key: cord-0882793-1xvthywm authors: Kavanagh, Anne; Dickinson, Helen; Dimov, Stefanie; Shields, Marissa; McAllister, Ashley title: The COVID‐19 vaccine intentions of Australian disability support workers date: 2022-03-17 journal: Aust N Z J Public Health DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13226 sha: 953c3026f58e822d19a38f65c27740d945fe53fb doc_id: 882793 cord_uid: 1xvthywm Objectives: Describe perceptions of COVID‐19, COVID‐19 vaccines, information sources, and levels and reasons for vaccine hesitancy among disability support workers (DSWs). Methods: Cross‐sectional survey of 252 DSWs from across Australia, between early March and early April 2021. Perceptions of risk of COVID‐19; government and media representations; vaccination status (Y/N); vaccine intentions (when offered, delayed vaccinators, vaccine refusers); reasons for hesitancy; confidence in safety and efficacy of vaccine; and information sources. Results: At the time of the survey, fewer than 1% of DSWs had been vaccinated and 17% had been offered vaccination. Of those who had not had the vaccine, 47% said they would get it as soon as it was offered; 19% would not get the vaccine; 12% would have if required; 13% hadn't decided; and 8% would wait until it was available for a while. Reasons for hesitancy included inadequate safety data (70% delayed vaccinators, 79% vaccine refusers), side effects (63% delayed vaccinators, 58% refusers), and distrust in the government (17% delayed vaccinators, 52% refusers). DSWs most trusted sources of information were their own doctor, Chief Medical Officers, and governments. 61% believed that COVID‐19 will only stop if most of the community is vaccinated and 53% agreed the chances of them or their clients getting COVID‐19 would be reduced if they were vaccinated. Conclusions: Tailored information is needed to reduce vaccine hesitancy and increase confidence in COVID‐19 vaccines among DSWs. The importance of getting vaccinated to prevent COVID‐19 among people with disability should be emphasised. D isability support workers (DSWs) are at significant risk of being infected and transmitting SARS-CoV-2 (hereto referred to as COVID- 19) due to the nature of their work, which often involves close physical contact with numerous people with disability. [1] [2] [3] Furthermore, the people with disability they support may be at greater risk of getting a more severe case of COVID-19 or dying if they become infected with COVID-19, sometimes because of underlying health conditions. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] The COVID-19 vaccine would mitigate these risks. This study explores DSW's COVID-19 perceptions and vaccine intentions. Australia's experiences during COVID- 19 have thus far been less significant than elsewhere with nearly 250,000 cases and 2,142 deaths reported as of 19 December 2021. In March and April 2020 Australia experienced its first wave of COVID-19, largely driven by returned travellers. Between June and October 2020, the state of Victoria experienced a second wave of COVID-19, and the third wave of the pandemic began in June 2021 in NSW and then Victoria and ACT. At the time of writing infections remain relatively high across Australia driven by the Omicron variant. Across the world, there have been reports of COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths in congregate residential settings where groups of people with disability live (hereafter referred to as disability residential settings). 8, 9 During Victoria's second wave of COVID-19 and the third wave in NSW, Victoria and ACT, outbreaks in disability residential settings have occurred although they are not reported publicly, instead being reported in the media. Currently Australia has three vaccines with provisional approval from the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Comirnaty (Pfizer) was approved for use in Australians aged over 16 years on 25 January 2021 and Vaxzeria (AstraZeneca) was approved for use among Australians over the age of 18 years and older on 15 February 2021. On 9 August 2021, SpikeVax (Moderna) was approved for use in Australians over 18 years of age. Pfizer is now approved for anyone over five years of age, Moderna for anyone over 12 years of age, and AstraZeneca for anyone over 18 years of age although not recommended for anyone less than 60 years of age. Pfizer and Moderna are now available as booster doses. Given limited vaccine supply in early to mid-2020 the Australian government chose to roll out the vaccine among priority groups of people who were at serious risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes and/or those providing services to people who were clinically vulnerable, such as health care workers. The highest risk group being those in Phase 1A and were due to be vaccinated by the end of April 2020. Phase 1A included people with disability living in disability residential settings and the DSWs working in those settings and other DSWs were prioritised for Phase 1b. 10 On 8 April, the Australian Government recommended the AstraZeneca vaccine be reserved for people over 50 years of age after there