key: cord-0877916-xoseammd authors: Saini, Neha; Sharma, Archana; Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Makatsoris, Harris; Dandia, Anshu; Bhagat, Madhulika; Tonk, Rajiv Kumar; Chander Sharma, Prabodh title: Microwave Assisted Green synthesis of Thiazolidin-4-One derivatives: A Perspective on Potent Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities date: 2020-09-19 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/j.crgsc.2020.100021 sha: baf57f1343ed21caa501d494b325a90c0d8d6497 doc_id: 877916 cord_uid: xoseammd Thiazolidin-4-one has been known as a powerful moiety present in various approved medications. Thiazolidin-4-ones are amongst the most effective and actively explored fields of current antimicrobial and antiviral chemotherapy that portray broad spectrum and potent activity. The wide range of medicinal properties of thiazolidin-4-one related drugs encourages the medicinal chemists to synthesize a significant variety of new medicinal substances. Microwave induced organic reactions earned substantial coverages in recent years due to many advantages such as ease of work, cost-effectiveness, short reaction time and excellent yield. Microwave radiations provide asubstitutefortraditional heating by incorporating energy to the reactions. The usage of microwave irradiation has contributedto the emergence of innovative ideas in chemistry, as energy absorption and propagation in microwave irradiation is entirely dissimilar tothe traditional heating method. In synthetic chemistry, microwave heating is a rapidly growing area of research. This reviewcoverorganic synthesis of thiazolidin-4-one analogues via the use of microwave irradiation as an effective technique and the antiviral and antimicrobial action of thiazolidin-4-one based compounds. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives 7-9 3 Anti-infective activity 9-13 3.1 Antiviral activity 9-11 3.2 Antimicrobial activity 11-13 4 Conclusion 13-14 5 Future prospects 14 Conflict of interest 14 Microwave-assisted organic synthesis is an emerging technology having immense potential for industrial processes because it significantly decreases the time of reaction, utilizes a secure heating source, helps to expandthe yield of the reaction, enhances the "atom economy" by increasing chemical yield and selectivity of product, can be used for solvent-free reactions. The word microwave applies to alternating current signals having frequencies amid 0.3 -300 GHz. Microwaves are high-energy electromagnetic waves from crest to crest varying from 1mm to 1m [1] . Microwave-assisted organic synthesis of various heterocyclic moieties is an effective and environment-friendly synthetic approach and becoming an effectivetool of green chemistry method [2] . In recent decades a wide array of researchers working on microwave-assisted organic synthesis [3] .The mechanism of heat transfer via conventional and microwave heating is reflected in figure 1: J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f heating over conventional heating is that the microwaves directly pairs with ionic or dipole molecules of reaction mixture and the flow of energy happens in less than one nanosecond with rapid increase in temperature. on the other hand in conventional heating the molecules of reaction mixture get activated slowly by permeating heat through the walls of the reaction vessels [4] . Conventional method of heating activated the reactants gradually by usage of external heating source. Firstly, heat passes to the vessel walls then reach to the reactants and solvents. This is a long, ineffective method to move energy through the reacting mechanism. Whereas microwaves couple directly with the whole reaction mixture, leading fast increase in the temperature. In this method of heating, reaction mixture is heated not the vessel itself [5] . Microwave irradiation is an effective form of heating depends on the capacity of analogues to translate electromagnetic energy into heat [6] . Microwave technology applies for not only the production or conversion of a simple fragment but also for the cluster of the bioactive fragments. Therefore, the fundamental underlying principle behind heating in microwave ovens is based on the contact of polar bodies of the substance with the electromagnetic waves of particular frequency. The production of heating by electromagnetic irradiation may occurs either through collision or through conduction and occasionally both. Microwave heating method reduces the reaction time from days to hours, hours to minutes efficiently and also useful in process chemistry for the production of fine chemicals [4] . Few benefits and applications of microwaveassisted organic synthesis aredepicted in figure 2: J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Thiazolidin-4-one analogues represent a significant class of heterocyclic compounds for their possible medicinal applications [7] . These are among the molecules that biochemist and medicinal chemist have studied most thoroughly [8] . Thiazolidin-4-one ring structure has a range of effective therapies comprising antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-tubercular, antifungal, anticonvulsant, cardiovascular effects, hypnotic activity, anti-histaminic activity etc. [9] .Literature survey indicated that in most of methods for the synthesis of thiazolidin-4-one analogues high boiling hydrocarbons like benzene or toluene with regular removal of water, desiccants such as sodium sulfate and ZnCl 2 , molecular sieves and stoichiometric quantity of DCC is necessary in solution-phase reactions. The synthesis of thiazolidin-4-one analogues is significantly improving via usage of microwave irradiation [10] .Infectious viral diseases are one of the most dangerous ones and their treatment remains a significant problem owing to the proliferation of drug-resistant varieties, leading to the accelerated mutability of the virus [11] . Microbial infections are a frequent concern in hospitals and healthcare environments around the world and have become a growing issue in public. Indeed, the discovery and production of novel antimicrobial mediators and different actions is still a big task for the scientific area [12] . Microwave-assisted organic synthesis is already acquired significance in synthetic organic chemistry in a time of just a decade [13] . In organic synthesis, theusage of microwave irradiation has become ever more prevalent in medicinal and educational areas since it is a novel assisting skill for discovery and expansion ofmedicines [14] . Figure Microbes are the microscopic living creatures present all around us and are small particles that cannot be seen by naked eyes. Due to increased advent of microbial diseases, microbes pose resistance toward antimicrobial agents and becomes a significant concern in the scientific world. Hence, the production of modern, effective and special antimicrobial agents is perhaps is the most critical means of overcoming increased microbial resistance. Due to the increased incidence of viral and microbial infections, the researchers require to develop or produce novel antiviral and antimicrobial drugs [25] . To fulfil this purpose the scientific communities focusing toward the synthesis of thiazolidin-4-one containing compounds via microwave irradiation or other green chemistry methods because of their huge antiviral and antimicrobial potential. From literature study, we concluded that the future of medicinal chemistry focuses on the invention of suitable synthesis methods by implementing green chemistry protocols to provide a clear guiding force for the potential production of thiazolidin-4one containing compounds. 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