key: cord-0865640-hu0dp5gf
authors: Farah Bijari, Azam; Hefazi Torghabeh, Leila; Dehshiri, Gholamreza
title: Evaluation of psychometric characteristics of light triad personality questionnaire in nurses
date: 2022-03-01
journal: Brain Behav
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2514
sha: fd81b558ad0b0783f86d0a8466878f7107880280
doc_id: 865640
cord_uid: hu0dp5gf

INTRODUCTION: Personality is one of the important etiological factors of psychological factors. In this regard, one of the important factors in the success of people's social and psychological life is the light triad personality. They are a combination of sympathy, compassion, and humanity. On the basis of results of the research, it is not possible to trust the psychometrics characteristics of tools; it is necessary to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of these tools. Meanwhile, the aim of the present study is the evaluation of psychometrics characteristics of light triad personality in nurses. METHODS: The statistical population includes all nurses who were employed in the summer and autumn of 2020 in private centers and hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The sample of this study was 245 nurses who were selected by convenience sampling. To analyze the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, total question‐score correlation, and reliability analysis were used by using SPSS(V22) and LISREL(V8.80) software. RESULTS: The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three‐factor structure of the light triad personality questionnaire. The findings of the convergent validity of the light triad personality questionnaire were evaluated and confirmed via its simultaneous implementation by the Social Health and Emotional Sympathy Questionnaires and its divergent reliability was confirmed by the Machiavellian Questionnaire. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was obtained for the factors of sympathy, compassion, philanthropy, and totality by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, 0.83, 0.75, 0.70, and 0.92, respectively. CONCLUSION: Finally, with regard to the desired validity and reliability coefficients, ease of implementation, scoring, interpretation, and explanation, as well as a short time to answer, it can be said that light triad personality questionnaires were qualified for use in psychological research to measure the rate of light triad personality.

Personality is one of the main factors causing psychological problems in individuals (Ghomrani et al., 2015) . The word personality is rooted in the word persona. This word means a mask or veil that theater's actors put on their faces in traditional Greece. Therefore, the main concept of personality can be considered as an external and social image that people have on their face based on the role play based on society accordingly. Society gives the individual a role to play accordingly.

One of the theories that explore individual and personality differences is Eysenck's theory. Eysenck has given special attention to biological factors in the classification of personality traits and states that twothirds of the attributes are explained by biological factors. Of course, he does not conceal environmental factors in the formation of these traits (Eysenck & Chan, 1982) . This theory summarizes the complexities of personality in the three categories of extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism (Eysenck & Eysenk, 1967) . Goldberg (1999) attributes personality traits including five strong factors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Extroverts are social and have more friends and are more involved in social activities (Sedaqat et al., 2012) . and they are less sensitive to pain and punishment and need to stimulate high-level arousal (Adan et al., 2010) . People having more personality styles respond to emotional responses more than others, and these people tolerate high anxiety and stress (Sedaqat et al., 2012) . Also, people having psychosis are aggressive, cool, lack empathy, and self-centered (Adan et al., 2010) .

In recent years, special attention has been given to clinical forms of social behaviors among psychologists (Veselka et al., 2014) . One of the relatively new concepts in this field is the light triad personality (Jonason & Webster, 2010) . This personality states a personality that has sympathy, compassion, and humanity, and poses these attributes in a way in contrast to the dark triad personality. Also the light triad personality tends to increase the proper social relationship and reduce interpersonal problems. Sympathy is defined as the cognitive ability to understand the emotions of other people (Chudy, 2021) . The concept of compassion involves being in contact with others' suffering, awareness of others' pain and not avoiding it, and compassion is usually expressed as kindness related to others; but in Buddhist psychology, it is believed that the feeling of compassion toward oneself is more essential than compassion to others (Neff & Germer, 2013) . Humanity is a high social value and a social moral duty and when it weakens, it can lead to relational disorder in society. Some studies suggest that the light triad personality are related to psychological characteristics, as studies (Gracia-Gracia et al., 2017; Hashemi, 2018; Khedmati, 2020; Kord & BabaKhani, 2016) indicated that there is a relationship between compassion and altruism (known as humanity) and satisfaction of life that are referred to as humanitarian (Hashemi, 2018; Neff, 2003; Zarei & Fooladvan, 2019) . The results of the studies also indicated that there is a relationship between sympathy and interpersonal issues and social relations (Duarte et al., 2016; Preston& Hofelich, 2012; Reniers et al., 2011) On the other hand, the light triad personality is associated with the "reaction structure" of the human being and it causes one to display appropriate responses in different circumstances (Salzberg, 2017) .

The history of construction and standardization of credible global questionnaires indicated that the process of making and completing these instruments has lasted more than a decade.

In addition, based on the results of the research, it is not possible to trust the psychometric characteristics of tools, and we need to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of these tools. Meanwhile, the purpose of the present study is the evaluation of psychometrics characteristics of light triad personality in nurses.

The method of this study is descriptive in the type of psychometric studies. In the present study, the statistical population includes all the With regard to the specific working conditions of nurses in days of pandemic coronavirus, and the difficulty in their availability, the convenience sampling was done and the questionnaires were distributed online. Entrance criteria are as follows: having a nursing bachelor's degree, work history of at least 1 year, being a practitioner during the study, and willingness and satisfaction to participate in the study. Other criteria are also included the incomplete completion of the questionnaires and dissatisfaction with the continuation of cooperation in the research process.