was consensus internationally that it was a possible cause of a rare but serious adverse event -Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) -which is more common among younger people and women. [11] [12] [13] This recommendation was updated on 17 June when AstraZeneca was not recommended for anyone under 60 years of age. In early June 2021, initial reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following Pfizer were reported, 14 which have since been confirmed in epidemiological studies of mRNA vaccines although the course seems to be self-limited and occur mainly among young men. 15, 16 While COVID-19 vaccine supply was initially limited by 19 December 2021 over 90% of the Australian population had received two or more doses of one of the approved vaccines. Delay in the acceptance or refusal of vaccines -referred to as vaccine hesitancy 17 -is a major challenge worldwide for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. 15 While DSWs were prioritised in Australia's vaccine rollout, we are not aware of any Australian research that describes the vaccine intentions of DSWs; a Canadian study of support workers providing support to people with intellectual disability found that 62% were very likely to get the vaccine. 19 We conducted a cross-sectional survey of DSWs in Australia in March and early April 2020 to fill an important gap in our understanding of COVID-19 perceptions and vaccine intentions among DSWs and report the findings in this paper. First, we describe DSWs' perceptions of their own risk of becoming infected with COVID-19 as well their clients' risk of becoming infected. We also describe DSWs perceptions about media messaging regarding the seriousness of COVID-19 and their views on government restrictions introduced to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Second, we describe the vaccine intentions of DSWs, their confidence in the vaccine in protecting themselves and the people with disability they support, opinions about the vaccine, including whether they think it should be mandatory, and who they trust for information about the vaccine. The survey was conducted between 5 March and 8 April 2021. DSWs were recruited via a link to the survey sent by disability services, unions and disseminated via social media. This survey link provided further information on the study and eligibility screening, all of which is outlined in further detail in the study report. 2 To be eligible, participants needed to be 18 years of age or older and currently working as a DSW. The survey was in English and administered online via the RedCap platform and participants were entered into a prize draw as a thank you for their participation. The project received ethics approval from the University of Melbourne Human Ethics Committee (HREC: 2056824). Table 1 details the questions we asked DSWs and how they were coded. The questions are broadly grouped as about: 1) COVID-19 infection, and 2) COVID-19 vaccination. In terms of COVID-19 infection, information was gathered about perceptions of risk of COVID-19 and government and media responses. In relation to vaccination, questions concerned: whether they had been vaccinated and, if not, their vaccine intentions. Participants who were vaccine hesitant were asked about the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. All participants were asked about their confidence and opinions about the vaccine; and sources of information and participant's trust in information. The questions used in the survey were mostly derived or adapted from previous surveys. 20, 21 These included questions about vaccine intentions, reasons for hesitancy, perceptions of risk of COVID-19, government and media responses to COVID-19, perceptions about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine, opinions about the vaccine, and sources of trusted information from instruments used by the Kaiser Family Foundation. 21 Questions from Larson et al. (2015) were also used to explore information sources and trust in information, 20 however, the authors also designed new questions specific to the Australian situation and the disability support workforce about vaccination status, perceptions of risk of COVID-19 for DSWs, and opinions about mandating the COVID-19 vaccine. In addition to the questions about COVID-19, participants were also asked demographic variables including: age, gender (male, female, non-binary), country of birth (Australia or other English-speaking country, non-English speaking country), whether or not they were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, not Indigenous), State or Territory of residence, and highest education level (less than year 12, year 12 or equivalent, Certificate I or II, Certificate III or IV, associate degree, university degree). Descriptive analyses were undertaken in Stata 16. 