key: cord-0861274-u6jcs5bk
authors: Gökce, Halil; Şen, Fatih; Sert, Yusuf; Abdel-Wahab, Bakr F.; Kariuki, Benson M.; El-Hiti, Gamal A.
title: Quantum Computational Investigation of (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-N′-(3-phenoxybenzylidene)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazide
date: 2022-03-28
journal: Molecules
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072193
sha: 7f27d2b8caab083d1e98f4fe457053c1f6943b68
doc_id: 861274
cord_uid: u6jcs5bk

The title compound was synthesized and structurally characterized. Theoretical IR, NMR (with the GIAO technique), UV, and nonlinear optical properties (NLO) in four different solvents were calculated for the compound. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energies using time-dependent (TD) DFT revealed that charge transfer occurs within the molecule, and probable transitions in the four solvents were identified. The in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) analysis was performed in order to determine some physicochemical, lipophilicity, water solubility, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and medicinal properties of the molecule. Finally, molecular docking calculation was performed, and the results were evaluated in detail.

Due to their biological activities, 1,2,3-triazoles are associated with many medicinal applications [1] [2] [3] [4] . They act as antidiabetic [5] , anti-inflammatory [6] , antifungal [7] , antibacterial [7] [8] [9] , and antiviral [10] agents. Compounds containing a pendant 1,2,3-triazole ring system are active ingredients in medications such as tazobactam and cefatrizine [11, 12] . Other triazole derivatives are also effective, as illustrated by antitumoral activity of carboxyamidotriazole and application of rufinamide as an antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial seizures [13, 14] .

Based on their wide range of biological activities, the development of a variety of synthetic routes is worthwhile, and generation of new triazole derivatives is beneficial. The synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles, for example, involves 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in the presence of copper iodide [15] , coupling of sodium azide and N-tosylhydrazones in the presence of iodine [16] , the reaction of sodium azide and nitroolefin in the presence of Amberlyst 15 [17] , the reaction of sodium azide and alkenyl bromides in the presence of a palladium catalyst [18] , and the reaction of aryl azides and allenylindium bromide in the presence of n-butylamine [19] .

The investigation reported here involves the synthesis, experimental and theoretical vibrational analysis of (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-N -(3-phenoxybenzylidene)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazide (2) as a continuation of our work in the field [20] [21] [22] [23] . Of particular interest is the agreement between the theoretical results obtained and the experimental data. Computational approaches have become increasingly popular in recent years for elucidating the molecular-level properties of molecules. The behavior of molecules can thus be predicted without the need for experimental procedures. In the fields of pharmacy, pharmacology, and materials engineering, DFT, ab initio molecular mechanics, and various semiexperimental approaches are frequently utilized in the study of molecular characteristics. For example, molecular docking was used recently to investigate the reactivity and potential use of niclosamide and 1-ethylpiperazine-1,4-diium bis(nitrate) for the treatment of COVID-19 [24, 25] .

A detailed study of the chemical activity of 2 was carried out utilizing theoretical computational chemistry. The Hirshfeld surface analysis approach was used to investigate interactions between molecules, the percentage contribution of atom-to-atom interactions, fingerprint determination, and total surface mapping. The TDDFT approach was applied with various solvents to better understand the effect of solvent electrical properties on the UV spectra. Additionally, the aim of the in silico analysis in the current study was to assess the drug-likeness profile, investigation of ADME properties, computer-based computational biological activity prediction, and the molecular docking for compound 2. The compound contains the 1,2,3-triazole moiety and is expected to be biologically active with useful medicinal applications [1] [2] [3] [4] .

The ORTEP representation of the asymmetric unit of compound 2 with atomic numbering is shown in Figure 1 . Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P1 and cell dimensions a = 6.6452 (5) Å, b = 7.4466 (5) Å, c = 43.403 (2) Å, α = 86.250 • (4), β = 89.193 • (5), and γ = 80.484 • (6), with four molecules (Z) in the unit cell. Hence, there are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. For the 1,2,3-triazole group, the average C=C, N=N, and N-N bond lengths for the two independent molecules are 1.368 Å, 1.3045 Å, and 1.37 Å, respectively, and the value for the N-N-N angle is 104.715 • . These bond lengths and the angle are consistent with those reported [26] [27] [28] . It should be noted that the presence of hydrogen bonds has an influence on the vibration modes of some functional groups such as the OH and NH moieties which is consistent with the literature [29] . The 1,2,3-triazole rings are planar, with maximum deviation from the plane of only 0.0063 Å (N8, N9, N10, C40, C39) and 0.0049 Å (N3, N4, N5, C16, C15). The Schiff base (N6=C37 and N1=C13) average bond length is 1.2855 Å, which is close to the corresponding values previously reported as 1.272 Å [30] , 1.269 Å [31] , and 1.283 Å [32] . The dihedral angles between planes A (C1/2/3/4/5/6), B (C7/8/9/10/11/12), C ( The investigation reported here involves the synthesis, experimental and theoretical vibrational analysis of (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-N′-(3-phenoxybenzylidene)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazide (2) as a continuation of our work in the field [20] [21] [22] [23] . Of particular interest is the agreement between the theoretical results obtained and the experimental data. Computational approaches have become increasingly popular in recent years for elucidating the molecular-level properties of molecules. The behavior of molecules can thus be predicted without the need for experimental procedures. In the fields of pharmacy, pharmacology, and materials engineering, DFT, ab initio molecular mechanics, and various semiexperimental approaches are frequently utilized in the study of molecular characteristics. For example, molecular docking was used recently to investigate the reactivity and potential use of niclosamide and 1-ethylpiperazine-1,4-diium bis(nitrate) for the treatment of COVID-19 [24, 25] .

