key: cord-0860096-dm96kruh
authors: Fiorelli, Silvia; Menna, Cecilia; Massullo, Domenico; Rendina, Erino Angelo
title: Managing benign tracheal stenosis during COVID-19 outbreak
date: 2020-08-26
journal: Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
DOI: 10.1007/s11748-020-01466-4
sha: afdb41c4dce0c2a76319015a88e381fdd78a6987
doc_id: 860096
cord_uid: dm96kruh

nan

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, raised up during early 2020, has been challenging surgery worldwide. If elective surgery has been recommended to be postponed [1] , some diseases could potentially become life-threatening and cannot be delayed. Among these conditions, tracheal idiopathic stenosis, primary caused by endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, usually become symptomatic when reach 50% obstruction. Although formerly temporary Montgomery T-tube placement and tracheostomy were historically considered possible alternatives to surgery, they are no longer recommended because of the risk of bacterial colonization and extension of the stenotic segment, representing the last resorts. Nowadays surgical resection and tracheal reconstruction are the definitive treatment of choice. Interventional bronchoscopy role, such as mechanical dilatation, laser ablation and stenting, is limited since the recurrences are frequent and usually reserved to palliative endoscopic laser treatment. Endoscopic treatment of complex stenosis extended > 1 cm and with tracheal wall involvement is contraindicated and, when feasible, surgery should remain the treatment of choice [2] . In fact, mechanical dilation for complex stenoses, leads to a recurrence rate of > 90%. Conversely, considering short and long-term results, the failure rate of surgery is 9% [3] .

On the contrary, during pandemic, interventional endoscopic treatments could have an adjunctive role in tracheal stenosis management. Dilation may represent a bridge to surgery, helping to successfully manage symptomatic patients and delaying surgery. In these population avoiding tracheal stenting is paramount because of its potential tissue damage, exerting friction and radial pressure on the airway wall causing an inflammatory response with granulation and further strictures that can impair subsequent surgical treatment [4] . Endoscopic procedures could be considered as first treatment in selected patients after stenosis evaluation, such as non-complex stenosis with low grade of cartilage involvement or tracheomalacia [5] . Diaphragm or weblike stenoses can be treated by the mucosal sparing technique with a 60% success rate after 1 ± 3 sessions [6] .

Since COVID-19 infection transmission from asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients to other persons is possible, cross infection risk during tracheal surgery has to be considered even in non-symptomatic patients. Airway surgery and bronchoscopy, are high-risk aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and require airborne personal protective equipment (PPE). Tracheal surgery often requires an advanced airway management, challenging anesthesiologists and thoracic surgeons. A complex highly specialized approach is often required. Different tools (fiberoptic bronchoscope, video laryngoscope, laryngoscope) and several devices (supraglottic airway devices, mono and double lumen endotracheal tubes) may be required for a single case [7] . Moreover various techniques to ensure ventilation and gas exchange can be adopted, according to the stenosis level, such as one lung ventilation, jet ventilation, and cross field ventilation [8] . These high-complex procedures can dramatically increase the cross-infection risk for healthcare workers during surgery.

For above mentioned reasons, during pandemic tracheal surgery should be reserved to high-complex stenosis or weblike tracheal stenosis previously treated through "bridge" endoscopic treatment that can be no-longer managed with interventional procedures. 

Managing COVID-19 in surgical systems

State of the art in tracheal surgery: a brief literature review

Long-term results of laryngotracheal resection for benign stenosis from a series of 109 consecutive patients

Complication of benign tracheobronchial strictures by self-expanding metal stents

The role of interventional bronchoscopy in the management of postintubation tracheal stenosis: a 20-year experience

Concentric tracheal and subglottic stenosis. Management using the Nd-YAG laser for mucosal sparing followed by gentle dilatation

Anesthesia for tracheobronchial surgery

Anesthesia and gas exchange in tracheal surgery