22 Frequency of responses are reported as proportions with 95% confidence intervals. Supplementary Table 1 shows the missing data for the variables which ranged from <1% to 3% for all variables, with the exception of age (11%) and country of birth (6%). Because of the relatively small amount of missing data, we used a complete case analysis approach. We used all available data for each analysis, leading to analytic samples of different sizes. Table 2 shows the demographic details of the 252 DSWs who responded to the survey. Over half the sample were greater than 50 years of age (55%), the majority were female (73%), lived in Victoria (81%), and did not identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (98%). The new: DSWs had relatively high levels of vaccine hesitancy related to concerns about safety and side effects. Confidence in the efficacy of the vaccine to protect them, and their clients was moderate. There was not strong support for mandating the COVID-19 vaccine for DSWs. Government and doctors were trusted information sources. There is an urgent need to produce tailored information on COVID-19 vaccines for DSWs to reduce vaccine hesitancy and improve understanding of the importance of them getting vaccinated to protect their clients. As shown in Table 3 , almost half (45%) of respondents reported not being worried they or a family member would get sick from COVID-19. Over half (51%) did not agree that DSWs were more at risk of COVID-19 than the rest of the community, that risk of COVID-19 was greater for DSWs working in groups homes (51%), and that if DSWs got infected they were likely to infect others if they went to work (51%). Most participants thought the government had implemented the right amount of restrictions (73%) and the media's reporting of the seriousness of COVID-19 was correct (65%). It is notable that nearly a quarter of participants thought there were too many governmental restrictions in their state (24%) and that the media had exaggerated the seriousness of COVID-19 (22%). Of the 17% of participants (42/249) who had been offered vaccination, only one (0.4%) had been vaccinated. Of those who had not received the vaccine, 47% said they would have it straight away when offered. The other 52% described some degree of hesitancy including being 'vaccine refusers' (19%) or potential delayers (8% wait until available a while, 12% only if required, 13% haven't decided). Concerns about vaccine safety were prevalent amongst participants as reported in Table 5 . 61% of participants agreed they were concerned about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine. Just over half of participants agreed the vaccine is the best way to stop the pandemic (57.0%). There were moderate levels of endorsement of statements reflecting the effectiveness of the vaccine for disability support workers, their clients and the community, with approximately half of participants agreeing that they (51%) and their clients (53%) were less likely to contract COVID-19 following vaccination. As shown in Table 5 , over half of respondents (54%) agreed the vaccine was primarily a community responsibility rather than a personal choice. Forty-three per cent of respondents agreed that the vaccine should be made compulsory for DSWs, while 19% were undecided and 38% disagreed. More than one-third of participants indicated they may not continue working as DSWs if the vaccine is made compulsory. Nearly all vaccine refusers (98%) did not agree that vaccination should be mandatory compared to 44% who were vaccine delayers (data not shown). The most commonly reported sources of information used by respondents were government websites (71%), official news media (66%) and employers (64%). More than half of respondents reported that the government (50%) and medical professionals (60%) were their most trusted sources of information. In terms of overall trust in information from different sources, medical professionals were again highly trusted as approximately three-quarters of DSWs agreed their doctor (76%) and Chief Medical Officers (72%) were a trusted source of information. Nearly two-thirds (63.6%) agreed information from National and State governments could be trusted (see Table 5 ). This survey of DSWs reveals low levels of vaccination and relatively high levels of vaccine hesitancy. Hesitancy was related to concerns about safety and side effects associated with the vaccine. Among the 19% of DSWs who would not get the vaccine, over half reported they did not trust the government to make sure it was safe. Only 6% of those who would not have the COVID-19 vaccine reported they were against all vaccines, indicating that refusal was specific to the COVID-19 vaccine. Findings from this study on levels of vaccine hesitancy among DSWs are consistent with the only moderate levels of confidence reported here in the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine to reduce individual and community risk and as the best way to stop the pandemic. Despite outbreaks in disability settings in Australia and internationally, 8, 9 as well as messaging around risk infection and transmission in the workforce during COVID-19, 23 only half appeared to recognise they were at increased risk of COVID-19 infection. Similarly, only half reported that getting the vaccine would reduce risk of COVID-19 for them and their clients. Governments and medical professionals were the most common and trusted sources of information. The level of vaccine hesitancy reported in this study is higher than that reported among the general population. 