A detailed study of the chemical activity of 2 was carried out utilizing theoretical computational chemistry. The Hirshfeld surface analysis approach was used to investigate interactions between molecules, the percentage contribution of atom-to-atom interactions, fingerprint determination, and total surface mapping. The TDDFT approach was applied with various solvents to better understand the effect of solvent electrical properties on the UV spectra. Additionally, the aim of the in silico analysis in the current study was to assess the drug-likeness profile, investigation of ADME properties, computerbased computational biological activity prediction, and the molecular docking for compound 2. The compound contains the 1,2,3-triazole moiety and is expected to be biologically active with useful medicinal applications [1] [2] [3] [4] .

The ORTEP representation of the asymmetric unit of compound 2 with atomic numbering is shown in Figure 1 . Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P1 and cell dimensions a = 6.6452 (5) Å, b = 7.4466 (5) Å, c = 43.403 (2) Å, α = 86.250° (4), β = 89.193° (5) , and γ = 80.484° (6), with four molecules (Z) in the unit cell. Hence, there are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. For the 1,2,3-triazole group, the average C=C, N=N, and N-N bond lengths for the two independent molecules are 1.368 Å, 1.3045 Å, and 1.37 Å, respectively, and the value for the N-N-N angle is 104.715°. These bond lengths and the angle are consistent with those reported [26] [27] [28] . It should be noted that the presence of hydrogen bonds has an influence on the vibration modes of some functional groups such as the OH and NH moieties which is consistent with the literature [29] . The 1,2,3-triazole rings are planar, with maximum deviation from the plane of only 0.0063 Å (N8, N9, N10, C40, C39) and 0.0049 Å (N3, N4, N5, C16, C15). The Schiff base (N6=C37 and N1=C13) average bond length is 1.2855 Å, which is close to the corresponding values previously reported as 1.272 Å [30] , 1.269 Å [31] , and 1.283 Å [32] . The dihedral angles between planes A (C1/2/3/4/5/6), B (C7/8/9/10/11/12), C (1,2,3-triazole ring; N3, N4, Parst [33] analysis indicates that there are potentially two intramolecular and two intermolecular interactions for each of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The details are given in Table 1 . The C17-H17C···O2 and N2-H2A···N3 intramolecular hydrogen bonds forming S(6) and S(5) ring motifs, respectively, for one molecule are illustrated in Figure 2 . Parst [33] analysis indicates that there are potentially two intramolecular and two intermolecular interactions for each of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The details are given in Table 1 . The C17-H17C···O2 and N2-H2A···N3 intramolecular hydrogen bonds forming S(6) and S(5) ring motifs, respectively, for one molecule are illustrated in Figure 2 . For one molecule, atom O2 acts as an acceptor, via atom H13, to atom C13 of a neighboring molecule. C17 acts as a donor to N3 of the same neighboring molecule via atom H17C to form a ( (13)) motif. For the second molecule, atom O5 acts as an acceptor, via atom H37, to atom C37, and C41 acts as a donor, via H41C, to N8 in a neighboring molecule to form a ( (13)) motif ( Figure 3 ). For one molecule, atom O2 acts as an acceptor, via atom H13, to atom C13 of a neighboring molecule. C17 acts as a donor to N3 of the same neighboring molecule via atom H17C to form a (R 2 2 (13)) motif. For the second molecule, atom O5 acts as an acceptor, via atom H37, to atom C37, and C41 acts as a donor, via H41C, to N8 in a neighboring molecule to form a (R 2 2 (13)) motif ( Figure 3 ). The computational quantum-mechanical modeling calculations were carried out using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of the density functional theory (DFT) method. For modeling, the initial geometry of compound 2 was obtained from the crystallographic information file (CIF). Optimization was carried out by default spin, solvent-free on the ground state. The GaussView (ball and bond type) drawing for the molecular structure is presented in Figure 4 . The electronic structure parameters for the theoretical molecule can be summarized as −1426.94224532 a.u. E(RB3LYP), 4.6382 Debye dipole moment, 106.731 Cal/mol/K heat capacity, and 196.914 Cal/mol/K entropy. Some selected structural parameters revealed from the X-ray diffraction and calculated by the DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level are listed in Table 2 . The computed R 2 values are 0.9722 (y = 1.0616x − 0.0825) for the bond lengths, 0.9387 (y = 0.9279x + 9.601) for the bond angles, and 0.9907 (y = 1.0041x − 2.6247) for the torsion angles at the 6-311++G(d,p) level. The optimized geometry of the 1,2,3-triazole ring shows N-N and N=N bond lengths, calculated as 1.36720 and 1.29101 Å, respectively; they are essentially the same as those obtained from X-ray data (average = 1.37 and 1.3045 Å, respectively). The 1,2,3-triazole is quite planar as can be seen from the torsion angles (0. The computational quantum-mechanical modeling calculations were carried out u ing the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of the density functional theory (DFT) method. F modeling, the initial geometry of compound 2 was obtained from the crystallographic formation file (CIF). Optimization was carried out by default spin, solvent-free on t ground state. The GaussView (ball and bond type) drawing for the molecular structure presented in Figure 4 . The electronic structure parameters for the theoretical molecule c be summarized as -1426.94224532 a.u. E(RB3LYP), 4.6382 Debye dipole moment, 106.7 Cal/mol/K heat capacity, and 196.914 Cal/mol/K entropy. Some selected structural parameters revealed from the X-ray diffraction and calc lated by the DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level are listed in Table 2 . The computed R 2 valu The computational quantum-mechanical modeling calculations were carried out using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of the density functional theory (DFT) method. For modeling, the initial geometry of compound 2 was obtained from the crystallographic information file (CIF). Optimization was carried out by default spin, solvent-free on the ground state. The GaussView (ball and bond type) drawing for the molecular structure is presented in Figure 4 . The electronic structure parameters for the theoretical molecule can be summarized as -1426.94224532 a.u. E(RB3LYP), 4.6382 Debye dipole moment, 106.731 Cal/mol/K heat capacity, and 196.914 Cal/mol/K entropy. Some selected structural parameters revealed from the X-ray diffraction and calculated by the DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level are listed in Table 2 . The computed R 2 values are 0.9722 (y = 1.0616x − 0.0825) for the bond lengths, 0.9387 (y = 0.9279x + 9.601) for the bond angles, and 0.9907 (y = 1.0041x − 2.6247) for the torsion angles at the 6-311++G(d,p) level. The optimized geometry of the 1,2,3-triazole ring shows N-N and N=N bond 

