view, Coronavirus is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is single strand RNA based virus and belongs to βcoronavirus having diameter from 80 to 120 nm ( Fig. 1) [2] . Based on the recent studies, coronavirus might originate from bat (96.2 % similarity) and the potent intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 is Pangolin [2, 3] . The SARS-CoV-2 has relatively high transmissibility than other βcoronavirus viruses due to higher Basic Reproduction Number [3] . On 24 April 2020, data reported by WHO presented that, the first case was reported in 12 December 2019, and till date 2831915 cases are reported to be infected by this virus which results in 197318 deaths and 807037 has been recovered [4] . On same day, 24530 cases were reported from India with death of 780 individuals with 5408 recovered patients ( Fig. 1 ) [4] . COVID-19 has shown its harsh effects among the European countries including USA, Spain, Italy, France and Germany. Initially China and Italy were the hot spots but currently majority of cases and deaths are in USA with 31.71 % case rate (Fig. 1 ). It posed a pandemic effect not only to public health but also to world economy. Some positive and negative effects have been seen on environment during this outbreak. It's a totally new virus and prevention is the best way till the development of drug or vaccine. The aim of the current study is to compile the effects of outbreak on environment. This study includes socio-economic effects and search of drugs and preventive methods like lockdown, social distancing, and sanitization. Moreover, it was also detected in conjunctival secretions and tears of covid-19 patients [8, 9] . The "oral-feces" transmission of COVID-19 is threat to environment. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the human feces is an alarming threat where it can spread to whole compartments of environment through the sewage sludge and waste water [10, 11] . There are various countries having more population below the poverty lines and they can't afford toilets. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the human feces and transmission may cause the drastic consequences for the counties having larger slum areas [11] . The bigger problem with slum areas is to maintenance of social distancing where area are overcrowded and five or more persons are staying in singe room. If virus is not eradicated on early stage it may cause the drastic results. If virus spread on large scale, whole compartments of environments to be rebooted which is impossible task. The environment compartments like surface and ground water, sewage sludge, animals, solids and sediments, waste water, and crops will be effected where depth screening to be required on the transmission of virus to total environment [12] . Improper disposal of hospital waste may spread SARS-CoV-2 so waste management including hospital waste and sewage sludge will be the hot area of future research. There are few well-known approaches to clean the environmental compartments including waste management [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . Techniques like nitrifying-enriched activated sludge (NAS) approach [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] , microorganisms based approach [31] [32] [33] and conventional activated sludge (CAS) approaches [27, 27, 28, 29, 30] are most effective to clean the environment. Nitrifying-enriched activated sludge (NAS) approach is considered as best technique for treatment of wastewater and sludge. NAS approach is 2.5 times better than conventional activated sludge (CAS) [26] . NAS approach increase the lifetime (two times) of membrane bioreactors. As wastewater contain low carbon/nitrogen ratio so NAS approach decrease the foul smell and enriched nitrifiers population in membrane bioreactors [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . Environmental conditions like temperature pH and humidity are the major factors to access the efficiency of the microorganisms. Under variable climatic conditions, mutation of microorganisms is the other threat [34] . Virus mutagenic capability depends upon several factors, including the fidelity of viral enzymes that replicate nucleic acids. RNA viruses are known for higher mutation rate, upto million times higher than their hosts. As, SARS-CoV-2 is a RNA virus mutate through RNA dependent polymerase (RdRp). Pachetti et al., (2020) has found 8 mutations of SARS-CoV-2 where 5 mutations were found in Europe and 3 mutations were observed in North America. In England (UK), RdRp based mutations were found with median of 3 points mutations (range 2-5 at p value < 0.001). An amino acid composition changing mutation in RdRp were noticed in Italy (Lombardy) with median of 1 points mutations (range 0-3 at p value < 0.001). They has suggest that the virus is evolving and European, North American and Asian strains might coexist, each of them characterized by a different mutation pattern [34] . Fig. 1 exhibited that in comparison to Asian countries, virus become more lethal in European countries [35] . It may be due to the mutation SARS-CoV-2 with change in the climatic conditions. It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 has mutate itself as per climatic conditions into two forms i.e. L type strain (∼70 %) and S type strain (∼30 %) [35] . S type virus strain is the mutation form of original L type strains of SARS-CoV-2. S type strain is considered as less lethal than L type of strain [36] . Overall, around 3-4 % is noticed in the mutated strains of SARS-CoV-2. Jahangiri et al. (2020) has performed a study on Iran cities and they reported that there is no relation between temperature and transmission of COVID-19 [37] . They recommended that provinces with populations more than 1.7 millions to inspect in depth to eradicate the COVID-19 [37] . There are various other studies revealed no correlation among the humidity and temperature and transmission of COVID-19 [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] . There are few positive aspects of COVID-19 where environment is becoming pure day by days. Due to lockdown, air quality and noise pollution is decreased consequently total environment is improving. Rivers and sea beaches are becoming neat and clean due to lockdown conditions [43] . The emission of green house gases was found significantly low after the time of World War II which is due the effects of lockdowns [43, 44] . It has been reported that the air quality was improved where 55 % particulate matter decreased in India during first lockdown period of 21 days [44] . Monserrate et al., (2020) has reported an environmental study of 367 cities of China. They reported that due to quarantine and lockdowns, NO 2 was reduced by 22.8 μg/m 3 and 12.9 μg/m 3 in Wuhan and China, respectively. PM 2.5 fell by 1.4 μg/m 3 in Wuhan but decreased by 18.9 μg/m 3 in 367 cities [43] . has reported that the concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , CO, NO 2 , ozone and SO 2 during mid March to mid April 2017-2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India [44] . Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18 % decreases in PM 2.5 , PM 10 , CO, and NO 2 in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17 % increase in O 3 and negligible changes in SO 2 . The air quality index reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32 % in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively [44] . The other positive aspect learned from COVID-19 was that every country is trying its best to uplift the healthcare services. Various countries have opened new hospitals especially dedicated to the COVID-19 [4, 45] . Various countries have strengthened their traditional medicine system to fight against COVID-19. Work from home culture was adopted by various companies which is entirely new culture and new lesson learned from COVID-19. The major negative aspect of COVID-19 is the social distancing, which may leads to anxiety and frustration [46] . The psychosomatic traits like anxiety and frustration can disturb the immune and COVID-19 has been noticed in patients with weak immune system [47, 48] . In the era of 21st century everyone was living fast life and they enjoy their weekends with friends which is curtailed due to lockdowns and social distancing. Unsocial behavior of human is also observed during the outbreak where a rat race for N95 masks was observed [4, 45] . Black marketing was noticed due to excess demand of personal protection care equipment was noticed [49] . Attack on COVID worriers was also noticed, consequently, Indian government has to pass the special bill for the protections of COVID worriers (https://www.indiatoday.in/india/ story/central-govt-ordinance-to-protect-medical-staff-covid19coronavirus-1669784-2020-04-22). The second and biggest loss is the economic loss which is 2.7 trillion USD [49] . Economy of each country that is being fighting against COVID-19 is worst. COVID-19 may create millions of jobless peoples and cause poverty [43] . The picture of economic backwardness of Asian and African countries will be more drastic than European countries [43] . Also, record downfall was observed in the waste management where recycling sector is blemished totally [43, 49] . After lockdown the waste management may become the problem to environment where extra efforts would be required from the governments. The improvement in the air quality, noise pollution, and decrease in the green house gases are the good sign but if waste management is not solved properly the virus can spread through the waste to environment that will be a worst situation to tackle and may cause other problem to total environment. It has been reported that the major mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the "faecal-oral" transmission [10] . To prevent the further transmission of virus applications of hand rubs or hand washing and sanitization of environment is an important aspect. As per recent reports, human coronavirus has lifetime from 2 h to 9 days on different surfaces of materials like glass, metal, wooden, and plastic [8, 9] . Coronaviruses life-time might be reduced at higher temperature i.e. more than 30°C and lower humidity i.e. less than 30 %. Recent report revealed that ethanol (60-95 %), 1-propanol (70-95 %) and 2-propanol (65-95 %) can inactivate the coronaviruses strains/ isolates SARS-CoV & Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) within 1 min with log 10 value from 2.7 to 5.5 [5, 8, 9] . Glutardialdehyde (0.5 %) can inactivate the coronaviruses strains/ isolates SARS-CoV within 2 min with log 10 value more than 4.0. Povidone iodine (0.23-7.5%) can inactivate the coronaviruses strains/ isolates SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV within 30 s to 5 min with log 10 value more than 3.0. They reported that glutardialdehyde (0.5-2.5 %), formaldehyde (0.7-1 %) and combination of 2-propanol (45 %) with 1-propanol (30 %) is also effective against various virus strains [5, 9] . Kevin-Tyan et al., 2018, reported that three surface disinfectants sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (0.5 %) sodium hypochlorite (0.5 %), & calcium hypochlorite (0.2 %), are capable to deactivate the coronavirus [50] . In addition, these surface disinfectant have antimicrobial potential against three strains viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholera [50] . It is reported that disinfectant agents like ethanol (> 60 %), sodium hypochlorite (0.1 %) and hydrogen peroxide (0.5 %) can deactivated it within 1 min. Ochwoto et al., (2015) has check the antibacterial potential of market based hand sanitizes on three strains viz., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). They reported that 50 % hand sanitizers having ethanol as active ingredient have shown significant antibacterial activities [51] . In chemistry and chemical properties point of views, ethanol is superior over other alcohols. Ethanol is known as green solvent having minimum environmental hazards [52] . So ethanol based sanitizers could be a better option having concentration more than 60 %. Also, ethanol is superior over other disinfectant reported in various study due to its lower skin irritation. Antimicrobial feature of ethanol based sanitizers make them more attractive choice [51, 52] . Ethyl alcohol is the only solvent having miscibility in polar and non-polar solvents so it can inactivate hydrophilic and lipophlic microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses etc. The most feasible explanation of the mode of action of ethyl alcohol is the denaturation of protein of microorganisms where alcohol destroys the dehydrogenases of microorganisms. It is reported that inactivation of microorganisms increase when the mixture of ethyl alcohol and water is applied [53] . The choice of components for the WHO-recommended handrub formulations takes into account cost constraints and microbicidal activity [54, 55] . To produce final concentrations of ethanol 80 % v/v, glycerol 1.45 % v/v, and hydrogen peroxide 0.125 % v/v pour 833.3 mL ethanol (purity 96 %), 833.3 mL; 41.7 mL hydrogen peroxide (purity 3%), and 14.5 mL glycerol (purity 98 %) into a 1000 mL graduated flask. Makeup the final volume upto 1000 mL with distilled water or water that has been boiled and cooled, shake the flask gently to mix the content till homogeneous mixture. In above method, ethanol can be replaced with isopropyl (with a purity of 99.8 %), 751.5 mL to prepare the isopropyl based hand sanitizer. It has been noticed that sometime manufactures add the coloring agents to make the formulations more attractive. It is quite cleared that hand sanitizers are equally effective without any coloring agents. The choice of coloring agents should be natural one, instead of addition of dyes and other toxic compounds [54] [55] [56] . These synthetic coloring agent may be carcinogenic, even these cause the skin problems including skin cancer. Bleach or Sodium hypochlorite (0.1−0.5 %) may be used to deactivate coronaviruses on various surfaces and same is recommended by [4, 45] . Sodium hypochlorite is very cheap chemical and easily available in market. Chemistry and chemical properties of bleach sodium hypochlorite should be known before its application. Bleaching agents are effective and strong disinfectant with antimicrobial activities [54] . The active ingredient in bleaching powder is sodium hypochlorite which is highly effective in killing fungi, Viruses and bacteria including influenza virus [54, 56] . Diluted bleach household products disinfect within 10−60 min of contact time with these microbes, and is recommended and proven as disinfectant in health-care sectors [57] . However, it irritates mucous membranes, the airways and the skin, and readily decomposes under sunlight exposure. It is highly reactive in nature and form toxic complexes with other compounds. Therefore, it should be used with precautionary measures i.e. proper ventilation and consistent with relevant safety guidance and occupational health [57] . Improper and excessive use of bleaching agents, including deviation from recommended dilutions (either weaker or stronger), may increase toxicity to health care workers and different ecosystems [54] . Overall, ethanol is green solvent and sodium hypochlorite is cheapest chemical also both can deactivate the coronaviruses within one minutes and same is expected in case of SARS-CoV-2. The present pandemic condition Covid-19 is an extremely new challenge to all medical science, since no vaccine or established treatment is available for this disease. Researchers are going on very speedily in this direction still it's not possible to say that up to when a standard and authentic treatment will be available for the humanity. An integrated approach has been used by China to eradicate or curb this SARS-CoV-2. During COVID-19, on 85 % patients, China has used their traditional medicines along with allopathic drugs [58] . There is no sure therapy is used for COVID-19. There are various perused antivirus and antiviral drugs were used against COVID-19. Various countries and their pharmaceutical firms are trying to find the vaccine or drug for COVID-19. Drugs like lopinavir, remdesivir, oseltamivir, ganciclovir, ribavirin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine favipiravir, nelfinavir, arbidol, remdesivir and galidesivir are being examined by various