key: cord-0868990-rgwlbez5 authors: Hayward, S. E.; Deal, A.; Cheng, C.; Crawshaw, A. F.; Orcutt, M.; Vandrevala, T. F.; Norredam, M.; Carballo, M.; Ciftci, Y.; Requena-Mendez, A.; Greenaway, C.; Carter, J.; Knights, F.; Mehrotra, A.; Seedat, F.; Bozorgmehr, K.; Veizis, A.; Campos-Matos, I.; Wurie, F.; Noori, T.; McKee, M.; Kumar, B.; Hargreaves, S. title: Clinical outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 among migrant populations in high-income countries: a systematic review date: 2020-12-22 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.21.20248475 sha: 53772f800766d13c92dc22072f563fd2cd811874 doc_id: 868990 cord_uid: rgwlbez5 Background Migrants, including refugees, asylum seekers, labour migrants, and undocumented migrants, now constitute a considerable proportion of most high-income countries' populations, including their skilled and unskilled workforces. Migrants may be at increased risk of COVID-19 due to their health and social circumstances, yet the extent to which they are being affected and their predisposing risk factors are not clearly understood. We did a systematic review to assess clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in migrant populations (cases, hospitalisations, deaths), indirect health and social impacts, and to determine key risk factors. Methods We did a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020222135). We searched databases including PubMed, Global Health, Scopus, CINAHL, and pre-print databases (medRxiv) via the WHO Global Research on COVID-19 database to Nov 18, 2020 for peer-reviewed and grey literature pertaining to migrants (defined as foreign born) and COVID-19 in 82 high-income countries. We used our international networks to source national datasets and grey literature. Data were extracted on our primary outcomes (cases, hospitalisations, deaths) and we evaluated secondary outcomes on indirect health and social impacts, and risk factors, using narrative synthesis. Results 3016 data sources were screened with 158 from 15 countries included in the analysis (35 data sources for primary outcomes: cases [21], hospitalisations [4]; deaths [15]; 123 for secondary outcomes). We found that migrants are at increased risk of infection and are disproportionately represented among COVID-19 cases. Available datasets suggest a similarly disproportionate representation of migrants in reported COVID-19 deaths, as well as increased all-cause mortality in migrants in some countries in 2020. Undocumented migrants, migrant health and care workers, and migrants housed in camps and labour compounds may have been especially affected. In general, migrants have higher levels of many risk factors and vulnerabilities relevant to COVID-19, including increased exposure to SARS-CoV-2 due to high-risk occupations and overcrowded accommodation, and barriers to health care including inadequate information, language barriers, and reduced entitlement to healthcare coverage related to their immigration status. Conclusions Migrants in high-income countries are at high risk of exposure to, and infection with, COVID-19. These data are of immediate relevance to national public health responses to the pandemic and should inform policymaking on strategies for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in this population. Robust data on testing uptake and clinical outcomes in migrants, and barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination, are urgently needed, alongside strengthening engagement with diverse migrant groups. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; ( h t t p s : / / s e a r c h . b v s a l u d . o r g / g l o b a l -l i t e r a t u r e -o n -n o v e l -c o r o n a v i r u s -2 0 1 9 -n c o v / ) . T h e l a t t e r i s a d a i l y -u p d a t e d , m u l t i l i n g u a l r e s o u r c e o f a l l t h e g l o b a l l i t e r a t u r e ( p e e r -r e v i e w e d l i t e r a t u r e , p r e -p r i n t s a n d g r e y l i t e r a t u r e ) p e r t a i n i n g t o C O V I D -1 9 . W e u s e d a b r o a d s e a r c h s t r a t e g . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 /2020 e p r i m a r y o u t c o m e s w e i n c l u d e d o n l y p r i m a r y d a t a s o u r c e s ; t h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f s t u d y d e s i g n s a n d p o p u l a t i o n s p r e c l u d e d m e t a -a n a l y s i s . F o r t h e s e c o n d a r y o u t c o m e s w e i n c l u d e d p r i m a r y d a t a a n d d a t a f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s , w h i c h w a s c o l l a t e d a n d a s s e s s e d u s i n g n a r r a t i v e s y n t h e s i s . . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint l o f 5 9 s t u d i e s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o c r i t i c a l a p p r a i s a l , i n c l u d i n g 2 2 p r i m a r y o u t c o m e s a n d 3 7 s e c o n d a r y o u t c o m e s . L i t e r a t u r e r a n g e d i n q u a l i t y , w i t h 2 8 s t u d i e s f i t t i n g t h e c r i t e r i a f o r h i g h q u a l i t y s t u d i e s ( 8 0 -1 0 0 % ) , 1 9 f o r m e d i u m q u a l i t y ( 6 0 -7 9 % ) a n d 1 2 f o r l o w q u a l i t y ( 0 -5 9 % ) . T h e a v e r a g e q u a l i t y a p p r a i s a l s c o r e w a s 7 3 . 6 % , w i t h r e p o r t s i n c l u d e d i n t h e p r i m a r y o u t c o m e s h a v i n g a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r q u a l i t y s c o r e o n a v e r a g e t h a n t h o s e i n c l u d e d i n t h e s e c o n d a r y o u t c o m e C O V I D -1 9 c a s e s D a t a t h a t d i s a g g r e g a t e C O V I D -1 9 i n c i d e n c e a n d t e s t i n g u p t a k e b y m i g r a n t s t a t u s i n d i c a t e t h a t m i g r a n t s a c c o u n t f o r a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e n u m b e r o f C O V I D -1 9 i n f e c t i o n s d e s p i t e l o w r a t e s o f t e s t i n g . I n O n t a r i o , C a n a d a , i m m i g r a n t s m a k e u p j u s t o v e r 2 5 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , b u t a c c o u n t e d f o r 4 3 . 5 % o f a l l C O V I D -1 9 c a s e s u p u n t i l 1 3 J u n e ( 1 3 ) . e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e o f r e c e n t l y a r r i v e d m i g r a n t s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n i n c r e a s e d r a t e o f C O V I D -1 9 d i a g n o s e s ( 1 4 ) . a s t u d y t h a t r e p o r t s u s i n g l a n g u a g e a s a s u r r o g a t e f o r i m m i g r a t i o n s t a t u s ( i n t h e a b s e n c e o f r o u t i n e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n o n m i g r a n t s t a t u s ) f o u n d t h a t n o n -E n g l i s h s p e a k e r s w e r e t e s t e d l e s s f r e q u e n t l y f o r C O V I D -1 9 ( 2 9 F e b r u a r y t o 3 u n t i l 1 J u l y , i n t h e a u t u m n t h e r i s k i n c r e a s e d f o r m i g r a n t s f r o m P a k i s t a n , I r a q , A f g h a n i s t a n , S e r b i a a n d T u r k e y ( 1 7 ) . S i m i l a r l y i n S w e d e n , d u r i n g t h e f i r s t p e a k o f t h e p a n d e m i c ( 1 3 M a r c h t o 7 M a y ) , 3 2 % o f p o s i t i v e c a s e s w e r e i m m i g r a n t s , d e s p i t e m a k i n g u p . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2020 o n l y 1 9 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 ) . T h e i n c i d e n c e o f C O V I D -1 9 w a s h i g h e s t a m o n g m i g r a n t s f r o m T u r k e y ( 7 5 3 p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) , f o l l o w e d b y E t h i o p i a ( 7 4 2 p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) a n d S o m a l i a ( 6 6 0 p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) . T h i s c o m p a r e s w i t h a n i n c i d e n c e o f 1 8 9 p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 f o r n o n -m i g r a n t s w h o w e r e b o r n i n S w e d e n f o r t h e s a m e t i m e -p e r i o d ( 1 8 ) . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2020 I n S i n g a p o r e , l a b o u r m i g r a n t s i n c r o w d e d d o r m i t o r i e s h a v e b e e n d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y i m p a c t e d b y C O V I D -1 9 , w i t h o v e r 9 5 % o f c o n f i r m e d c a s e s ( t o 1 9 J u n e ) a m o n g d o r m i t o r y h o u s e d m i g r a n t s ; a s o f 1 8 N o v , 5 4 , 5 0 2 ( 9 5 . 7 % ) o f 5 8 , 1 3 5 a l l i n -c o u n t r y c a s e s o f C O V I D -1 9 w e r e i n m i g r a n t s r e s i d i n g i n d o r m i t o r i e s ( 2 9 ) . A s t u d y i n o n e i s o l a t e d d o r m i t o r y o f 5 9 7 7 m i g r a n t w o r k e r s ( m e a n a g e 3 3 y e a r s ) i n a n a c c o m m o d a t i o n c e n t r e o f 1 3 , 0 0 0 m i g r a n t s , 1 2 6 4 t e s t e d p o s i t i v e f o r C O V I D -1 9 ( b e t w e e n 1 1 t o 1 r e e c e , G e r m a n y , M a l t a , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s , a n d P o r t u g a l , a n d c o n c l u d e s t h a t w h i l s t t h e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t S A R S -C o V -2 t r a n s m i s s i o n i s h i g h e r a m o n g s t m i g r a n t s a n d r e f u g e e s , o v e r c r o w d i n g i n r e c e p t i o n a n d d e t e n t i o n c e n t r e s m a y i n c r e a s e t h e i r e x p o s u r e t o t h e d i s e a s e ( 2 8 ) . T h i s i s i n l i n e w i t h n a t i o n a l n o t i f i c a t i o n d a t a f r o m G e r m a n y w h e r e 2 . 5 % o f n o t i f i e d o u t b r e a k s u p t o 1 1 A u g u s t ( 1 9 9 o f a t o t a l o f 7 8 6 4 w e r e r e p o r t e d i n r e f u g e e c e n t r e . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2020 A t e m p o r a l a n d s p a t i o t e m p o r a l d y n a m i c s s t u d y o f t h e C O V I D -1 9 p a n d e m i c i n K u w a i t u s i n g d a i l y c o n f i r m e d c a s e d a t a c o l l e c t e d b e t w e e n t h e 2 3 F e b r u a r y a n d 7 M a y c o n c l u d e d t h a t d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d a r e a s a n d p o o r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f m i g r a n t w o r k e r s r e s u l t e d i n t h e h i g h e s t n u m b e r o f s i g n i f i c a n t s p r e a d i n g a n d c l u s t e r i n g e v e n t s w i t h i n t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s ( 4 6 ) . I n G r e e c e , a l m o s t h a l f o f C O V I D -1 9 p a t i e n t s h o s p i t a l i s e d i n A t t i c a ( A t h e n s a n d s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s ) a s o f 1 7 S e p t w e r e r e f u g e e s f r o m c a m p s / h o s t i n g s i t e s a n d d e s t i t u t e m i g r a n t s f r o m . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2020 t h e c i t y c e n t r e , i n c l u d i n g i n S o t i r i a h o s p i t a l ( 4 0 o f 1 0 3 a r e r e f u g e e s ) , E v a g g e l i s m o s ( 3 6 o f 6 6 ) , A m a l i a F l e m i n g ( 1 0 o f 2 0 ) a n d A t t i k o n ( 2 6 o f 2 6 ) ; m a n y o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s w e r e r e p o r t e d t o b e " a s y m p t o m a t i c a n d y o u n g " b u t c o u l d n o t b e r e t u r n e d t o o v e r c r o w d e d a c c o m m o d a t i o n ( 4 7 ) . . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ) . . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; t h e s p r e a d o f C O V I D -1 9 i s f a c i l i t a t e d ( 1 , 9 2 -9 5 , 1 1 0 , 1 3 3 -1 4 3 ) . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e M o r i a c a m p i n G r e e c e h a d a n e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y o f 1 3 3 , 0 0 0 p e r k m 2 , w i t h r e p o r t s o f o n e w a t e r t a p s h a r e d b e t w e e n 1 , 3 0 0 p e o p l e i n s o m e a r e a s o f t h e c a m p ( 9 5 ) . is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; n m u l t i g e n e r a t i o n a l h o u s e s , w i t h i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n f r o m y o u n g e r t o o l d e r a n d m o r e v u l n e r a b l e h o u s e h o l d m e m b e r s ( 9 9 , 1 0 . A C a n a d i a n a n a l y is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; o n a l g r o u p , a n d o n h o s p i t a l c l e a n i n g a n d m a i n t e n a n c e s t a f f w h o i n m a n y E U c o u n t r i e s a l s o t e n d t o b e m i g r a n t s . I n a C a n a d i a n a n a l y s i s , m i g r a n t s i n h e a l t h o c c u p a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d t o h a v e a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r m e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l r i s is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; h e a l t h c a r e s e r v i c e s a n d l o w l e v e l s o f l a n g u a g e c o m p e t e n c e , a l l o f w h i c h h a v e a p o t e n t i a l l y n e g a t i v e i m p a c t o n a w a r e n e s s o f t h e p r o b l e m a n d / o r a b i l i t y t o t a k e r e m e d i a l a c t i o n i n c l u d i n g t e s t i n g u p t a k e a n d a c t i v i t i e s t o r e d u c e e x p o s u r e . T h e s e d a t a a r e o f i m m e d i a t e r e l e v a n c e t o n a . W e . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248475 doi: medRxiv preprint k n o w t h a t f e w c o u n t r i e s s p e c i f i c a l l y t a r g e t e d p u b l i c h e a l t h m e s s a g i n g t o m i g r a n t s , w h i c h c o u l d h a v e r e s u l t e d i n t h e i r e x c l u s i o n f r o m t h e l a r g e r p u b l i c h e a l t h r e s p o n s e ( 1 2 5 ) . d a t a s e t s a v a i l a b l e t o 1 8 N o v . I n a d d i t i o n , w e h a v e i n c l u d e d n o n -p e e r r e v i e w e d g r e y l i t e r a t u r e a n d p r e -p r i n t s i n t h e n a r r a t i v e s y n t h e s i s w i t h o b v i o u s l i m i t a t i o n s . D u e t o t h e r a p i d l y e v o l v i n g n a t u r e o f t h e p a n d e m i c w e f e l t t h i s w a s j u s t i f i e d a n d s t r e n g t h e n s o u is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; c a r e f u l l y r e s e a r c h e d m e s s a g i n g o n C O V I D -1 9 p r e v e n t i o n , t e s t i n g a n d t r e a t m e CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; I S M A f l o w d i a g r a m o f i n c l u d e d d a t a s o u r c e s F i g u r e 2 : M i g r a n t -s p e c i f i c r i s k f a c t o r s a n d v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s i d e n t i f i e d i n i n c l u d e d l i t e r a t u r e . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; T a b l e 1 . D a t a s o u r c e s i n c l u d e d i n p r i m a r y o u t c o m e s d a t a , c l i n i c a l o u t c o m e s ( c a s e s , h o s . p i t a l i s a t i o n s , d e a t h s ) A u t h o r s * L o c a t i o n P o p u l a t i o n S t u d y d e s i g n P u b l i c a t i o n t y p e S t u d y p e r i o d S a m p l e s i z e M e t h o d s K e y r e s u l t s Q u a l i t y a p p r a i s a l s c o r e ( % ) C O V I D - 1 9 c a s e s G u t t m a n ( 1 3 ) O n t a r i o , C a n a d a M i g r a n t s a n d r e f u g e e s P o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d c a s e / t e s t i n g d a t a G r e y T o 1 3 J u n e 6 2 4 , 3 8 6 t e s t e d R a t e s o f C O V I D - 1 9 t e s t i n g a n d p e r c e n t a g e p o s i t i v i t y i n m i g r a n t s , a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h s o c i o e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s M i g r a n t s a c c o u n t e d f o r 4 3 . 