The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map surface illustrates the three-dimensional electrostatic potential distributions of molecules. The regional electrostatic potential is indicated by the color of the surface. The electrophilic and nucleophilic centers of a molecule can be evaluated with the aid of colored regions. Green zones have zero potential, blue zones are electron-poor, with most positive electrostatic potential, and are nucleophilic centers, whereas red zones are electron-rich, with most electronegative electrostatic potential, and are electrophilic centers.

To assess the reactive centers for electrophilic and nucleophilic attack for compound 2, the molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS) was calculated with Gaussian 09W [34] and viewed with the Gauss-View 5.0 [35] software using the Gaussian checkpoint file (*.chk). The color code of the map was in the range between −7.032e−2 a.u. (red) and 7.032e−2 a.u. (blue). In Figure 4 , the red zones are on atoms O1, O2, N1, N3, and N4. The regions around these atoms are electron-rich and can be considered as electrophilic zones. Additionally, the result confirmed the disposition to form contacts as demonstrated by intramolecular N2-H2A···N3 and C17-H17B···O2 and intermolecular C13-H13···O2 and C17-H17C···N3 hydrogen bonding (Table 1) . 

The Hirshfeld surface mapped with d norm and fingerprint plots mapped over d norm were generated with the CrystalExplorer 21.5 [36, 37] software using the CIF. The surface analysis was carried out for a single molecule in the asymmetric unit of 2. The Hirshfeld surface mapped with d norm ( Figure 5 ) with a fixed color scale of −0.2197 (red) to 1.4273 Å (blue) indicated a molecular volume of 518 Å 3 , a surface area of 481.47 Å 2 , with 0.648 globularity and 0.632 asphericity.

The Hirshfeld surface mapped with dnorm and fingerprint plots mapped over dnorm were generated with the CrystalExplorer 21.5 [36, 37] software using the CIF. The surface analysis was carried out for a single molecule in the asymmetric unit of 2. The Hirshfeld surface mapped with dnorm ( Figure 5 ) with a fixed color scale of -0.2197 (red) to 1.4273 Å (blue) indicated a molecular volume of 518 Å 3 , a surface area of 481.47 Å 2 , with 0.648 globularity and 0.632 asphericity. There are five red spots on the dnorm surface. These spots are indicators of short contacts such as hydrogen bonding interactions. The spots are on the O1, O2, N3, H13, and H17C atoms ( Figure 5 ) and are consistent with the intermolecular interactions given in Table 1 .

The fingerprint plots (2D representation of a Hirshfeld surface) with percentages for the elements involved in the contacts are presented in Figure 6b There are five red spots on the d norm surface. These spots are indicators of short contacts such as hydrogen bonding interactions. The spots are on the O1, O2, N3, H13, and H17C atoms ( Figure 5 ) and are consistent with the intermolecular interactions given in Table 1 .

The fingerprint plots (2D representation of a Hirshfeld surface) with percentages for the elements involved in the contacts are presented in Figure 6b 

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a robust technique routinely used in the determination of chemical speciation and intermolecular interactions. Spectra from polyatomic compounds can be complex as the numbers of vibrations, for example, depend on factors such as the number of atomic rings and their connectivity. A theoretical and experimental vibrational analysis of compound 2 has therefore been performed. A three-dimensional representation of the molecule, such as coordinates from the crystal structure, is required for the analysis.

For a system with n atoms, the number of vibrational modes is 3n-6 [38, 39] . Thus compound 2 has 153 vibrational modes as it consists of 53 atoms. The estimated harmonic frequencies were scaled by 0.9614 (DFT-B3LYP) for the 6-311++G(d,p) basis level [40] , and all vibrational frequencies were computed with the Gaussian 09W package program [34] . 

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a robust technique routinely used in the determination of chemical speciation and intermolecular interactions. Spectra from polyatomic compounds can be complex as the numbers of vibrations, for example, depend on factors such as the number of atomic rings and their connectivity. A theoretical and experimental vibrational analysis of compound 2 has therefore been performed. A three-dimensional representation of the molecule, such as coordinates from the crystal structure, is required for the analysis.

For a system with n atoms, the number of vibrational modes is 3n − 6 [38, 39] . Thus compound 2 has 153 vibrational modes as it consists of 53 atoms. The estimated harmonic frequencies were scaled by 0.9614 (DFT-B3LYP) for the 6-311++G(d,p) basis level [40] , and all vibrational frequencies were computed with the Gaussian 09W package program [34] . The harmonic modes of compound 2 were calculated in the gaseous phase. The observed and calculated vibrational frequencies in the IR spectrum of compound 2 are given in Table S1 . With the help of the VEDA4 tool [41, 42] , comprehensive potential energy distribution (PED) assignments were acquired. The experimental IR spectrum of 2 is shown in Figure 7 . The agreement between the experimental and theoretical results (R 2 ) analysis is 0.9079 for the IR data.

resentation of the molecule, such as coordinates from the crystal structure, is required for the analysis.

For a system with n atoms, the number of vibrational modes is 3n-6 [38, 39] . Thus compound 2 has 153 vibrational modes as it consists of 53 atoms. The estimated harmonic frequencies were scaled by 0.9614 (DFT-B3LYP) for the 6-311++G(d,p) basis level [40] , and all vibrational frequencies were computed with the Gaussian 09W package program [34] . The harmonic modes of compound 2 were calculated in the gaseous phase. The observed and calculated vibrational frequencies in the IR spectrum of compound 2 are given in Table S1. With the help of the VEDA4 tool [41, 42] , comprehensive potential energy distribution (PED) assignments were acquired. The experimental IR spectrum of 2 is shown in Figure 7 . The agreement between the experimental and theoretical results (R 2 ) analysis is 0.9079 for the IR data. 

The characteristic C-H modes in heteroaromatic systems fall in the 3100-3000 cm -1 range [43] . In the current study, the C-H stretching modes of the aryl rings were computed to be in the 3085-3043 cm -1 range using the B3LYP functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set between modes 2 and 14. The PED percentage values of these modes were found to be 

The characteristic C-H modes in heteroaromatic systems fall in the 3100-3000 cm −1 range [43] . In the current study, the C-H stretching modes of the aryl rings were computed to be in the 3085-3043 cm −1 range using the B3LYP functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set between modes 2 and 14. The PED percentage values of these modes were found to be in the 82-94% range using the VEDA analysis. The C-H stretching modes in the experimental FTIR spectrum were assigned at 3067 cm −1 .

The asymmetrical and symmetrical stretching vibrations for the aliphatic C-H groups (e.g., CH 3 ) were assigned at 3000-2905 cm −1 and 2870-2860 cm −1 , respectively [43, 44] . For compound 2, the aliphatic C-H asymmetric modes were computed at 3023, 3019, 2972, and 2952 cm −1 with 84, 99, 93, 99% PED distributions. These modes appeared at 2962 cm −1 in the experimental FTIR spectrum. In addition, the symmetrical stretching vibrations of the aliphatic C-H groups (CH 3 ) were calculated at 2918 and 2893 cm −1 and were observed at 2908 and 2837 cm −1 in the experimental FTIR spectrum.

The C-C stretching modes in the aryl rings in compound 2 were assigned as seventeen bands at 1588, 1582, 1570, 1565, 1560, 1549, 1428, 1299, 1297, 1291, 1274, 1230, 1223, 1092, 1067, 1003, and 1000 cm −1 using the B3LYP functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. These bands were observed at 1589, 1577, 1564, 1473, 1303, 1279, 1213, 1088, 1071, and 1001 cm −1 in the experimental FTIR spectrum (Table S1 ). It is evident that the computed aromatic C-C stretching vibrations are in excellent agreement with the experimental results [45] .

The N-H stretching vibrations usually appear between 3500 and 3300 cm −1 [46] . For N -(4-methoxybenzylidene)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide [47] , the N5 (hydrazonoic group; N5-H40) stretching vibrations were reported at 3339 cm −1 . In the current study, the N-H (N46-H47) band in the carbohydrazide group was calculated at 3336 cm −1 with 100% contribution B3LYP functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and was observed at 3316 cm −1 in FTIR spectra. The result obtained is in good agreement with the literature [47] .

