key: cord-0853290-pzh5w9z4
authors: Wang, Yuehua; Gu, Wenwen; Kui, Fuguang; Gao, Fan; Niu, Yuji; Li, Wenwen; Zhang, Yaru; Guo, Zhenzhen; Du, Gangjun
title: The mechanism and active compounds of semen armeniacae amarum treating coronavirus disease 2019 based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
date: 2021-02-04
journal: Food Nutr Res
DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.5623
sha: c29e0699281e0cbf23ff935778a364aafaf192f4
doc_id: 853290
cord_uid: pzh5w9z4

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is progressing rapidly, and poses significant threats to public health. A number of clinical practice results showed that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a significant role for COVID-19 treatment. OBJECTIVE: To explore the active components and molecular mechanism of semen armeniacae amarum treating COVID-19 by network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. METHODS: The active components and potential targets of semen armeniacae amarum were retrieved from traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database. Coronavirus disease 2019-associated targets were collected in the GeneCards, TTD, OMIM and PubChem database. Compound target, compound-target pathway and medicine-ingredient-target disease networks were constructed by Cytoscape 3.8.0. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were drawn using the STRING database and Cytoscape 3.8.0 software. David database was used for gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The main active components were verified by AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 software. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation model in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice was constructed and treated with amygdalin to confirm effects of amygdalin on lung inflammation and its underlying mechanisms by western blot analyses and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The network analysis revealed that nine key, active components regulated eight targets (Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase SRC (SRC), interleukin 6 (IL6), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HRAS proto-oncogene (HRAS), caspase-3 (CASP3)). Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that semen armeniacae amarum plays a role in COVID-19 by modulating 94 biological processes, 13 molecular functions, 15 cellular components and 80 potential pathways. Molecular docking indicated that amygdalin had better binding activity to key targets such as IL6, SRC, MAPK3, SARS coronavirus-2 3C-like protease (SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro) and SARS-CoV-2 angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). Experimental validation revealed that the lung pathological injury and inflammatory injury were significantly increased in the model group and were improved in the amygdalin group. CONCLUSION: Amygdalin is a candidate compound for COVID-19 treatment by regulating IL6, SRC, MAPK1 EGFR and VEGFA to involve in PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, VEGF signalling pathway and MAPK signalling pathway. Meanwhile, amygdalin has a strong affinity for SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 and therefore prevents the virus transcription and dissemination.

, caused by a newly identified coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has spread to more than 100 countries with 96,000 reported cases around the world, and poses significant threats to public health (1) . Unfortunately, there is no medication specific to COVID-19 treatment so far (2) . Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat and prevent viral pneumonia for thousands of years and has been efficaciously prescribed, resulting in a lot of clinical successes (3) . In the treatment of COVID-19, frequency analysis of Chinese medicine prescribing semen armeniacae amarum was found to be one of the herbs with the highest frequency used (4) . Semen armeniacae amarum is the dry, ripe seed obtained from several plants of the Rosaceae family (Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim., P. sibirica L and P. armeniaca L), and has antitussive, expectorative and antiasthmatic effects (5) . Therefore, potential active ingredient in semen armeniacae amarum may control COVID-19 symptoms or prevent SARS-CoV-2. Network pharmacology analysis has been widely used to evaluate the interactions between proteins and molecules in biological systems, and to study the mechanisms of TCM that provide a new and powerful method for these multi-target drugs (6, 7) . Therefore, this study will perform network pharmacology and animal experiments to elucidate the mechanism of semen armeniacae amarum on COVID-19.

The active components and potential targets of semen armeniacae amarum were retrieved from traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database. Coronavirus disease 2019-associated targets were collected in the GeneCards, TTD, OMIM and PubChem database. Compound target, compound-target pathway and medicine-ingredient-target disease networks were constructed by Cytoscape 3.8.0. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were drawn using the STRING database and Cytoscape 3.8.0 software. David database was used for gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis. The main active components were verified by AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 software.

The chemical components of semen armeniacae amarum were identified from literature and the TCMSP (http://lsp. nwu.edu.cn/tcmsp.php/) database (8) . The active compounds were mainly filtered by integrating oral bioavailability (OB) >30% and drug-likeness (DL) >0.18 (9) . Then through Uni-Prot (https://www.uniprot.org/) and Swiss Target Prediction (http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/) database, which limits species for 'Homo sapiens', the correction-active ingredient obtained corresponding target genes.

