key: cord-0878792-trqzywvg authors: Gauci, Marie-Léa; Coutzac, Clélia; Houot, Roch; Marabelle, Aurélien; Lebbé, Céleste title: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for cancer patients treated with immunotherapies: recommendations from the French society for Immuno-Therapy of Cancer (FITC) date: 2021-02-18 journal: Eur J Cancer DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.02.003 sha: c9e2f92ba30691c1d9ac41faa369c33f11616210 doc_id: 878792 cord_uid: trqzywvg nan Since December 2019, the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)coronavirus (CoV)-2, responsible for COVID-19 and its worldwide spread led to devastating medical, economic and social consequences. Recently approved anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (SC2V) offer a new hope to end this crisis. Cancer patients (CPs) represent a group at higher risk of severe COVID-19 because of the underlying disease, mostly during the five years following cancer diagnosis and in case of active disease [1] but also because of their age and preexisting conditions [2] . Two mRNA-based SC2V have been recently approved by the EMA (BNT162b2, Pfizer Inc./BioNTech SE; and mRNA-1273, Moderna Inc.) and consist of lipid-nanoparticlesencapsulated mRNA that encode the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SSP). Upon cell penetration, mRNA will be translated into the SSP, which degraded peptides are presented by MHC molecules to trigger an antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune response (IR) against SSP epitopes. Of note, the viral mRNA is subsequently degraded, thus it cannot interfere significantly with the host genome nor persist overtime. Phase 3 clinical trials (CTs) evaluating these vaccines versus placebo demonstrated remarkable efficacy with more than 90% (95 and 94.1%, respectively) protection against COVID-19 development and a favorable safety profile [3, 4] . Although the efficiency of vaccination to prevent SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection and transmission was not robustly explored in these phase 3 CTs, there was a trend in a decrease in PCR positivity before the second injection in the vaccine group (0.1% vs 0.3%) [3] . Further studies are needed to address this question. [3, 4] , it is expected that the safety of such non-live vaccines should be similar to that of patients without cancer. The ability of CP to build a strong, durable anti-SARS-CoV-2 IR with these mRNA-based vaccines shall be investigated in future trials. Recently, the EMA has approved of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 co-developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University based on the results of 4 randomized CTs demonstrating an efficacy of ~60% with only mild local and systemic reactions [5] . This vaccine is a replication-deficient simian adenovirus expressing full-length SSP used here as a vector for transfection of SSP nucleic acid sequence into host cells, which will express SSP without viral replication. Therefore, it cannot be considered as a "live" vaccine such as BCG. Of note, its efficacy in the elderly population could not be formally demonstrated because few patients in those trials were over 55 years old. However, COVID-19 protection is expected in these patients given that an IR against the SSP was generated in this age group. The vaccine can be used in adults >55y.o per EMA recommendation. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as anti-PD-(L)1 and anti-CTLA-4, restore an efficient anti-tumor IR by blocking inhibitory synapses. Considering their mechanism of action and based on preclinical data, ICI are likely to enhance rather than diminish IR against vaccines. Although the susceptibility of immunotherapy-treated patients to infections has not been specifically investigated, immunosuppression is not expected with these treatments and efficient post-vaccinal seroconversion was already demonstrated with influenza vaccines [6, 7] . However, CPs receiving steroids or cytokine blockers to manage immune-related side effects may not mount a robust IR against vaccines, but this aspect has not yet been evaluated. Patients with hematologic malignancies receiving B-cell directed immunotherapies, typically CD19, CD20, or CD22-targeted therapies, may also be less responsive to SC2V [8] . In light of these data, the FITC (French society for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer) elaborated the following J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f recommendations (summarized in Table 1 ) on the EMA-approved SC2Vs for CPs treated with immunotherapy: Healthcare workers caring for CPs treated with immunotherapy should receive SC2V to minimize virus transmission (based on data on influenza vaccine [9] ). Because it is not yet formally proven that the vaccine prevents transmission of the virus to others, we recommend to maintain social distancing and masking even after vaccination [10] . Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination should be made available broadly to CPs under immunotherapy but considered individually, notably in patients with known severe food, drug or excipient allergies. CPs receiving ICI alone or in combination with anti-angiogenics or intratumoral oncolytic virus should receive an approved SC2V at any time of their treatment. CPs treated with a combination of ICI and chemotherapy should be prioritized due to their immunocompromised condition. They shall ideally receive their first SC2V dose 3 weeks before starting their chemotherapy or in ongoing treatment conditions, as close as possible and before the next chemotherapy to improve its immunogenicity. Close monitoring of CPs treated with immunotherapy and vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 should be performed through CTs and registries to assess potential adverse events, measure biological and clinical outcomes, and determine optimal protocols for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunization, notably: • The capacity to build a strong anti-SARS-CoV-2 IR; • The impact of the sequence of vaccination/immunotherapy on the efficacy/safety of both vaccination and immunotherapy and potential interactions. Finally, continued research with CTs and registries should be encouraged to generate more data on vaccine efficacy /safety in immunotherapy-treated CPs. FITC's recommendations could be modified upon availability of new data. Saint Louis Hospital INSERM U1015 & CIC1428 Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY COVID-19 in cancer patients: clinical characteristics and outcome-an analysis of the LEOSS registry Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK Controversies about COVID-19 and anticancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors Immunogenicity and safety of influenza vaccination in cancer patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 Could anti-CD20 therapy jeopardise the efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine? Association of increased influenza vaccination in health care workers with a reduction in nosocomial influenza infections in cancer patients ESMO STATEMENTS FOR VACCINATION AGAINST COVID-19