The N-N (N45-N46) stretching modes in the carbohydrazide group were calculated at 1129 and 1107 cm −1 with 20 and 10% contributions, respectively, with B3LYP functional and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. These modes were assigned at 1116 cm −1 in the FTIR spectrum which is consistent with those reported [47] .

For (E)-N -(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide [47] , the C=N stretching modes associated with the hydrazonoic groups were reported at 1547 cm −1 . For compound 2, the νN=C (C22=N45) stretching mode was calculated at 1606 cm −1 with 61% PED contribution. The C=N stretching mode was assigned at 1612 cm −1 in the FTIR spectrum. Finally, the carbohydrazide group νC=O (C24=O52) stretching mode was computed at 1684 cm −1 with 82% PED contribution, and the stretching mode was assigned at 1686 cm −1 in the FTIR spectrum. In (E)-N -(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide [47] , νC=O was reported at 1674 cm −1 from B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p). The νC-O (C36-O53), νC-O (C12-O51), νC-O (C1-O51), and νC-O (C41-O53) stretching modes were calculated at 1230, 1223, 1197, and 1015 cm −1 , respectively, with the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis set. These modes were assigned at 1213, 1183, and 1020 cm −1 in the FTIR spectrum of 2 which is consistent with those reported [47] .

The N=N, N-N, C-N, and C=N vibrational bands can be difficult to assign precisely since they have a diversity of band structures. The N=N bands were observed at around 1300 cm −1 [48] , and the N-N bands were reported at around 1000 cm −1 [49, 50] . In the current work, the νN=N (N48=N49) stretching modes of compound 2 were calculated at 1344, 1328, and 1284 cm −1 and were observed in the experimental FTIR spectrum at 1346, 1311, and 1279 cm −1 , respectively. In addition, the stretching modes of the N-N (N49-N50) bond in the triazole ring were calculated at 1000 and 978 cm −1 and were assigned at 1001 and 978 cm −1 , respectively. The N-C (N50-C26 and N48-C25) stretching vibration modes were calculated at 1487 (N50-C26), 1402 (N50-C26 and N48-C25), 1385 (N50-C26 and N48-C25), 1284 (N48-C25), 1211 (N48-C25), 1183, and 1053 cm −1 (N48-C25 and N46-C24). These modes were observed at 1489, 1365, 1279, 1213, 1183, and 1035 cm −1 in the FTIR spectrum of 2. Finally, the νC=C stretching between C25 and C26 was computed at 1538 cm −1 with 29% PED contribution and was observed at 1512 cm −1 in the FTIR experimental spectrum of 2.

The experimental 13 C and 1 H NMR chemical shifts (DMSO-d 6 ) of 2 are listed in Table 3 . The computational NMR chemical shift results were obtained with the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level using the GIAO method and the IEFPCM solvent model (DMSO) to support and compare with the experimental data. The carbonyl carbons appear very downfield (higher than 155 ppm) in the 13 C NMR spectra [51] [52] [53] . The experimental and theoretical chemical shifts for C24 in compound 2 were found at 157.78 ppm and 164.00 ppm, respectively. Imine carbon C22 in the N-acylhydrazone group of 2 was detected at 147. 68 

The UV spectra of compound 2 were measured and simulated in four different solvents, namely chloroform (CHCl 3 ), methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (MeCN), and dimethylformamide (DMF). The experimental and theoretical UV spectra of 2 are shown in Figure 8 . The UV spectral parameters (wavelengths, oscillator strengths, excitation energies, and electronic transitions in terms of HOMOs and LUMOs) were computed in the four solvents with the IEFPCM solvent model using the TDDFT/RB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) computational level of theory. The measured and computed UV spectrum parameters of 2 in the four solvents are listed in Table 4 . The percentage contributions computed in terms of HOMOs and LUMOs of electronic transitions corresponding to the computed six UV wavelengths were obtained using the GaussSum 3.0.1 suite [55] .

Electronic transition from HOMO to LUMO is the lowest energy transition in a molecular system. The wavelength and oscillator strength values for this intramolecular H→L electronic transition in compound 2 were theoretically found at 327.30 nm in CHCl 3 , 327.61 nm in MeOH, 327.75 nm in MeCN, and 328.38 nm in DMF. An increase in solvent polarity leads to a bathochromic shift (red or longer wavelength shift) of the π→π* electronic transition. Since the difference in polarities of the solvents was not very large, the same shift effect was not clearly evident from the experimental UV spectra. Accordingly, the H→L transitions at the low-energy maximum wavelength of compound 2 were calculated in the four solvents corresponding to the π→π* electronic transition. The experimental values corresponding to the computed wavelengths were observed at 293 and 301 nm in CHCl 3 , 293 and 299 nm in MeOH, 292 and 298 nm in MeCN, and 299 nm in DMF. Moreover, the HOMO and LUMO simulations depicted in Figure 9 showed that the HOMO electron localizations are mostly placed over bonding pi electrons (or π) of the aromatic 3-phenoxybenzylidene and 4-carbohydrazide (imino and amide) groups within the compound. Conversely, the LUMO electrons are mainly localized on anti-bonding pi electrons (or π*) of the same molecular groups. The results of the HOMO and LUMO electron localizations simulated in the four solvents of compound 2 confirm the π→π* electronic transition. gies, and electronic transitions in terms of HOMOs and LUMOs) were computed in t four solvents with the IEFPCM solvent model using the TDDFT/RB3LYP/6-311++G(d computational level of theory. The measured and computed UV spectrum parameters 2 in the four solvents are listed in Table 4 . The percentage contributions computed in ter of HOMOs and LUMOs of electronic transitions corresponding to the computed six U wavelengths were obtained using the GaussSum 3.0.1 suite [55] . Electronic transition from HOMO to LUMO is the lowest energy transition in a m lecular system. The wavelength and oscillator strength values for this intramolecu H→L electronic transition in compound 2 were theoretically found at 327.30 nm in CHC 327.61 nm in MeOH, 327.75 nm in MeCN, and 328.38 nm in DMF. An increase in solve polarity leads to a bathochromic shift (red or longer wavelength shift) of the π→π* el tronic transition. Since the difference in polarities of the solvents was not very large, t same shift effect was not clearly evident from the experimental UV spectra. According the H→L transitions at the low-energy maximum wavelength of compound 2 were calc lated in the four solvents corresponding to the π→π* electronic transition. The expe mental values corresponding to the computed wavelengths were observed at 293 and 3 nm in CHCl3, 293 and 299 nm in MeOH, 292 and 298 nm in MeCN, and 299 nm in DM Moreover, the HOMO and LUMO simulations depicted in Figure 9 showed that t HOMO electron localizations are mostly placed over bonding pi electrons (or π) of t aromatic 3-phenoxybenzylidene and 4-carbohydrazide (imino and amide) groups with the compound. Conversely, the LUMO electrons are mainly localized on anti-bonding HOMO energy and the |HOMO-LUMO| energy band gap of compound 2 were theoretically obtained as −2.0169, −6.2902, and 4.2733 eV in CHCl3, −2.1089, −6.3705, and 4.22616 eV in MeOH, −2.1105, −6.3718, and 4.2613 eV in MeCN, and −2.1111, −6.3724, and 4.2613 eV in DMF, respectively. Clearly, the increase in solvent polarity led to a decrease in these energy values. Similarly, the increase in solvent polarity led to an increase in ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical softness, electronegativity, and electrophilicity index for compound 2, whereas chemical hardness and potential decreased. LUMO and HOMO can be used to rationalize various molecular properties, such as ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness and softness, excitability, polarizability, acidity, basicity, global reactivity descriptors, electronic and electrical features, electronic transitions, and charge transfers in molecular systems [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] . The computed quantum chemical global molecular descriptors are listed in Table 5 . The LUMO and HOMO energy and the |HOMO-LUMO| energy band gap of compound 2 were theoretically obtained as −2.0169, −6.2902, and 4.2733 eV in CHCl 3 , −2.1089, −6.3705, and 4.22616 eV in MeOH, −2.1105, −6.3718, and 4.2613 eV in MeCN, and −2.1111, −6.3724, and 4.2613 eV in DMF, respectively. Clearly, the increase in solvent polarity led to a decrease in these energy values. Similarly, the increase in solvent polarity led to an increase in ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical softness, electronegativity, and electrophilicity index for compound 2, whereas chemical hardness and potential decreased.

Analysis of NLO is essential in the optimization of materials for some applications [63, 64] . The mean polarizability (α total ), anisotropy of polarizability (∆α), first-order hyperpolarizability (β 0 ), and dipole moments of compound 2 were computed using the DFT-B3LYP functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set in different solvents. The urea molecule was chosen as a reference (initial) material. The α total , ∆α, and β 0 values for urea are 5.07643717 × 10 −24 esu, 2.13568262 × 10 −24 esu, and 7.2228469891 × 10 −31 esu, respectively [65] . These parameters were calculated using Equations (1)-(4).

(4) Table 6 shows the NLO values obtained for compound 2. The order of the dipole moment magnitudes is as follows: CHCl 3 µ total > MeOH µ total > MeCN µ total > DMF µ total . The order of the first-order hyperpolarizabilities (β 0 ) is as follows: DMF β 0 > MeCN β 0 > MeOH β 0 > CHCl 3 β 0 . The mean polarizability (α total ) was as follows: DMF α total > MeCN α total > MeOH α total > CHCl 3 α total . The anisotropy of polarizability (∆α) was found to be as follows: CHCl 3 ∆α > MeOH ∆α > MeCN ∆α > DMF ∆α. Additionally, Table 7 lists the α total , ∆α, and β 0 parameters for compound 2 that are many times more powerful than those for the reference substance urea. 