In the GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/), TTD (http://db.idrblab.net/ttd/), OMIM (https://omim.org/) and PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) database (10), COVID-19-related genes were obtained by searching for the keywords 'COVID-19' and 'coronavirus disease 2019' and 'novel coronavirus pneumonia'.

Coronavirus disease 2019-related targets and drug targets were mapped in OmicStudio (https://www.omicstudio.cn/ tool/) tool to select the common targets. Then Cytoscape 3.8.0 software was used to map the medicine-ingredienttarget-disease network.

The common targets of semen armeniacae amarum and COVID-19 were imported into the string biological database (https://string-db.org/), selected with species limited to 'Homo sapiens' and the minimum confidence score >0.7 (11) . The discrete network nodes were hidden to obtain the protein interaction data information of intersection targets. Using the network analyser function of Cytoscape 3.8.0 software to build PPI network and screen key targets (12) . The node represents the protein and the edge represents the interaction between proteins. Degree of value determines the node area size; greater the node area, greater the role of proteins in the network (13) . These targets with higher values of degree were identified as the candidate targets of semen armeniacae amarum for COVID-19.

In order to elucidate the action mechanisms of semen armeniacae amarum on COVID-19, DAVID 6.8 (https://david. ncifcrf.gov/) (14) was used to analyse both GO biological processes and KEGG pathways (limited species: Homo sapiens). Then the top 20 GO enrichment analyses and the top 20 KEGG pathway enrichment analyses results were selected (P < 0.01). Gene set enrichment analyses were performed by using the OmicShare tools (http://www. omicshare.com/tools/), which visualised the enrichment analysis results (15) . To further characterise the molecular mechanism of semen armeniacae amarum on COVID-19, a compound-target-pathway network was performed based on active compounds, targets and their corresponding signal pathways. In these networks, we used nodes to stand for the compounds, targets, pathways, and the edges between the two nodes represented their interaction.

Molecular docking was carried out between active ingredients in the medicine-ingredient-target-disease network and the top 8-degree value of the target genes in the PPI network. The mol2 file format structures of chemical compounds were obtained from the TCMSP database, and the crystal structures of core targets from the RCSB protein data bank (PDB, http://www.rcsb.org/) were collected. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and SARS-CoV-2 angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) was downloaded from the national microbiology science database (http://nmdc.cn/#/resource/ detail? No=NMDCS0000004, No=NMDCS0000001). The molecular structure documents of the main active components and key target genes of semen armeniacae amarum were converted into one format which stores the atomic coordinates, partial charges and Autodock atom types, for both the receptor and the ligand in Autodock tools 1.5.6 software, and molecular docking was performed by using Autodock Vina 1.1.2 software. PyMOL 2.3.2 software was used to visually analyse the results with higher docking scores (16) . The animals were divided into five groups (n = 10/group): control group, LPS group, LPS + amygdalin (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg) group. The LPS-induced lung inflammation model was established in mice that received an instilling intratracheal of LPS (1 mg/kg) once weekly for three weeks. Following the first LPS instillation, the treated mice received amygdalin intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily for 3 weeks. Food and water were provided ad libitum during the study. The health of the mice was monitored daily, and body weights were measured weekly. Lung function was analysed weekly by tidal volume (TV) using the animal respiratory metabolic measurement system (Sable Systems International, United States).

Three weeks following drug delivery, mice were anesthetised with pentobarbital sodium (90 mg/kg), a part of each lung was preserved in 10% buffered formalin and routinely embedded in paraffin. Lung sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), the pathological score was determined as previously reported (17) .

After the mice were killed humanely, lung tissues were collected and weighed immediately. Then the tissues were heated at 80°C for 48 h to obtain the dry weight. The lung wet/dry (W/D) ratio was calculated by dividing the wet weight by the dry weight (18) .

ROS assay ROS were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, as per the manufacturer's instructions (Model: F-4600 FL Spectrophotometer).

Lung tissues sections were treated with blocked 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 30 min at room temperature and incubated with anti-IL-6, anti-TGF-β1, anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-1β, anti-VEGFA, anti-MAPK1, anti-EGFR, and secondary antibody (FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG). Then the sections were fixed with anti-fluorescence quencher, observed and photographed under the fluorescence microscope. Fluorescence intensity was quantified using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Protein extracts were separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes ( Millipore, Germany). Protein expression was detected by western blot analysis. Antibodies used herein including anti-IL-6, anti-TNF-α, anti-p-AKT, anti-AKT, anti-SRC, anti-p-SRC, anti-VEGFA, anti-MAPK1, anti-IL-1β, anti-EGFR and β-actin were obtained from R&D Systems. Band density was quantified using ImageJ software and normalised to the corresponding control group.

The data was statistically analysed using GraphPad Prism, Version 5.0 (San Diego, CA, USA) and presented as the mean ± SD. The differences between the two groups were evaluated using a t-test. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The flow chart of the whole analysis for this study The steps used in the entire analysis performed in this study are detailed in Fig. 1 .

Through the literature and TCMSP database search, 85 ingredients were obtained. Among them, amygdalin is a major effective component of semen armeniacae amarum (19) . Nine active compounds were ultimately chosen for further investigation. From the Swiss Target Prediction database and TCMSP database results, we obtained potential targets for all nine active compounds (Table 1) . A Total of 499 targets were identified for nine compounds of semen armeniacae amarum, deleting duplicate targets of the same compound. Information about the target of active compounds in semen armeniacae amarum is shown in Fig. 2 .

Through GeneCards, TTD, OMIM and PubChem database, 778 COVID-19 disease targets were obtained. Then 499 drug targets and 778 COVID-19-related targets were mapped using a Venn diagram in OmicStudio tool, 79 common targets were obtained (Fig. 3) . The medicineingredient-target-disease network consists of 90 nodes and 280 edges (Fig. 4) .

In the Cytoscape 3.8.0 software, the PPI network of the 79 targets was established (Fig. 5) . Protein-protein interactions network analysis results show that PPI network contain 79 nodes and 691 edges, and the average degree of kinase activity, etc. The main pathways are PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, VEGF signalling pathway and MAPK signalling pathway. Gene Ontology biological processes and KEGG pathway were visualised in the enrichment analysis results via the OmicShare tools (Fig. 6a, b) .

Twenty signal pathways were selected in the treatment of COVID-19, constructing the component-target-pathway network (Fig. 7) . This network interacts with 37 nodes and 128 interaction edges. molecule, and the receptor-protein selected docking results in better data (20) . Results showed that amygdalin, oestrone, stigmasterol, sitosterol and cholesterol (CLR) showed strong affinity for core targets. Among them, amygdalin showed strong affinity for SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. The better docking results were selected for molecular docking visualisation analysis with PyMOL 2.3.2 software (Fig. 8) . The dotted line in the figure is hydrogen bond, and the value is the bond length.

Oestrone combined with IL6 to form hydrogen bond with the active site, GLU-42 amino acids bind with VEGFA and forms hydrogen bonds with the two amino acids ASN-75 and GLU-38 near the active site. Stigmasterol binds to SRC and forms hydrogen bond with the active site of Gln-362 amino acids. Amygdalin binds to MAPK1 and forms hydrogen bonds with the two amino acids near the active site of ASP-334, and ARG-68 binds to MAPK3 and forms hydrogen bonds with the two amino acids of ASN-161 and ARG-64 near the active 

The TV was used for detecting lung function. As shown in Fig. 9f , TV was significantly decreased in the LPS group as compared with the control group, but increased in amygdalin group (TV in the lung function decreased more than 30% among LPS mice). The lung tissues of LPS group exhibited notably pathologic changes, including alveolar disarray, increased alveolar wall thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared to the control group, amygdalin treatment significantly alleviated LPS-induced lung pathologic changes (Fig. 9a-d) . In addition, ROS was also significantly increased in LPS group as compared with the control group, but decreased in amygdalin group (Fig. 9e) .

Amygdalin suppresses lung inflammation-related targets induced by LPS Western blot analyses were performed to evaluate related targets involved in the therapeutic effects of amygdalin on LPS-induced lung inflammation. Results showed that the expression of inflammation-related target proteins (such as IL-6, MAPK1, TNF-α, p-AKT, p-SRC, IL-1β, VEGFA and EGFR) obviously increased in the LPS group and amygdalin could decrease this inflammation (Fig. 10) . Immunofluorescence further confirms these results (Fig. 11 ).