countries for COVID-19 treatment [59, 60] . The combination of remdesivir and chloroquine, and tenofovir disoproxil and lamivudine is reported as effective against COVID-19. The combination of lopinavir and ritonavir has shown positive response on the COVID-19 patients [61, 62] . Indian traditional medicine system which includes Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Yoga, Naturopathy and Homeopathy can treat wide class of diseases. Indian medicine system is more than 5000 years old and well documented system [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] . The major sources of drugs of Indian Medicine System are plants, minerals and animal products. About 25,000 plant based formulations have been used in folk remedies in Indian medicine [71] . Since the inception of allopathic system, traditional medicine system was ruined day by day consequently the translational prospective are habitually misjudged. To tackle the situation, preventive as well as therapeutic approach for COVID-19 suggested by Ministry of AYUSH is mentioned under Table 1 , exhibited the medicinal functions like anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, respiratory infections, fever, cough and cold [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] . As like modern system, under Table 1 prevention is mentioned as prime most step. Traveler screening, social distancing and use of mask (N95 preferably for hospital staff) are the most significant steps mentioned in advisory of modern and traditional medicinal system. It has been reported that traveler screening is depends upon the contact history with COVID-19 patient and incubation time. The social distancing and applications of mask may prevent large society for long time with minimum transfer of disease [45] . In Indian Medicine System, additional preventive steps are also mentioned like fumigation (doopan) and sanitization of natural herbs like Azadirachta indica, Cinnamomum camphora (L.), Lauraceae, Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn., Leguminosae, Santalum album L., Santalaceae, Rosa damascena Herrm., Rosaceae, etc. [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] . It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 mainly transmitted through nose and throat [86, 87] . Herbs of Indian Medicine System like Crocus sativus L., Emblica officinalis, Ocimun sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa L., Trachyspermum ammi, Piper longum and Zingiber officinale may reduce the risk of throat infection and kill microorganisms [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] . Application of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Trachyspermum ammi, and honey are well mentioned in Ayurveda for throat infection [85, 88] . Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale and seeds of Piper nigrum with honey having wide applications for throat infection [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] 89] . Glycyrrhiza glabra, Trachyspermum ammi, Zingiber officinale and Piper nigrum have antivirus activities and may be helpful for COVID-19 prevention also [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] 88, 89] . To inhibit the virus attack through nose application of sesame oil into the nostrils is advised under Table 1 . Though mechanism of action is not mentioned, but in chemistry point of view low surface tension of sesame oil and hydrophobic nature [90] . Viscous nature of oil make the flow of virus droplet typical and due to hydrophobicity, droplets capture in the nostrils. So simultaneous processes might not allow the virus to pass to throat and respiratory system. Application of oil prepared in Ficus religiosa leaves through nostrils may reduce the transmission of virus. This is the hypothetical concept and more research is required to establish the mode of action of sesame oil, coconut oil, anu taila etc. into the nostrils [90] . Recently, it has been reported that transmission through nose is the major way of virus transmission and in future administration of drug or vaccine through nose will be more effective [87] . Ayurveda is a very renowned and ancient traditional medicinal system of India which has being practised over thousands of years. It provides both preventive and curative aspect of treatment for most of the diseases. The concept of treatment of Ayurveda for any illness is to balance the three body humors (Vata, pitta and Kapha), to optimize the Ojus (immunity level) by correcting the Agni (metabolism) by which further enhancing the Dhatu Sarata (quality of body tissue at different level). As mentioned by Sushruta without the vitiation of any of three Dosha no disease can emerge so it is advised to treat the disease with the characteristic symptoms of the relevant Dosha (Sushruta). Along with the prevention, Ayurveda has the potency to manage the patho-physiological conditions of the patient infected with Covid-19 having mild to moderate symptoms [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] . Though till now no vaccine has been developed against Covid-19 and the modern system of medicine is trying to manage only on symptomatic base line of treatment with available antiviral drugs, intensive care is being provided to the patient in advanced stage. Till date more than 2332568 cases are confirmed across the world out of them 600115 are recovered and total 160791 are dead. If we see the data, approximately 79 % cases are recovered with or without medication