The in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) analysis used in the current study was performed to determine some physicochemical properties for compound 2, including lipophilicity, water solubility, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry. Taking advantage of the fact that performance of a web-based in silico investigation before experimental analysis can reduce research costs, the assessment was carried out with the aid of web-based SwissADME [66, 67] . The bioavailability radar ((i) LIPO (lipophilicity) (−0.7 < XLOGP3 < 5.0), (ii) SIZE (150 g/mol < MW < 500 g/mol), (iii) POLAR (polarity) (20 Å 2 < TPSA < 130 Å 2 ), (iv) INSOLU (insolubility) (0 < logS (ESOL) < 6), (v) INSATU (insaturation) (0.25 < fraction Csp3 < 1), and (vi) FLEX (flexibility) (0 < number of rotatable bonds < 9)) obtained predict the drug-likeness of any molecular system.

The results obtained for 2 are recorded in Table 8 . The LIPO, SIZE, POLAR, INSOLU, INSATU, and FLEX quantities were found to be 4.49, 427.46 g/mol, 90.63 Å 2 , −5.32, 0.08, and 8, respectively. The parameters, except for INSATU, are within the optimal region specified in the bioavailability radar ( Figure 10 ). Compound 2 possibly has an oral drug potential. Similarly, a drug-likeness model score of −0.02 was obtained from the webbased Molsoft application [68] . Assessment using models developed by Lipinski et al. [69] , Ghose et al. [70] , Veber et al. [71] , Egan et al. [72] , and Muegge et al. [73] , indicated that compound 2 exhibits drug-likeness properties in all models. Lipinski's rule of five [69] is the simplest and most basic model developed to predict drug-likeness based on the physicochemical properties of molecular systems. According to this model, a suitable molecular system has MW ≤ 500 g/mol, n-octanol/water partition coefficient (MlogP) ≤ 5, number of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) ≤ 5, and number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) ≤ 10. In accordance with Lipinski's rule of five, MW, MlogP, HBD, and HBA values for compound 2 are 427.46 g/mol, 4.14, 1, and 6, respectively. The gastrointestinal (GI) absorption property of 2 is high, whereas the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is permeant and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate activities are not available. The results for the CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 inhibitors are obtained as "no" and "yes", respectively. The skin permeation (logK p ) of compound 2 has a good value (−5.72 cm/s). These pharmacokinetic properties revealed that compound 2 might have weak-to-moderate biological properties. Table 8 . Physicochemical, lipophilicity, water solubility, pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry properties obtained from the SwissADME website for 2.

Molecular weight (MW) 427.16 g/mol Number of heavy atoms 32 Number of aromatic heavy atoms 23 Fraction Csp 3 0.08 

The biological activity assessment of compound 2 was conducted using a web-based PASS online analysis [74, 75] . The PASS evaluation works on the basis of the structure activity relationship (SAR) model and provides reliable activity data. The SAR model sets a relationship between the molecular chemical structure and biological activity. According to the PASS analysis, compound 2 has an activity on HMGCS2 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (mitochondrial)) with Pa of 0.775 and Pi of 0.006. The appropriate target macromolecule 2WYA [76] was selected to investigate the activity of 2 on HMGCS2. The high-resolution crystal structure of the target macromolecule 2WYA was taken in the .pdb file format from the RCSB Protein Data Bank website [76, 77] , while the molecular structure of 2 was from the experimental SCXRD study. The AutoDock Vina software was used to perform the molecular docking analysis [78] . Prior to the analysis, the target macromolecule and 2 were prepared with the Discover Studio Visualizer (DSV) suite [79] . In addition, DSV was used to visualize the intermolecular interactions between the target macromolecule and compound 2. The target macromolecule 2WYA contains four chains (A, B, C, and D). The molecular docking process showed that the active sites within the A chain are GLU80, ALA81, GLY82, LYS83, GLY87, GLU132, ALA165, CYS166, TYR200, ASN204, ALA205, THR208, PHE241, GLY255, SER258, TYR262, HIS301, PRO303, PHE304, LYS306, LYS310, ASN380, GLY413, SER414, SER440, and SER443. The molecular docking research space containing these active sites was defined as 50 Å × 58 Å × 30 Å in volume, 0.375 Å as spacing, and 8.2, 49.3, and 19.3 for the x, y, and z centers. The binding affinity and RMSD values calculated for ten different binding poses of 2 docked into the A chain of the target macromolecule 2WYA are given in Table 9 .

The binding affinity value of −10.10 kcal/mol for the best conformational pose of 2 indicates a good binding. The 3D and 2D visualizations of the intermolecular interactions are presented in Figure 11 , without the hydrogen atoms of both the ligand and the macromolecule. Two conventional hydrogen bond interactions were obtained with the N-H (ligand) ··O (THR208) and O-H (THR208) ··N (ligand) notations with interaction distances of 2.25 Å and 3.22 Å, respectively. One carbon-hydrogen bond was found at the value of 3.37 Å with the C-H (ALA205) ··N (ligand) notation. Three pi-donor hydrogen bond interactions at values of 3.47 Å, 3.62 Å, and 3.97 Å were formed between the aromatic pi-electrons of 2 and the CYS166, SER414, and SER258 residues within the A chain of the target macromolecule, respectively. Four pi-alkyl and one alkyl interactions were found at 4.00 Å, 4.58 Å, 5.12 Å, 5.45 Å, and 4.81 Å values between 2 with the PRO303, ALA205, ALA165, MET307, and ILE259 residues, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 11 and the binding affinity value, compound 2 has good activity on HMGCS2. 