Questionnaire of light triad personality: This questionnaire was designed, with 24 constructs and three subconstructs (1-8), compassion (9-16), and humanity (17-24). The way of scoring in this questionnaire is a five-point Likert scale (totally disagree = 1 to totally agree = 5). Constructs are scored in reverse as 1-4-7-8-12-15-18-20-21-22. A higher score indicates the higher attribute of that attribute in the individual. Johnson (2018) reported the validity of the questionnaire by using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the sympathy factor 0.67, compassion factor 0.88, humanity factor 0.79, and its reliability is 0.88. For validation by using the factor analysis method, the range of factors for the sympathy is 0.24 to 0.50, the compassion factor is 0.36 to 0.60, and the human factor is 0.30 to 0.70 (Johnson, 2018) . This scale has not been used in Iran. First, it was translated into English by three people. The translations were reviewed and the best translation was selected. After translating in the Persian language, it was handed over to the translator in both Persian and English, and the questionnaire was returned in the English language. After assuring the validity of the translation, its content validity was verified by the professors. The internal consistency method was used to calculate the reliability of the questionnaire. Its reliability was initially studied in 70 people in the sample by using Cronbach's alpha, and after confirmation, it was used in this study. The reliability of this questionnaire was investigated by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the present study.

Social health questionnaire (KSWBQ): This questionnaire was designed and had 33 constructs and 5 components (cohesion, acceptance, self-actualization, participation, and social compliance). The way of ranking is a five-degree Likert scale (totally disagree = 1 to totally agree = 5). standardized the questionnaire and it was calculated by

Cronbach's alpha coefficient by using factor analysis and the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.78. Ahari (2013) also calculated the reliability of the questionnaire by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.80.

In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was calculated by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.78.

Emotional empathy scale: This instrument was designed and has 33

constructs. The way of answering this questionnaire is based on a nineorder Likert scale. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated in the study as 0.91. Also, to evaluate the validity of the structure of this scale, exploratory factor analysis was used as the main component analysis method, which was able to explain 67% of the total variance. 

In the present study, to determine the validity of the light triad personality questionnaire, it was used factor analysis method, convergent validity, and diverging validity. The analysis of data factors has been obtained by using the main components method and after four experimental cycles in the best factor structure. The analysis of data factors leads to the extraction of three factors by the orthogonal rotation method of the Varimax type. By performing several initial tests, the suitability and eligibility of the data for factor analysis was confirmed. The result of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO = 0.890) was satisfactory and the Kervit Bartlett test was meaningful at p < 0.0005.

The factor loadings of the light triad personality questionnaire were presented by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in Table 1 .

The difference between the estimated factor loadings is mean 0.06, which is obtained by the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, 0.57 -0.51 = 0.06. In other words, exploratory factor analysis was estimated on average the factor loadings of questions less than 0.06 factor analyses. It indicates the greater ability of the factor analysis compared with factor analysis. As can be seen in the study, in both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loads of all questions are greater than 0.30, which has reached statistical and practical significance. Table 2 presented the fit indices of the factor analysis model.

The results indicated that K2 statistics are meaningful at the p ≥ 0/001 level, which expresses the weak fitting of the model by data.

However, since K2 is very sensitive to the sample group volume, the precise index is not fitted to determine the fit and the same uncertainties have led to other indices for fitness assessment that are dis- To determine the convergent validity of the questionnaire, it was used to perform along with the social health questionnaire and emotional sympathy, and to determine its divergent validity, the Machiavellian questionnaire was used. The results are presented in Table 3 .

Factor loadings of the light triad personality questionnaire by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis To evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, the internal consistency method is used. The internal consistency results are obtained by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient as presented in Table 4 .

Personality can be defined as certain patterns of thinking, excitement, and behavior that determine a personal style in engaging with the environment. The existence of certain personality traits plays a significant role in the lifestyle of individuals in a way that personality abnormalities have a broad relationship with interpersonal problems and that there are problems in the relationship between those who experience abnormality. Also, the characteristics of community-friendly and mental-social health of personality are associated with an increase in psychological and social harmony (Johnson, 2018) . Johnson (2018) poses three attributes of sympathy, compassion, and humanity as the light triad personality. These three attributes have common characteristics of true and intelligent communication by others, social harmony, and adaptation, which increase emotional recognition in people, and thus people react to conditions in a variety of circumstances. suggested that in the future, they design studies that identify the exact cut-off scores of this tool to identify groups with clear personality traits, and the practical applications of the scores of this tool in predicting real behaviors in the individual's living environment.

Furthermore, examining the reliability of scores from the tool as an instrument for detecting the sensitivity of therapeutic intervention can be another subject of proper research on this instrument. It is also suggested that the relationship of light triad personality was reviewed by different mental variables of mental health, improve health, resilience, lifestyle, etc., to provide coherent knowledge of the light triad personality and the relationships of these constructs with others.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data will be available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons. com/publon/10.1002/brb3.2514

None.

Azam Farah Bijari, Leila Hefazi Torghabeh, and Gholamreza Dehshiri designed the study and prepared the manuscript. Leila Hefazi Torghabeh and Azam Farah Bijari collected the data. Azam Farah Bijari analyzed the data. All authors contributed to the revision of the manuscript and they read and approved the final version.

Leila Hefazi Torghabeh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6770-8471

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