5 % o f a l l C O V I D - 1 9 c a s e s b u t m a k e u p j u s t o v e r 2 5 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n ; m i g r a n t s h a d l o w e r r a t e s o f t e s t i n g b u t a h i g h e r p ef i m m i g r a n t s w a s p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r a t e o f C O V I D - 1 9 d i a g n o s i s 8 / 8 ( 1 0 0 ) K i m ( 1 5 ) W a s h i n g t o n D C , N o n - E n g l i s h CU S A s p e a k e r s p u b l i c a t i o n 3 1 M a y t e s t i n g a n d p e r c e n t a g e p o s i t i v i t y i n n o n - E n g l i s h s p e a k e r s v e r s u s E n g l i s h s p e a k e r s f r e q u e n t l y f o r C O V I D - 1 9 ( 4 . 7 % v s 5 . 6 % ) b u t w e r e m o r e l i k e l y t o r e c e i v e a p o s i t i v e r e s u l t ( 1 8 . 6 % v s 4 . 0 % ) N o r w e i g a n I n s t i t u t e o f P u b l i c H e a l t h ( 1 6 ) N o r w a y M i g r a n t s P o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d c a s e d a t a N a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s T o 4 MN / A N o r w e i g a n I n s t i t u t e o f P u b l i c H e a l t h ( 1 7 ) N o r w a y M i g r a n t s P o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d c a s e d a t a N a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s T o 5 N o v - I n c i d e n c e r a t e a m o n g m i g r a n t s b y c o u n t r y o f o r i g i n v e r s u s t h o s e b o r n i n N o r w a y U n t i l 1 J u l y , i n c i d e n c e a m o n g t h e S o m a l i - b o r n w a s v e r y h i g h , b u t i n a u t u m n t h e r i s k h a s i n c r e a s e d f o r m i g r a n t s f r o m P a k i s t a n , I r a q , A f g h a n i s t a n , S e r b i a a n d T u r k e y N / A S w e d i s h P u b l i c H e a l t h A g e n c y ( 1 8 ) S w e d e n M i g r a n t s P o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d c a s e d a t a N a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s 1 3 M a r c h t o 7 M a y - I n c i d e n c e o f C O V I D - 1 9 b y c o u n t r y o f b i r t h 3 2 % o f c aA u t h o r s * L o c a t i o n P o p u l a t i o n S t u d y d e s i g n P u b l i c a t i o n t y p e S t u d y p e r i o d S a m p l e s i z e M e t h o d s K e y r e s u l t s Q u a l i t y a p p r a i s a l s c o r e ( % ) b o r n i n T u r k e y , E t h i o p i a , a n d S o m a l i a S t a t e n s S e r u m I n s t i t u t ( 1 9 ) D e n m a r k M i g r a n t s a n d t h e i r c h i l d r e n P o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d c a s e d a t a N a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s 2 9 A p r i l t o 6 M a y - C a s e , t e s t i n g a n d i n c i d e n c e d a t a , c o m p a r i n g m i g r a n t s a n d t h e i r d e s c e n d a n t s w i t h n o n - m i g r a n t s N o n - W e s t e r n m i g r a n t s a n d t h e i r n a t i v e - b o r n c h i l d r e n a c c o u n t e d f o r 1 8 % o f c a s e s , d e s p i t e m a k i n g u p 9 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n N / A S% o f C O V I D - 1 9 h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s , d e s p i t e m a k i n g u p 9 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n N / A G u i j a r r o ( 2 1 ) A l c o r c ó n , S p a i n M i g r a n t s P o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d c o h o r t s t u d y P r e - p r i n t 1 F e b r u0 i n h a b i t a n t s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) G r i l l i ( 2 2 ) R e g g i o E m i l i a , I t a l y M i g r a n t s P o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d c a s e d a t a P e e r - r e v i e w e d p u b l i c a t i o n 6 M a r c h t o 2 6 M a r c h 2 6 3 5 t e s t e d O d d s o f C O V I D - 1 9 i n f e c t i o n a n d b e i n g t e s t e d i n m i g r a n t s v e r s u s I t a l i a n s I m m i g r a n t s a n d I t a l i a n s h a d a s i m i l a r p r e v a l e n c e o f i n f e c t i o n ( O R 0 . 9 9 , 9 5 % C I 0 . 8 2 - 1 . 2 0 ) a n d s i m i l a r p r o b a b i l i t y o f b e i n g t e s t e d ( O R 0 . 9 3 , 9 5 % C I 0 . 8 1 - 1 . 1 0 ) N / A S t r u l l y ( 2 3 ) U S A M i g r a n t s S p a t i a l c o m p a r i s o n P e e r - r e v i e w e d p u b l i c a t i o n T o 2 8 M a y - A s s o c i a t i o n o f p r o p o r t i o n o f m i g r a n t s l i v i n g i n a r e g i o n w i t h C O V I D - 1 9 c a s e r a t e s P e r c e n t a g e o f f o r e i g n - b o r n r e s i d e n t s w a s p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h C O V I D - 1 9 c a s e r a t e ( f u l l y a d j u s t e d I R R = 1 . 1 0 6 , 9 5 % C I 1 . 0 7 4 - 1 . 1 3 9 , p < 0 . 0 1 ) a t c o u n t y l e v e l 8 / 8 ( 1 0 0 ) J a q u e t i A r o c a ( 2 4 ) M a d r i d , S p a i n M i g r a n td i v i d u a l - l e v e l s u r v i v a l a n a l y s i s G r e y T o 3 0 J u n e - R i s k o f d e a t h f r o m C O V I D - 1 9 i n i n d i v i d u a l - l e v e l d a t a a c c o r d i n g t o c o u n t r y o f b i r t h ,t u r a l ) T a d o l i n i ( 9 0 ) G l o b a l M i g r a n t s x C o - i n f e c t i o n w i t h t u b e r c u l o s i s M o t t a ( 9 1 ) G l o b a l M i g r a n t s x C o - i n f e c t i o n w i t h t u b e It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2020 3 8 . O b s e r v a t o i r e R e g i o n a l d e S a n t e I l e d e F r a n c e . L a s u r m o r t a l i t e d u r a n t l ' e p i d e m i e d e C o v i d -1 9 d a n s l e s d e p a r t e m e n t s f r a n c i l i e n s . 2 0 2 0 . 3 9 . K u n s t A , V i s s e r M d , S t o e l d r a i j e r L , H a r m s e n C . O v e r s t e r f t e t i j d e n s d e e e r s t e z e s w e k e n v a n d e c o r o n a -e p i d e m i e : S o c i a a l -d e m o g r a f i s c h e e n g e o g r a f i s c h e v e r s c h i l l e n . C e n t r a a l B u r e a u v o o r d e S t a t i s t i e k ; 2 0 2 . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; 5 6 . G o o d m a n J , W a n g S X , R u b i A G O , S a n t a n a M H . M e n t a l h e a l t h o f u n d o c u m e n t e d c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s d u r i n g t h e C O V I D -1 9 p a n d e m i c . m e d R x i v . 2 0 2 0 . 5 7 . C h o i S , H o n g J Y , K i m Y J , P a r k H . P r e d i c t i n g P s y c h o l o g i c a l D i s t r e s s A m i d t h e C O V I D -1 9 P a n d e m i c b y M a c h i n e L e a r n i n g : D i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d C o p i n g M e c h a n i s m s o f K o r e a n I m m i g r a n t s i n t h e U . S . I n t j e n v i r o n r e s p u b l i c h e a l t h ( O n l i n e ) . . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; 7 5 . B o r j a s G J , C a s s i d y H . T h e A d v e r s e E f f e c t o f t h e C o v i d -1 9 L a b o r M a r k e t S h o c k o n I m m i g r a n t E m p l o y m e n t . I Z A I n s t i t u t e o f L a b o r E c o n o m i c s ; 2 0 2 0 . 7 6 . P a c h e c o T , C o u l o m b e S , K h a l i l C , M e u n i e r S , D o u c e r a i n M , A u g e r E , e t a l . J o b s e c u r i t y a n d t h e p r o m o t i o n o f w o r k e r s ' w e l l b e i n g i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e c o v i d -1 9 p a n d e m i c : A s t u d y w i t h c a n a d i a n w o r k e r s o n e t o t w o w e e k s a f t e r t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f s o c i a l d i s t a n c i n g m e a s u r e . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; 9 2 . I a c o b u c c i G . C o v i d -1 9 : D o c t o r s w a r n o f h u m a n i t a r i a n c a t a s t r o p h e a t E u r o p e ' s l a r g e s t r e f u g e e c a m p . B M J . 2 0 2 0 ; 3 6 8 : m 1 0 9 7 -m . 9 3 . H a r g r e a v e s S , Z e n n e r D , W i c k r a m a g e K , D e a l A , H a y w a r d S E . T a r g e t i n g C O V I D -1 9 i n t e r v e n t i o n s t o w a r d s m i g r a n t s i n h u m a n i t a r i a n s e t t i n g s . L a n c e t I n f e c t D i s . 2 0 2 . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; 1 1 3 . V a l e r i a n i G , V u k o v i c I S , L i n d e g a a r d T , F e l i z i a R , M o l l i c a R , A n d e r s s o n G . U n c o n v e n t i o n a l A n s w e r s t o U n p r e c e d e n t e d C h a l l e n g e s : T h e S w e d i s h E x p e r i e n c e D u r i n g t h e C O V I D -1 9 O u t b r e a k . J P r e v M e d P u b l i c H e a l t h . 2 0 2 0 ; 5 3 ( 4 ) : 2 3 3 -5 . 1 1 4 . E s e g b o n a -A d e i g b e S . C O V I D -1 9 a n d t h e r i s k t o b l a c k , A s i a n a n d m i n o r i t y e t h n i c w o m e n d u r i n g p r e g n a n c y . B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f M i d w i f e r y . 2 0 2 0 ; 2 8 ( 1 0 ) : . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248475 doi: medRxiv preprint 1 3 0 . G u o M , J o a n p e r e M , P u l i d o C , P a d r ó s C u x a r t M . C o p i n g o f C h i n e s e C i t i z e n s L i v i n g i n S p a i n d u r i n g t h e C O V I D -1 9 P a n d e m i c : L e s s o n s f o r P e r s o n a l W e l l -B e i n g a n d S o c i a l C o h e s i o n . S u s t a i n a b i l i t y . 2 0 2 0 ; 1 2 ( 1 9 ) : 7 9 4 9 . 1 3 1 . Z h a n g L -T , Z h a o S . D i a s p o r a m i c r o -i n f l u e n c e r s a n d C O V I D -1 9 c o m m u n i c a t i o n o n s o c i a l m e d i a : T h e c a s e o f C h i n e s e -s p e a k i n g Y o u T u b e v l o g g e r s . M u l t i l i n g u a -J o u r n a l o f C r o s . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248475 doi: medRxiv preprint 1 5 0 . E m e l u r u m o n y e I N , M i g l i e t t a A . S I T U A T I O N A L B R I E F : N E W L Y A R R I V E D M I G R A N T S & A S Y L U M S E E K E R S I N I T A L Y D U R I N G T H E C O V I D -1 9 P A N D E M I C . 2 0 2 0 . 1 5 1 . E m e l u r u m o n y e I N , M i g l i e t t a A . N E W A R R I V A L M I G R A N T S A N D A S Y L U M S E E K E R S I N R E C E P T I O N C E N T R E S I N I T A L Y D U R I N G C O V I D -1 9 [ u p d a t e ] . 2 0 2 0 . 1 5 2 . A r m i t a g e R , N e l l u m s L B . C O V I D -1 9 a n d t h e G y p s y , R o m a a n d T r a v e l l e r p o p u l a t i o . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248475 doi: medRxiv preprint 1 6 9 . P o t t e r J L , B u r m a n M , T w e e d C D , V a g h e l a D , K u n s t H , S w i n g l e h u r s t D , e t a l . T h e N H S v i s i t o r a n d m i g r a n t c o s t r e c o v e r y p r o g r a m m e -a t h r e a t t o h e a l t h ? B M C P u b l i c H e a l t h . 2 0 2 0 ; 2 0 ( 1 ) : 4 0 7 . 1 7 0 . T h e M i g r a n t a n d E t h n i c H e a l t h S e c t i o n o f t h e E u r o p e a n P u b l i c H e a l t h A s s o c i a t i o n ( E U P H A ) . S t a t e m e n t b y t h e E U P H A M i g r a n t a n d e t h n i c m i n o r i t y h e a l t h s e c t i o n o n C O V I D -1 . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2020 is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248475 doi: medRxiv preprint . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. • O v e r c r o w d e d a n d u n s a n i t a r y c a m p s , d e t e n t i o n c e n t r e s , e m p l o y e r -p r o v i d e d c o m p o u n d s • H i g h r i s k p u b l i c -f a c i n g j o b s • P o o r w o r k s e c u r i t y , o u t s i d e g o v e r n m e n t s a f e t y n e t s • O v e r c r o w d e d h o u s i n g , t e m p o r a r y a c c o m m o d a t i o n / h o m e l e s s n e s is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 22, 2020. ; OR Ingroups OR outgroups OR Intersectionality OR Kinship OR "Minority group*"~3 OR "minority population*"~2 OR minorities OR Multicultu* OR Polyethnic* OR "Population genetics" OR Race OR races OR racial OR Tribe* OR latino*) OR AB:(Ancest* OR Diaspor* OR ethnic* OR Ethnoc* OR Ethnog* OR "Identity politics