key: cord-0859499-12ojcg0m authors: Fan, Zhao-Ya; Yang, Yuan; Zhang, Chang-Hong; Yin, Ruo-Yun; Tang, Lei; Zhang, Fan title: Prevalence and Patterns of Comorbidity Among Middle-Aged and Elderly People in China: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on CHARLS Data date: 2021-04-21 journal: Int J Gen Med DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s309783 sha: 3b7d77d8c7cad6fe6238072949fcb2d998e428df doc_id: 859499 cord_uid: 12ojcg0m INTRODUCTION: Under the background of the accelerated aging of the population, comorbidity in the elderly has gradually become a social problem. At present, the related studies on chronic diseases are mainly focused on a single disease. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of common chronic diseases, the conditions and patterns of comorbidity in middle-aged and elderly people in China. METHODS: We extracted the data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 14 diseases were included, and the prevalence was assessed by self-report. We calculate different disease combinations and perform descriptive statistics analysis of chronic disease and comorbidity status. RESULTS: Among the 6754 subjects, 2833 (42.0%) people had at least one chronic disease, and 1138 (17.0%) people had two or more diseases at the same time. The top three diseases of prevalence were hypertension (15.4%), arthritis or rheumatism (11.0%), and stomach or digestive diseases (9.3%). Common dual disease combinations were hypertension and dyslipidemia, hypertension and arthritis or rheumatism, arthritis or rheumatism and stomach or digestive diseases. CONCLUSION: Comorbidity is common in the population, and the pattern of chronic disease comorbidity is complex. Hypertension exists in a variety of comorbidity patterns, and its screening and prevention should be strengthened. Since China entered an aging society in 2000, the degree of population aging has continued to deepen. 1 By the end of 2019, the number of people aged 65 and above was 176 million, accounting for 12.6% of the total population, and is expected to reach 255 million in 2020, accounting for 17.8% of the total population. 2 Against that background, the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases in the middle-aged and elderly has increased rapidly, and often suffer from multiple diseases at the same time. In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially defined "suffering from two or more chronic diseases at the same time" as comorbidity. 3 Comorbidity leads to the difficulty of treatment, the increase of drug use 4 and the aggravation of disease burden, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. 5, 6 Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020, chronic comorbidity patients belong to the susceptible population, especially the elderly patients with poor prognosis and increased risk of death. Multimorbidity is a huge burden on individuals, households and countries. And the comorbidity of the middle-aged and the elderly has gradually become a public health problem affecting the sustainable development of the country. 7 Studies on comorbidity of chronic diseases involve many fields, such as medicine, epidemiology, social economics, etc. Taking into account the different socio-demographic structure and disease patterns, the prevalence and patterns of comorbidity among the middleaged and elderly people in China may be different from those of other countries. 8 At present, the domestic attention to the problem of comorbidity is still in its infancy, and the investigation is mostly conducted in local areas with a limited sample size. 9 Previous studies have usually examined the differences between people with and without disease, but few have analyzed the different patterns of disease compositions associated with comorbidities. 10 Therefore, our study intended to use the nationally representative data released by the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) to analyze the status of comorbidity among middle-aged and elderly people in China, in order to provide theoretical basis and experience for comorbidity management. We used cross-sectional data from the CHARLS Wave 4 (2018). CHARLS was an ongoing nationally representative cohort study involving a longitudinal survey of people aged 45 and over and their partners, started in 2011, followed up with participants every two years, and covered 450 villages in 150 counties of 28 provinces in China. Multistage, probability proportionate scale was used to collect the individual, family and additional social conditions of middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 and above in China. Data were collected by face-to-face computerassisted personal interviews with good response rate and credibility. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The biomedical ethics committee of Beijing University approved the study, and detailed descriptions of the survey design and procedures were reported in the original study documentation. Details of CHARLS can be accessed elsewhere. 11 According to the division of age limit by WHO, young people under 45 years old, middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 and above. The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: (1) aged ≥ 45 years; (2) complete information on age, gender, and prevalence of chronic disease. A total of 19,816 samples was collected in Wave 4, and the final number of the people included in this study after screening was 6754. In the CHARLS 2018 questionnaire, we extracted the data of "demographic backgrounds" and "health status and functioning". Among them, prevalence of chronic diseases was evaluated by asking "have you been diagnosed with [conditions listed below] by a doctor?", with diseases including hypertension; dyslipidemia (elevation of low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, or a low high-density lipoprotein level); diabetes or high blood sugar; cancer or malignant tumor (excluding minor skin cancers); chronic lung diseases (such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema, excluding tumors or cancers); liver disease (except fatty liver, tumors, and cancer); heart attack (including coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, or other heart problems); stroke; kidney disease (except for tumor or cancer); stomach or other digestive diseases (except for tumor or cancer); emotional, nervous, or psychiatric problems; memoryrelated disease (such as dementia, brain atrophy, and Parkinson's disease); arthritis or rheumatism and asthma. A total of 14 common chronic diseases. In the descriptive analyses, continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables as percentages. Prevalence rate = the number of people suffering from the disease/the total number of people * 100%. Stata version 15.0 (Stata Corporation LP, College Station, TX, USA) was used for data cleaning. Microsoft Office Excel 365 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) was used to draw figures, and all statistics analysis was performed with SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A total of 6754 samples was included in this study. The oldest was 97 years old, 3314 (49.1%) were male, with an average age of 58. 10 (0.4%) people aged ≥90, with an average age of 92.75 ± 2.19 years. The specific distribution is shown in Figure 1 . Table 1 , Table 2 summarizes the number of patients with different number of diseases. In terms of the number of chronic diseases, 2833 (42.0%) patients suffered from at least one disease in the whole sample, and the maximum number of diseases was 11, only one person. With the increase of the number of diseases, the total number of patients decreased significantly. Figure 2 shows the number of patients with various chronic diseases in the survey. The top 3 prevalence rates of 14 chronic diseases were hypertension (15.4%), arthritis or rheumatism (11.0%), stomach or other digestive diseases (9.3%). The results showed that the prevalence of comorbidity among the population was 16.8%. Among the 1138 patients with comorbidities, there were 616 (54.1%) patients have two diseases, with a total of 74 combinations, and 275 (24.2%) patients have three diseases, with a total of 62 combinations. The top binary comorbidities and ternary comorbidities combinations are shown in Table 3 . The prevalence of comorbidity among the elderly varies greatly in different countries and regions, 12 which may be related to the age of the population, the number of chronic diseases involved and the sampling framework. Our results showed that 42% of the middle-aged and elderly people had chronic diseases, and the prevalence of comorbidities The reason may be that insulin resistance (defined as the biologic response to a given concentration of the hormone is lower than expected) often occurs in patients with hypertension, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. 17 Hypertension (15.4%) had the highest prevalence rate among the 14 diseases investigated, and existed in a variety of comorbidity patterns, and the disease composition was complex. Blood pressure was an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. 18 Patients should enhance self-health management, consume less oil and salt in the diet, be active, make sure they get enough sleep and improve the quality of life. 19 On the other hand, medical institutions should focus on such patients, early identification of high-risk groups to take measures to improve prognosis, community and health centers regularly organize education to do a good job of primary prevention. 20 The standardized community management of hypertension can reduce the annual per capita drug treatment cost and annual per capita hospitalization cost by about 26 RMB and 245 RMB, respectively, and save the annual per capita direct medical expenses of about 210 RMB, so that the output is greater than the input. 21 As global life expectance rises, there was an increasing number of people suffering from chronic disorders, and so was China. When developing clinical guidelines to manage patients with comorbidity, consideration should be given to common conditions that lead to comorbidity and the ways in which these diseases are clustered. 22 Compared with patients with a single disease, patients with comorbidity tended to face greater risks of poor health and healthcare needs, and disease prevention and management were more complex. 7 In practice, improving healthcare utilization for patients with comorbidity is a challenging task. Issues such as polypharmacy pose enormous challenges for care coordination and patients' self-management, as most health systems are designed for managing single diseases. 23, 24 The problem of comorbidity of middle-aged and elderly people in China has become more and more serious, but the current society still pays little attention to the prevention and control of chronic diseases. The general public has a weak self-protection awareness, and standardized clinical research on comorbidity has not been established. Adequate comorbidity information and good comorbidity management can improve the DovePress quality of life of this population 25 and reduce medical costs. 26, 27 Clinical decision-making for comorbid patients is complex and challenging, so understanding different profiles of comorbidity is essential for managing comorbidity more effectively and efficiently in health systems. Understanding comorbidity patterns and underlying associated factors are of great importance for policy making purposes and clinical guidance to the rapidly growing aging population worldwide. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the latest to use a nationally data of middle-aged and elderly Chinese to evaluate the prevalence and common patterns of comorbidity. We described the different combinations of common diseases in detail to provide a reference for etiological research, combinatorial therapy and health management of comorbidities. CHARLS data have a large sample size and good representativeness, which can better reflect the overall prevalence of chronic diseases in China. Second, trained and qualified researchers collected all of the data by interactive face-to-face interviews to ensure that the information is correct. There are also limitations to the study. Our study focused on the composition of the disease, so our analysis did not include socio-economic status of patients, detailed clinical information, and health-related behaviors, nor did it investigate potential confounding factors and consider the severity of disease. And recall bias may exist resulting from using self-reported methods to gather medical history. Underpinned by a nationwide representative survey, we observed the prevalence of common chronic diseases in middle-aged and elderly people in China, and further explored the combination pattern of different diseases. The present study mainly revealed that: 1) The prevalence of 14 common chronic diseases was about 42%; 2) About 40.0% of patients with chronic disease had comorbidity; 3) The most common binary comorbidities combinations was hypertension and dyslipidemia, and the most common ternary comorbidities combinations was hypertension and dyslipidemia and diabetes; 4) Hypertension exists in a variety of comorbidity patterns, and should be paid more attention to. Our findings underscore the importance of a shift from single disease-oriented clinical guidelines to a multiple-condition framework among middle-aged and elderly people in China. CHARLS was approved by the Ethical Review Committee (IRB) at Peking University, Beijing, China. And we confirmed that the data accessed by the manuscript comply with relevant data protection and privacy regulations. China's aging process and some misunderstandings on it World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2008. Primary Health Care (Now More Than Ever). Geneva: World Health Organization Multimorbidity and out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines: a systematic review Implications of multimorbidity patterns on health care utilisation and quality of life in middle-income countries: cross-sectional analysis Quality of life and comorbidity among older home care clients: role of positive attitudes toward aging Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (Collaborators DaIIaP). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Prevalence of chronic disease among older people in Wuhan city and the knowledge, attitude, practice about chronic disease Multimorbidity patterns in the elderly: a new approach of disease clustering identifies complex interrelations between chronic conditions Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS) Status of prevalence study on multimorbidity of chronic disease in China: systematic review Trends, patterns and health consequences of multimorbidity among South Korea adults: analysis of nationally representative survey data 2007-2016 Patterns of multimorbidity in the aged population. Results from the KORA-Age study Prevalence and patterns of chronic disease pairs and multimorbidity among older Chinese adults living in a rural area The prevalence of disease clusters in older adults with multiple chronic diseases-a systematic literature review Insulin resistance the hinge between hypertension and type 2 diabetes Hypertension in older adults: assessment, management, and challenges Chinese guideline on healthy lifestyle to prevent cardiometabolic diseases Quality of primary health care in China: challenges and recommendations The analysis of drug cost and direct medical expense in community of health management of hypertensive patients Multimorbidity among two million adults in China Multimorbidity-a defining challenge for health systems Designing health care for the most common chronic condition-multimorbidity The association between multimorbidity and health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional survey among community middle-aged and elderly residents in southern China Physical multimorbidity, health service use, and catastrophic health expenditure by socioeconomic groups in China: an analysis of population-based panel data Evaluation of intervention effect of health management on chronic diseases in the elderly This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. The International Journal of General Medicine is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal that focuses on general and internal medicine, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment protocols. The journal is characterized by the rapid reporting of reviews, original research and clinical studies across all disease areas. The manuscript management system is completely online and includes a very quick and fair peer-review system, which is all easy to use. Visit http://www.dovepress.com/ testimonials.php to read real quotes from published authors.