key: cord-0863041-h2bzu5t9
authors: Turgutkaya, Atakan; Yavasoglu, Irfan; Bolaman, Zahit
title: The Application Of Plasmapheresis For Covid‐19 Patients
date: 2020-06-08
journal: Ther Apher Dial
DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13536
sha: 97f6eac35e4fdb7639eabffd55721b208f64e4b1
doc_id: 863041
cord_uid: h2bzu5t9

Coronaviruses are known human and animal pathogens, but a novel type of coronavirus, designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‐CoV‐2) is defined by World Health Organisation(WHO).This novel type has created a pandemia throughout the world most notably causing death owing to pneumonia.Nowadays the entire world is searching the curative treatment but outcomes are discouraging for intensive care critical patients. In this article we'd like to highlight that plasmapheresis,although it’ s an unproven strategy, could be a useful approach by the mechanism of alleviating the cytokine storm and decreasing the viral load. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Dear Editor, SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) virus and uses the same receptor as the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE 2) for cell entry.(1) Coronavirus disease( Covid-19) has become problematic by causing a worldwide outbreak as easily spread by respiratory droplet transmission or touching eye,nose or mouth with infected hands.Most of the infections are mild causing no/mild pneumonia but about 5% of infections cause critical situations as respiratory failure, shock and multiorgan dysfunction(MOD).(2) The fatal outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 are associated with excessive immun response. There are many proofs that inflamatory cytokines play a central role for adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) due to SARS infections.(3) There was found significant amounts of macrophage migration inhibitory factor to induce the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) and interleukin-8(IL-8), in the alveoles of ARDS cases. (4)Among these patients infected with SARS virus; there becomes a cytokine storm as well as viral replication leading to death. IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12 are important and especially during the later stages of the disease TNF-α and IL-6 becomes dominant to cause the hypercytokinemia.(3) To alleviate this on Covid-19 , there are some currently used investigational therapies , such as RNA polimerase inhibitors like favipiravir to downregulate viral replication and IL-6 pathway inhibitors ( tocilizumab, siltuximab, etc) . In this article we aimed to emphasize that plasma exchange therapy, although with a high cost and risk of complications, could be an important therapy and worthwhile to try by removing cytokines and possibly circulating viral RNA's simultaneously.

Plasmapheresis(Plasma Exchange,PEX) is an extracorporeal treatment that selectively removes abnormal substances,most notably larger molecules from the blood. The American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) 2019 guidelines designate sepsis with MOD as cathegory 3 and grade 2B recommendation for PEX.( Cathegory 3: optimum role of apheresis therapy is not established; decision making should be indiviualized. Grade 2B: weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence) (5) In sepsis wih MOD ; PEX is considered to improve organ function by clearing inflamatory and antifibrinolytic mediators and replenishing anticoagulant proteins to restore hemostasis. (6) In addition PEX can be used to remove viral RNA that induces hypercytokinemia. There is a report supporting the benefit of double filtration plasmapheresis(DFPP) to reduce viral RNA for hepatitis C(HCV) with the reason that HCV particles are huge enough(approximately has a diameter of 55-60 nm) to pass the membrane so can be eliminated; therefore benefical for downregulating viral load; even among patients who relapsed following previous Interferon-β induction therapy (7) .Similarly SARS-CoV-2 has a diameter of 60-140 nm ; also huge enough to be eliminated with DFPP. This is the main rationale for performing plasma exchange therapy for critical patients with severe lung injury unresponsive to adjunctive treatments. Similar to DFPP, during the H7N9 outbreak, some blood purification modules such as plasma exchange, plasma absorption and/or hemo/plasma filtration have been used with success for cytokine/chemokine clerence. (8, 9) Recently, United States Food Drug Agency has approved the use of investigational device exemption(IDE) for toraymyxin (PMX) in the treatment of Covid-19 patients suffering from septic shock.(10) As a conclusion ;Covid-19 outbreak has become an important reason for mortality within a couple of months. Some novel therapies are emerging , but most of them remain still investigational without randomized clinical trials(RCT).There is as risk of novel mutations that render the disease resistant to most of the therapies including antiviral drugs.That would decrease the spectrum of drugs available . PEX can be considered as a salvage or adjunctive treatment with the rationale of clearing out the related cytokine storm and possibly viral burden.It's an unmet need of more RCT to decide the benefits and to specify the place of PEX about Covid-19 treatment.

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