where 17 % cases have mild symptoms and 4-5 % cases are critical [4] . This indicates the role of immunity against the disease where more that 75 % cases existing in case of COVID-19 [91, 92] . This is the core area where Ayurveda can really impact hard. To boost the immunity, an advisory was issued by the ministry of AYUSH under the guidance of sixteen eminent traditional doctors (https://www.ayush.gov.in/docs/ 123.pdf). Studies revealed that stress can disturb the immune system which is known as psychoneuroimmunology effect [93] . Psychoneuroimmunology is a scientific term where stress and emotional disorders disturb the immunity and leads to infection [93] . Mental stress can disturb the respiratory system [47] . Due to COVID-19 pandemic large population including corona warriors (health workers, police, paramedical staff etc.) and corona patients are under stress [43] . Rajkumar, (2020) explained that the preventive steps mentioned in advisory of AYUSH ministry has its own Psychoneuroimmunology effects and having scientifically validated positive response which are as [46, 48] : • Yoga practice leads to physical fitness. Drinking of luke-warm water will act as cleansing agent for body. • Use of nutrient rich cumin, garlic and turmeric will promote the health. • Ayurvedic Rasayana like chyawanprash has body rejuvenation effects. • Use of herbal tea (Ocimum sanctum leaves 4 parts, Cinnamomum zeylanicum stem bark 2 parts, Zingiber officinale Rhizome 2 parts and Piper nigrum fruits 1 parts) is a specific remedy for cough. • Golden milk (turmeric in milk) is healthy drink where golden color symbolizes health and prosperity. • Use of sesame oil or coconut oil or ghee is healing agent with coolant properties. Gargling with oil and Trachyspermum ammi extract has positive responses in throat infections. • Use of clove powder with brown sugar or honey is traditional therapy for throat infection. Inhalation of mint has positive response in respiratory disease. The mechanism behind the above positive responses is the control of psychoneuroimmunological responses of body like reduction of anxiety, depression, stress retort, monoamine function and parasympathetic activities etc. [46] [47] [48] 83] . There is wide class of Indian medicinal plants having potential to cure variety of illness. Few of them commonly used Indian medicinal plants involved in respiratory diseases are mentioned under Table 2 having immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antivirus, antipyretic, and anti-pneumonia activities. In Ayurveda there are diversity of herbs and formulation for immunomodulatory effects like Mangifera indica, Withania somnifera, Shilajatu, Emblica officinalis, Ocimun sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa L., Piper longum and Boerhaavia diffusa, of which Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimun sanctum have been extensively studied [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] . Ayurveda has wide class of herbs and advanced medicines for antipyretic and ant-inflammatory disease [80, 83] . Various invitro studies has revealed that Indian medicinal plants like Allium sativum [68] , Andrographis paniculata [74] , Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn [94] , Glycyrrhiza glabra [88] , Sphaeranthus indicus [95, 96] , Strobilanthes callosa [83] , Strobilanthes cusia [73] , Vitex trifolia [73, 97] and Zingiber officinale [82, 89] are potent against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It has been reported that these herbs can inhibit or suppress or reduce the virus (SARS-CoV) growth through the inhibition of protein replication of SARS-CoV. These herbs and/ or their formulations may show same effects against the SARS-CoV2. The main symptoms of the COVID-19 patients are fever, dry cough, pneumonia, throat infection, body ache, respiratory diseases etc [1] [2] [3] [4] . The major cause of infection is the weak immune system. In other Table 2 List of commonly used Indian medicinal plants involved in respiratory diseases [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] . Glycyrrhiza glabra Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Cough and Cold Alstonia scholaris L., Immunomodulatory Anti-viral, and Bronchial infections Picrorhiza kurroa, Immunomodulatory Anti-viral and Bronchial infections Swertia chirata Immunomodulatory and Bronchial infections Caesalpinia crista Anti-viral activity, Immunomodulatory and Bronchial infections Abutilon indicum Immunomodulatory function Cinnamon Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial Curcuma longa L. Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, Cough and Cold Emblica officinalis Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral Indigoferatinctoria Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory Piper Nigrum L. Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-Virus Tinospora cordifolia Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-Virus, Antipyretic Withania somnifera Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-Virus, Antipyretic Achyranthesaspera Anti-viral activity Achillea mellefolium Protects upper respiratory tract from viral infections Apiumgraveolens Anti-bacterial and anti-viral agent Borassusflabellifer Pulmonary infections: anti-bacterial and antiviral activity Cymbopogon citratus Anti-viral infections Caesalpiniabonduc Treated for asthma (Anti-bacterial and anti-viral agent) Anti-bacterial and anti-viral agent Crocus sativus Treated for asthma and cough Euphorbia hirta Anti-bacterial and anti-viral agent Ocimum sanctum Anti-viral, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-microbial, Immunomodulatory Solanum suratens Anti-viral activity Syzygium aromaticum Anti-viral and Anti-inflammatory activity Trachyspermum Ammi Anti-viral and Anti-microbial activity Thymus linearis Anti-viral activity Cayratiapedata Anti-inflammatory activity Cayratiapedata Anti COVID-19 is an extremely new challenge to medical science. No correlation among the humidity and temperature and transmission of COVID-19 was noticed. The main example is Iran where COVID-19 at its peak point even at hot environment. The main recommendation is the screening and prevention of most populated areas. It is a smart virus enable to mutate itself L or S type which is the important factor while drug discovery of COVID-19. In future research, the factors like age group, patient travel and history, chronic diseases to patients to be considered along with temperature and humidity. If virus will not eradicated in early stages, the faecal-oral transmission of virus may contaminate total environment. The removal and eradication of virus from sludge waste and water and management of contaminated hospital waste will be the future research. No ensured treatment is available for this disease. Though till now no vaccine has been developed against COVID-19 and the modern system of medicine is trying to manage only on symptomatic base line of treatment with available antiviral drugs. There are various drugs are in pipelines to develop the potent drug against the COVID-19. To overcome the outbreak, integrated approach is required where Indian Medicine System have to contribute lot because more than 75 % cases are due to squat immunity system of patents. Indian Medicine System have lot of immunity booster Rasayana and Herbs where it can play huge supportive role during this outbreak. Ayurveda has diverse class of herbs and formulations against each disease. Notably, Ayurveda is 6000 year old and can serve as "goldmine" of life. There are few studies having Insilco and or invitro results, to develop the potential drug detailed experimentation and clinical trials to be performed for future prospective. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. 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Planch-a review Volatile and semi-volatile compounds of Tephrosia purpurea and its medicinal activities: experimental and computational studies High resolution GC/MS analysis of the Holoptelea integrifoli's leaves and their medicinal qualities Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Holoptelea Integrifolia and preliminary investigation of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities Botanical drugs in ayurveda and traditional chinese medicine Screening of ethnic medicinal plants of South India against influenza (H1N1) and their antioxidant activity The ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India, development and perspectives Antibacterial effects of Zingiber officinale and Garcinia kola on respiratory tract pathogens Tracheospasmolytic activity of viteosin-A and vitexicarpin isolated from Vitex trifolia Andrographis paniculata in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review of safety and efficacy Ayurveda practitioners consensus to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of corona virus disease (COVID-19) Polyherbal formulation: concept of Ayurveda Ayurvedic Herbs: a Clinical Guide to the Healing Plants of Traditional Indian Medicine Identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents from ayurvedic medicine for prevention of chronic diseases A review of immunomodulators in the Indian traditional health care system Antipyretic drugs used in ayurveda Overview of Covid-19; its prevention and management in the light of Unani medicine The concept and practice of immunomodulation in ayurveda and the role of Rasayanas as immunomodulators Antiviral action of Tryptanthrin isolated from Strobilanthes cusia leaf against human coronavirus NL63 Screening of some traditionally used Indian plants for antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia Medicinal plants of Tamil Nadu (Southern India) are a rich source of antiviral activities Estimated effectiveness of traveller screening to prevent international spread of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines A theoretical discussion of the possibility and possible mechanisms of using sesame oil for prevention of 2019-nCoV (COVID-19 coronavirus) from the perspective of colloid and interface science Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB/c mice: CD4+ T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19 A systemic antiviral resistance-inducing protein isolated from Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. Is a polynucleotide: adenosine glycosidase (ribosome-inactivating protein Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: a phytopharmacological review A novel anti-inflammatory natural product from Sphaeranthus indicus inhibits expression of VCAM1 and ICAM1, and slows atherosclerosis progression independent of lipid changes Protective effects of casticin from vitex trifolia alleviate eosinophilic airway inflammation and oxidative stress in a murine asthma model Authors are highly thankful to DG, CCRAS for his motivation and guidance. Authors are thankful to Head, RARIDD, Gwalior for Library Facilities.