The UV-visible spectrum (190-1100 nm) of 2 in DMSO at 20 °C was performed using a b Figure 11 . Three-dimensional (a) and two-dimensional (b) visualizations of intermolecular interactions between 2 and the A chain of the target macromolecule 2WYA.

The UV-visible spectrum (190-1100 nm) of 2 in DMSO at 20 • C was performed using a UV-6100 double beam spectrophotometer. The IR spectrum (400-4000 cm −1 ) was recorded on an AIM-9000 Shimadzu spectrometer at 20 • C. The 1 H (500 MHz) and 13 C NMR (125 MHz) spectra of compound 2 were recorded on a Bruker AV500 spectrometer in DMSO-d 6 at 20 • C. Single-crystal XRD data were collected on an Agilent SuperNova Dual Atlas diffractometer.

A mixture of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazide (1; 0.49 g, 2.0 mmol) and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (0.40 g, 2.0 mmol) in anhydrous EtOH (10 mL) containing AcOH (1 mL) was refluxed for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to 20 • C, and the solid obtained was collected by filtration, washed with EtOH (2 × 5 mL), dried, and recrystallized from DMF to give colorless crystals of 2 at 89% yield (Scheme 1), m.p. 

The DFT approach was used for all quantum chemical computations of compound 2. Becke's three-parameter hybrid exchange functional, the Lee-Yang-Parr [80] (B3LYP) functional, and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set were used within the Gaussian 09 package [34] and GaussView 5.0 programs [35] . The Hirshfeld surface analysis was conducted using the CrystalExplorer tool, which included a visual representation of the dnorm map or probable hydrogen bonding, percentage interactions of atoms, and a two-dimensional fingerprint [81] . The AutoDock Vina tool was used to analyze the molecular docking process between the title molecule-ligand and macromolecule 2WYA [78] . The physicochemical properties of compound 2 were evaluated by considering Lipinski rules by online server SwissADME [67] .

Single-crystal XRD data for 2 were collected at room temperature on an Agilent Su-perNova Dual Atlas diffractometer with a mirror monochromator using Cu radiation. The crystal structure was solved using SHELXS [82] and refined using SHELXL [83] . Nonhydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. Hydrogen atoms were inserted in idealized positions, and a riding model was used with the Uiso set at 1.2 or 1.5 times the value of Ueq for the atom to which they are bonded. 

The DFT approach was used for all quantum chemical computations of compound 2. Becke's three-parameter hybrid exchange functional, the Lee-Yang-Parr [80] (B3LYP) functional, and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set were used within the Gaussian 09 package [34] and GaussView 5.0 programs [35] . The Hirshfeld surface analysis was conducted using the CrystalExplorer tool, which included a visual representation of the d norm map or probable hydrogen bonding, percentage interactions of atoms, and a two-dimensional fingerprint [81] . The AutoDock Vina tool was used to analyze the molecular docking process between the title molecule-ligand and macromolecule 2WYA [78] . The physicochemical properties of compound 2 were evaluated by considering Lipinski rules by online server SwissADME [67] .

Single-crystal XRD data for 2 were collected at room temperature on an Agilent SuperNova Dual Atlas diffractometer with a mirror monochromator using Cu radiation. The crystal structure was solved using SHELXS [82] and refined using SHELXL [83] . Non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. Hydrogen atoms were inserted in idealized positions, and a riding model was used with the U iso set at 1.2 or 1.5 times the value of U eq for the atom to which they are bonded.

The ORTEP-III program [84] was used for the molecular visualization and the PLATON program [85] was used for the identification of hydrogen bonding within the WinGX crystallographic software package [84] . Table 10 shows the refinement data, and the structural details were deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) with under reference number 1031241. −0.23

The optimized geometries and spectral simulations correlate well with the experimental scores. Theoretical and experimental 13 C and 1 H chemical shift data were obtained and compared for the molecule. The nonlinear properties of the title molecule were calculated in four different solvents and the resulting α total , ∆α, and β 0 parameters were compared with a reference urea molecule. The drug similarity of the title molecule and the ADME properties were explored. The results indicate that the title molecule has favorable pharmacological properties and a promising therapeutic potential. We believe that this research will contribute to future theoretical and experimental research on similar materials. The molecular docking computations between the ligand and the receptor PDB:2WYA-A chain were conducted with the AutoDock Vina program. The binding affinity value of -10.10 kcal/mol for the best conformational pose of the ligand compound indicates a good binding. As evident from the scores, the ligand/molecule has prospects for good activity on HMGCS2.

Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27072193/s1. Table S1 : observed and calculated IR vibrational frequencies of 2; procedure to calculate the HOMO and LUMO, energy gap, and global reactivity; parameters; CIF of 2; UV spectral data of 2 in different solvents; IR spectra of 2; NMR spectra of 2. 

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We thank Fatih Ucun for the usage of the Gaussian package program. We are grateful for the support received from the Researchers Supporting Project No. RSP-2021/404, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.Sample Availability: A sample of compound 2 is available from the authors.