19, [24] [25] [26] [27] Australian research conducted in April 2021 reported 9% of Australians had at least one COVID-19 vaccination with 55% saying they definitely would have the vaccine, 28% that they probably would, 11% they probably wouldn't and 6% that they definitely wouldn't. 26 These levels of vaccine hesitancy are higher than found in the same surveys of Australians conducted in mid-2020. 18, 26 Another Australian survey, conducted in late May-June 2021, found that 21% of Australians had been vaccinated, 50% were willing to be vaccinated, 13% did not know if they would be vaccinated and 16% were unwilling to be vaccinated. 27 The level of vaccine hesitancy reported here is also higher than that reported among similar workers internationally, 19, 24, 25 however, questions differ between surveys; for example, a Canadian study of workers who supported people with intellectual disability found 62% reporting they were 'very likely' to get the vaccine and concerns about safety and side effects were major predictors of whether or not a worker intended to be vaccinated. 19 This survey was conducted before the Australian government's announcement to restrict use of AstraZeneca to those aged 60 years and older, there had already been considerable media coverage of TTS before the announcement, which may have contributed to the low levels of vaccination and high levels of hesitancy we found. While people obtained their information from a variety of sources including government, news and social media, it is notable that the most trusted sources of information were government and medical professionals highlighting the importance of disseminating information through official channels. It is concerning that nearly half of DSWs did not To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study of COVID-19 vaccination perceptions and intentions among DSWs in Australia. However, the sample may not be representative of the entire DSWs workforce as recruitment was through unions, services, and social media. There is no register of DSWs in Australia and therefore it is impossible to know the response rate. Further, the lack of population data describing the characteristics of disability support workforce means we cannot compare our sample to the population or DSWs. The majority of participants were from Victoria, where there was a second wave of infection in mid-2020, and so may not be representative of population of DSWs across Australia. The relatively small sample size meant that it was not possible to conduct more detailed analyses by subgroups such as age and/or the state or territory they resided in. Finally, while a major strength of our study was the use of existing instruments, there were also some drawbacks where questions may have revealed some difficult to interpret responses. For example, the question about whether media exaggerated the seriousness of COVID-19, this option included both mainstream news media and social media. Australian research has shown that trust in news media is higher than for social media 15 and so combining these may be problematic. vaccinations considered necessary in the future. We recommend that information for DSWs understand their risk of acquiring and transmitting COVID-19 and that vaccination is important to protect their clients who may be clinically vulnerable with high risks of experiencing serious illness or death if infected with COVID-19. We recommended that in future information is co-designed with DSWs and delivered by trusted sources (such as medical professionals). We recommend that Government work with providers and DSWs to develop strategies which enable that DSWs are easily able to be vaccinated such as paid leave, workplace vaccination, and priority access. Disability Support Workers: Follow Up Findings from The Forgotten Workforce in COVID-19 -Research Report Disability Support Workers: The Forgotten Workforce in Covid-19 Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection Briefing: Adult Social Care and COVID-19. 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College Station (TX): Stata Corp Australian Government Department of Health. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Advice for the Health and Disability Sector Government of Australia Vaccine hesitancy of the COVID-19 by health care personnel Vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in Europe: A qualitative study Canberra (AUST): Australian National University Centre for Social Research and Methods; 2021 Abject failure': Only 999 out of 26,000 Australian disability care residents vaccinated. The Guardian Managing COVID-19 Outbreaks in Disability Residential Settings: Lessons from Victoria' s Second Wave The influence of altruism on influenza vaccination decisions This research was supported by funding from the NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Disability and Health NHMRC APP1116385. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article: