key: cord-0866837-katihtx1 authors: Jiang, Wenjing; Zhao, Xing'e; Jiang, Jia; Zhou, Qidi; Yang, Jiahui; Chen, Yuqing; Goldsamt, Lloyd; Williams, Ann Bartley; Li, Xianhong title: Hospital ethical climate associated with the professional quality of life among nurses during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China: A cross-sectional study date: 2021-05-12 journal: Int J Nurs Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.05.002 sha: a89e661910edbc6bfd885c228a2dcb6fcbef649e doc_id: 866837 cord_uid: katihtx1 OBJECTIVES: To describe the professional quality of life and explore its associated factors among nurses coming from other areas of China to assist with the anti-epidemic fight in Wuhan and especially examine whether the hospital ethical climate was independently associated with nurses’ professional quality of life. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from March 2020 to April 2020. The nurses working in Wuhan from the other parts of China were the target population. The Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5, the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey, and a basic information sheet were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: In total, 236 nurses participated in this study, and 219 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The average age of the participants was 31.2 ± 5.0 years. Most nurses were female (176/219; 80.4%) and married (145/219; 66.2%). In term of professional quality of life, nurses reported moderate (129/219; 58.9%) to high (90/219; 41.1%) levels of compassion satisfaction, low (119/219; 54.3%) to moderate (100/219; 45.7%) levels of burnout, and low (67/219; 36.0%) to high (10/219; 4.6%) levels of secondary traumatic stress. Regarding hospital ethical climate, nurses reported moderately high hospital ethical climates with an average score of 4.46. After controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, the multiple linear regression models showed that the hospital ethical climate subscale of “relationship with physicians” was independently associated with the compassion satisfaction (β = 0.533, P < 0.01) and burnout (β = −0.237, P < 0.05); the hospital ethical climate subscale of “relationship with peers” (β = −0.191, P < 0.01) was independently associated with the secondary traumatic stress. CONCLUSIONS: During the early stage of the pandemic, nurses demonstrated moderate to high level of compassion satisfaction, low to moderate level of burnout, and all nurses experienced secondary traumatic stress. Nurses perceived a high level of hospital ethical climate, and the perceived hospital ethical climate played an important role in promoting nurses’ professional quality of life during a life-threatening infectious disease pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has become the most severe public health crisis in the present era. In the early stage of the outbreak, Chinese nurses faced high risk of infection and many ethical dilemmas in taking care of the COVID-19 patients in the designated hospitals, which might affect their professional quality of life. Theoretically, a positive hospital ethical climate might improve the nurses' professional quality of life, namely developing more professional compassion, less burnout and work-related stress. Anti-pandemic nurses demonstrated higher level of compassion satisfaction, and lower level of burnout during the early stage of the pandemic. And all nurses reported experiencing secondary traumatic stress. Anti-pandemic nurses perceived higher level of hospital ethical climate during the early stage of the pandemic due to the sound ethical environment established in that context. The perceived sound hospital ethical climate established in hospitals was associated with the improvement of professional quality of life among nurses, which could potentially enhance the quality of care for patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID -19) has been characterized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization [1] , and has become the most severe public health crisis in the present era [2] . In order to control the pandemic, more than 42,000 healthcare workers, including 28,600 nurses from other provinces of China, came to Hubei Province to assist with patient care [3] . These nurses were regarded as anti-pandemic nurses. During the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, the scarcity of personal protective supplies put these healthcare workers' lives at the most risk of infection. Up to February 24, 2020, a total of 3387 Chinese healthcare workers were infected with COVID-19; more than 90% were in Hubei province [4] . Facing a sudden and immediately life-threatening infectious disease could lead to a series of emotional symptoms in nurses. Many studies [5e7] showed that a considerable proportion of anti-pandemic nurses self-reported experiencing severe mental health symptoms, such as distress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression, and some even experienced secondary traumatic stress [8] , all of which might affect their professional quality of life (ProQOL). ProQOL is a multi-dimensional concept including two components, namely compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue, and the latter consists of two components of burnout and secondary traumatic stress [9] . Compassion satisfaction is the satisfaction achieved within one's work by helping others and fulfilling one's professional responsibility well [9] . Burnout is a condition often associated with feelings of inability and hopelessness to perform job duties effectively [9] . Secondary traumatic stress is the psychological stress or emotional pain resulting from the desire to relieve others' suffering [9, 10] . Recent studies indicated that healthcare workers might suffer high level of compassion fatigue, and their ProQoL might be impaired in the present health crisis [11, 12] . Many factors could influence ProQOL for nurses, including demographic and work-related characteristics [9, 13] . In addition, based on Stamm's [9] conceptual framework, which elaborated the relationships between compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress among anti-pandemic nurses, the work environment, clients' (patients) environment, and the person's (healthcare workers) environment all have influences on nurses' ProQOL. These environmental factors are similar to Olson's concept of hospital ethical climate, which focuses on the individual's perception on their organizations. Specifically, hospital ethical climate refers to the "individual perception on the organization that influences attitude and behavior, and serves as a reference for employee's behavior" [14] . This concept includes five dimensions: nurses' perceived relationships with peers, patients, managers, physicians, and hospital [14] . Based on the above conceptual framework and concepts, theoretically, a positive hospital ethical climate might help nurses develop more professional compassion, less burnout and work-related stress, and improve adherence to ethical principles and organizational commitment [15e18]. On the contrary, if nurses were not supported by their hospital ethical climate when performing their duties, they might be reluctant to fulfill their responsibility and get tired of their work [19] . This hypothesis has been confirmed in a previous study conducted in diversified wards of a Iran teaching hospital, in which nurses' perception of hospital ethical climate was associated with their ProQOL [15] . During the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, many unprecedented strategies were used to assist healthcare workers to quickly adapt to their new work environments and effectively participate in the fight against the pandemic, such as calling for donations and supplies to meet the needs of healthcare workers, creating a humanistic administrative system with fewer hours on one shift; close supervision on donning and doffing personal protective equipment; necessary training; psychological counseling; and guaranteeing adequate food, transportation and accommodations for healthcare workers [20e24] . Would sound hospital ethical climates be established for the new medical teams/designated hospitals with the implementation of such strategies？How would a sound hospital ethical climate affect nurses' ProQOL? To date, little is known about the anti-pandemic nurses' ProQOL and perception of the hospital ethical climate, nor whether the hospital ethical climate influenced nurses' ProQOL. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to (a) describe the level of ProQOL and the perceived hospital ethical climate among Chinese nurses who supported Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19, (b) explore the relevant influencing factors of ProQOL, and especially examine whether the perceived hospital ethical climate had an impact on ProQOL for anti-pandemic nurses during the early stage of COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey. The target population was the nurses who came from other areas of China to take care of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan from January to April 2020. Seven medical teams (Sichuan medical team, Hunan medical team, Liaoning medical team, Guangdong medical team, Guangxi medical team, Jilin medical team, and Guizhou medical team) were selected to recruit potential nurses. The nurses were eligible for this study if they were: (a) registered nurses; (b) working in designated hospitals for COVID-19 patients for at least one week; (c) providing direct patient care; (d) from other areas of the country other than Wuhan; and (e) volunteering to participate in this study. Participants who withdrew from frontline clinical work due to exposure, suspected/confirmed COVID-19 infection, and other events during the survey period were excluded. Data were collected from March 2020 to April 2020 through an online survey (http://www.sojump.com). Initially, a flyer was sent out to the targeted anti-pandemic nurses through Wechat (an instant online chatting platform) groups. Those who were interested in this study could click the QR code to fill out the survey. Once they read the electronic informed consent explaining the purpose, risks, and benefits of the study on the smartphone or the computer interface and clicked the "Agree" button could they continue to start filling out the survey. They were provided with an opportunity for a random lottery valued 10 CNY (1.527 US$), which was set up in advance by the researcher and automatically performed by the Sojump online platform. Participants could easily accept the lottery by depositing it into their Wechat account. The login IDs were recorded automatically, and thus each smartphone or computer could only submit the survey once. To fill out the survey typically took about 10 min, and if the questionnaire was submitted within 3 min, it was deemed invalid. Only all the items required to be filled out, could they submit the questionnaire. Participants could withdraw at any time. No personal identifiers were collected, and all the data were exported from the Sojump Platform and stored safely in an offline password-protected computer, and only research staff could access the data. Age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, educational background, being the only child in the family, have a child, religious background, ethical training experience, professional qualification, years worked as a nurse, monthly income, employment type, working setting, days worked in isolation wards, and whether reducing the number of face-to-face contact with COVID-19 patients due to the occupational prevention requirements were collected. ProQOL was measured using the Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5 (ProQOL version 5) developed by Stamm [9] in the United States in 2010. The Chinese version of the ProQOL scale used in this study was translated and localized by Zheng et al. [25] in 2013, and consists of 30 items representing two components (three subscales): the positive component (compassion satisfaction) and the negative component (Burnout and secondary traumatic stress). Each subscale has 10 items and uses a 5-point Likert scale, scoring from 1 ¼ "never" to 5 ¼ "very often". For each subscale, a raw score of 22 or less indicates a low level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, or secondary traumatic stress; raw score of 23e41 indicate moderate levels, and raw score of 42 and above indicate a high level. The compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic scales had Cronbach's a coefficients of 0.88, 0.75, and 0.81, respectively [9]. The ProQOL manifested acceptable reliability in the current study with Cronbach's a coefficients of 0.91, 0.79, and 0.87 for the three subscales, respectively. Hospital ethical climate was measured using the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS) developed by Olson [14] in the United States in 1998 and adapted in China by Wang et al. [26] in 2018. The 25 items on the HECS are organized into five subscales: relationship with peers (4 items), patients (4 items), managers (6 items), physicians (5 items), and hospital/Organization (6 items). The responses use a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ¼ "almost never true" to 5 ¼ "almost always true". A total score can be calculated, and higher score indicate more positive perception of hospital ethical climate. The subscales had Cronbach's a coefficients of 0.73, 0.68, 0.92, 0.77, and 0.81, respectively [14] . The HECS for the current study had acceptable reliability with Cronbach's a coefficients of 0.83, 0.84, 0.89, 0.83, and 0.88 for the subscales, respectively, and 0.97 for the total scale. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University before data collection (Approval No. E202023). An electronic informed consent was sent to the participants to ensure they fully understood the study purpose and procedure, and the risks and benefits of participating in this study. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. All participants were assured confidentiality and informed about the right to withdraw at any time. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe categorical variables, and means and standard deviations were used to describe the distributions of continuous variables. Student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and Pearson's correlations were used to examine the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, hospital ethical climate subscales, and the level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. Multiple linear regression models were conducted to determine whether the perceived hospital ethical climate was an independent predictor of professional quality of life among antipandemic nurses. All the significant variables during the bivariate analysis were entered into the regression model using the stepwise approach. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0. The significance level was set at a ¼ 0.05, and all tests were 2-tailed. Sample size was estimated according to the textbook of Medical Statistics for Chinese graduate Students, which recommended that an estimated sample size could be 5e10 times more than the independent variables by using multiple linear regression model. In this study there were 20 independent variables and thus an estimated number of 100e200 participants were required. A total of 236 nurses participated in the study (with a response rate of 33.7%, 236/700), and 219 questionnaires with completed information were used for analysis. The average scores for the subscales of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress were 39.58 ± 6.91 (range 24e50), 21.71 ± 6.13 (range 10e37), and 26.12 ± 8.09 (range 10e50), respectively. None of the nurses had reported low level of compassion or high level of burnout. All the nurses reported experiencing secondary traumatic stress, and most of them (130/ 219; 59.4%) reported a moderate level (Table 2 ). The average hospital ethical climate scores were 4.45 ± 0.60, which indicated a moderately high hospital ethical climate. The average scores for the domains of hospital ethical climate including nurses' relationships with peers, patients, managers, physicians, and hospital were 4.49 ± 0.65, 4.48 ± 0.62, 4.50 ± 0.65, 4.33 ± 0.65, and 4.44 ± 0.61, respectively. The bivariate analysis showed that age, ethnicity, educational background, religious background, ethical training experience, professional qualification, years worked as a nurse, days worked in isolation wards, and self-reported whether reducing the number of face-to-face contact with COVID-19 patients due to the occupational prevention requirements were significantly associated with compassion satisfaction. Age, gender, ethnicity, educational background, religion, ethical training experience, professional qualification, years worked as a nurse, and self-reported whether reducing the number of face-to-face contact with COVID-19 patients due to the occupational prevention requirements were significantly associated with burnout. Gender, educational background, religious background, and employment type were significantly associated with secondary traumatic stress (Table 3) . Pearson correlation tests showed that the subscale of compassion satisfaction was positively associated with the HECS subscales (r ¼ 0.497 to 0.563, all P < 0.01), and the subscales of burnout and secondary traumatic stress negatively associated with the HECS subscales (r ¼ À0.475 to À0.439, all P < 0.01; r ¼ À0.240 to À0.148, all P < 0.05) ( Table 4) . After controlling for the socio-demographic/working characteristics, the multiple linear regression models showed that relationship with physicians (b ¼ 0.533, P < 0.001; b ¼ À0.237, P < 0.05) was independently associated with the subscales of compassion satisfaction and burnout. A positive relationship with physicians could help nurses increase compassion satisfaction and lessen burnout. Also, relationship with peers (b ¼ À0.192, P < 0.01) was independently associated with the subscale of secondary traumatic stress. The better the perceived relationship with peers, the lower level of secondary traumatic stress nurses experienced (Table 5 ). To the best of our knowledge, this might be the first study to explore the status of ProQOL and hospital ethical climates among anti-pandemic nurses coping with COVID-19. Our study showed that anti-pandemic nurses reported a moderate level of ProQOL and a positive perception of hospital ethical climate, and highlighted that a sound hospital ethical climate established in hospitals could benefit the improvement of ProQOL among nurses. What is surprising is that the anti-pandemic nurses in our study demonstrated greater professional compassion satisfaction than those Chinese nurses showed prior to the pandemic [27e29]. Although this result might seem counter-intuitive, it was consistent with the study results from Spain and Italy during the pandemic [11, 12] . First of all, fighting the COVID-19 pandemic allowed nurses to connect strongly with their intrinsic motivation to make great efforts to take good care of their patients [30, 31] . Our findings revealed that those nurses who self-reported reducing the number of face-to-face contact with COVID-19 patients due to the occupational prevention requirements experienced lower compassion satisfaction. Avoiding direct contact with COVID-19 patients implied a mind-set of patient avoidance, which was the most complex dilemma concern [32] . Indeed, it violated nurses' professional value and work motivation to care for patients, and let nurses fall into the ethical dilemma of self-blame and guilt [33e35]. Second, an ethical social support environment, such as widespread media support and recognition for health-risk taking endeavors, could reinforce their choice of participating in this care activity and the value of their efforts [36] . Therefore, improving the hospital ethical climate could have nurses perceive their professional values deeply and create stronger compassion to take care of patients. Our study indicated that nurses who had a more positive relationship with physicians were more likely to have higher compassion satisfaction and lower burnout. Long-standing affiliation in seniority hierarchies among nurses and physicians could result in an unstable practice environment, and the unequal social status could further affect nurses' professional independence, professional identity, and professional value [12, 37] . The items assessing relationship with physicians mainly include mutual trust, mutual respect, and nurses' autonomy in clinical decision-making in term of the hospital ethical climate scale. When nurses were satisfied with their relationships with physicians, they would feel their work gained professional acknowledgment. Physicians and nurses played different roles in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Nurses should execute all medical orders quickly, efficiently and prudently, while physicians should respect and give full play to the professional independence of nurses. Nurse leaders must be aware of the significance of nurse-physician relationships in improving the nurses' ProQOL and provide appropriate facilitation to improve their relationships in Chinese clinical settings. Another unexpected result demonstrated by our study was that anti-pandemic nurses reported a lower level of burnout compared with nurses who worked in the non-pandemic period [27e29,38] . High levels of burnout indicated that nurses possessed insufficient resources to respond to their jobs' demands. According to several studies and reviews, nurses working in a supportive work environment were less likely to report a high level of burnout [39e41]. Thus, we believe that the positive hospital ethical climate established in the temperate isolated wards, such as the reasonable shift schedule of limiting anti-pandemic nurses' work hours to 4e6 h instead of the regular 8 h, might play a significant role in reducing burnout [20, 22] . The data were collected from March to April 2020, when the epidemic in Wuhan was almost contained, thus the perceived achievement might buffer the burnout. Another significant finding of this study was that Chinese antipandemic nurses had higher secondary traumatic stress than nurses coping with the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and Italy [11, 12] , and nurses working in other healthcare settings in the world [27e29,38] . Secondary traumatic stress was an occupational hazard for nurses who provided direct patient care, which stemmed from helping or wanting to help a traumatized or suffering person [10] . During the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese nurses faced great uncertainty trying to stop the pandemic in life-threatening situations. Furthermore, the frontline healthcare workers were witnessing the rising number of healthcare workers getting infected with, and some dying from, COVID-19. Although psychological counseling services were provided for all medical personnel, 4.6% of participants reported experiencing a high level of secondary traumatic stress. Our results indicated that a positive relationship with peers might reduce nurses' secondary traumatic stress. The high level of cooperation with peers required by the nursing profession led to a strong alliance based on professional values and responsibilities. Previous studies reported that social support, especially from peers, could keep nurses focused and intent on collectively overcoming the challenges they faced and alleviate secondary traumatic stress [42, 43] . A peer support program of the United Kingdom's National Institution for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines has been recommended as self-care strategies for frontline healthcare workers' trauma situations [44] . A recent study [45] also indicated that COVID-19 related trauma might cause or aggravate distress and burnout symptoms and decrease the work efficiency among healthcare workers who were lacking peer support. Thus, timely psychological counseling and emotional support are called for healthcare workers in a health crisis. Our study has several limitations. First, the non-random sample due to the urgent situation and massive clinical task for antipandemic nurses might result in a selective bias. Second, the online survey data collection method has its own limitation on data reliability. To address this, we set detailed instructions for completing the survey, and we also restricted the IP address to avoid repeatedly filling out the questionnaire. Third, this is a crosssectional study, and we have only found a statistical association between hospital ethical climate and ProQOL at this one time point. Thus, to clarify the nature of the relationship between hospital ethical climate and ProQOL, more studies are needed in the future. This study indicated a moderate level of ProQOL and a positive perception of hospital ethical climate among nurses coming from other areas of China to Wuhan during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the perception of hospital ethical climate played a vital role in developing nurses' ProQOL in the clinical healthcare settings. Accordingly, this study provides implications that establishing positive physician-nurse relationships, proving peer support, and creating an ethical environment in clinical settings could improve the ProQOL for nurses and care quality. This study was supported by the Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Platform and Talent Plan (2017TP1004). The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Table 4 Correlations between professional quality of life and ethical climate among nurses (n ¼ 219). Note: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P ＜ 0.001. a Assignment to the variable: 1 ¼ Yes, 2 ¼ Uncertain, 3 ¼ No. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. World Health Organization The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak Nurses born in the 1980s and 1990s account for 90% of the total number of nurses in Hubei. China National Radio More than 90 percent of the country's medical workers infected with the virus are from Hubei. Chinanews Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 The prevalence and influencing factors in anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional survey The experiences of health -care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic The concise ProQOL manual Compassion fatigue: coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized Ortega-Gal an AM. Compassion fatigue, burnout, compassion satisfaction and perceived stress in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 health crisis in Spain Professional quality of life and mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to sars-cov-2 (Covid-19) Factors that influence the development of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in emergency department nurses Hospital nurses' perceptions of the ethical climate of their work setting A study of the relationship between professional values and ethical climate and nurses' professional quality of life in Iran Nurses' perception of actual and ideal organizational ethical climate in hospitals of Ahwaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences in 1390-91 Hospital ethical climates and registered nurses' turnover intentions The effect of nurses' ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction The survey of the relationship between ethical climate and the students' curriculum attitude in Sari medical sciences university Rapidly organize redeployed medical staff in coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: what we should do How to protect medical staff in the COVID-19 battlefield after work Special attention to nurses' protection during the COVID-19 epidemic Sourcing personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic Timely mental health services contribute to the containment of COVID-19 pandemic in China The Chinese version Professional Quality of L ife Scale: testing of reliability and validity in nurses Reliability and validity of Chinese version of the hospital ethical climate survey assessment and the application in nurses The impact of leadership behaviors of head nurses on professional quality of life among nurses The influence of professional quality of life on work engagement among nurses in the Intensive Care Unit The relationship between professional quality of life and perceived organizational support among critical care nurses ICN COVID-2019 update: data on infected healthcare workers and access to protective equipment vital in prevention of the virus. International Council of Nurses Global challenges in health and health care for nurses and midwives everywhere Factors influencing emergency nurses' ethical problems during the outbreak of MERS-CoV Ethical issues in caring for COVID-patients: a view from Gaza Ethical dilemmas, perceived risk, and motivation among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic Beyond burnout: addressing system-induced distress Psychological distress among nurses who are from other provinces and engaged in assisting to combat the recent outbreak of COVID 19 in Wuhan Validation of the hospital ethical climate survey for older people care Relationships between nurses' empathy, self-compassion and dimensions of professional quality of life: a crosssectional study Correlation between nursing work environment and nurse burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in the western region of mainland China The association of Chinese hospital work environment with nurse burnout, job satisfaction, and intention to leave Burnout in nursing: a theoretical review Secondary traumatic stress, mental state, and work ability in nurses-results of a psychological risk assessment at a university hospital Organizational correlates of secondary traumatic stress and burnout among sexual assault nurse examiners Self-care strategies in response to nurses' moral injury during COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19: peer support and crisis communication strategies to promote institutional resilience The authors thank all the anti-pandemic nurses who participated in this study. The data that support the findings of this study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.05.002.