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a new clinical syndrome characterised by respiratory symptoms with varying degrees of severity, from mild respiratory disease to severe interstitial pneumonia (21) . Viral pneumonia can be defined as abnormal alveolar gas exchange and inflammation of lung parenchyma via western medicine (22) . While in the theoretical system of TCM through the skin, mouth and nose, the weak lungs were invaded by an external pathogen causing lung gas obstruction and stagnation (23) . The main pathological products of COVID-19 are heat, phlegm and blood stasis, manifested by cough, fever, wheezing, dyspnea, etc. (24) . Regulating the lung gas resolves phlegm and relieves cough and dyspnea, deemed to be the principle behind the basic treatment. Semen armeniacae amarum although tasting bitter, functions by reducing lung gas; has anti-cough, anti-asthma, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-thrombus and other pharmacological effects (25) . Although semen armeniacae amarum is widely used in respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis and asthma (26) , its active compounds are not clear in clinical and pharmacological studies; the specific targets have not fully been identified and the mechanism has not been elaborated. Network pharmacology is a powerful tool for elucidating complex and holistic mechanisms of TCM. It can illustrate the intricate interactions among drugs, diseases, proteins and genes from a network perspective (27) (28) (29) . Here, we used network pharmacology and animal experiments to elucidate the mechanisms of multiple target components in semen armeniacae amarum.

In this study, we screened out nine main active components of semen armeniacae amarum. Among them, stigmasterol performs anti-inflammatory activity, and suppresses airway inflammation by inhibiting allergeninduced immunoglobulin E-mediated responses (30, 31) . Fig. 10 . Amygdalin suppresses lung inflammation-related targets induced by LPS. Core target-associated markers examined by western blot (n = 3). The data presents mean ± SD, the experiments were repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by a t-test. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 versus Control; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 versus LPS group.

Sitosterol has antioxidant activity (32) . Amygdalin has anti-cough, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anti-tumor and other pharmacological effects (33, 34) . In addition, a lot of research shows amygdalin also possesses antitussive activities via inhibiting the central cough centre when it is bio-transformed into cyanide (35) . Therefore, these compounds are closely associated with COVID-19 treatment.

Medicine-ingredient-target-disease network and PPI network analysis showed that IL6, SRC, MAPK1, MAPK3, VEGFA, EGFR, HRAS and CASP3 may be the core targets of semen armeniacae amarum treating COVID-19. These core target proteins are mainly related to inflammation and immunoregulation (36) . Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that the core targets were mainly concentrated in PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, VEGF signalling pathway, Rap 1 signalling pathway and MAPK signalling pathway.

The PI3K-AKT signalling pathway plays a role in inflammatory response in the lungs and airways by regulating the release of inflammatory transmitters and the activation of inflammatory response cells (37) . Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathway was an important pathway in inflammatory response, in which related factor receptors can induce apoptosis (38) . Ras-related protein 1 (Rap 1) is a negative regulator of mitochondrial ROS production, and the Rap 1 signalling pathway regulates ROS production (39) . The MAPK pathway is a key mediator of inflammation implicated in injury of lungs (40) . Therefore, semen armeniacae amarum may play anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunological roles by regulating PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, VEGF signalling pathway and MAPK signalling pathway. In order to obtain more explainations, we searched the GWAS database, however, there was no relevant data. We also wanted to find relevant data on the Global initiative on sharing Fig. 11 . Amygdalin suppresses lung inflammation-related targets induced by LPS. Core targets-associated markers examined by immunofluorescence (n = 3). Immunofluorescence score of lung inflammation-related targets (n = 3). The data presents mean ± SD, the experiments were repeated three times, and statistical significance was determined by a t-test. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 versus Control; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 versus LPS group.

all influenza data (GISAID) platform but regretfully, we were unable to register successfully.

Molecular docking is a powerful tool to study and provide a proper understanding of receptor-ligand interactions (41) . The study showed that SARS-CoV-2 fastened to ACE2 receptors with greater affinity than SARS-CoV (42) , and the SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 combination was the main cause of COVID-19. In addition, the viral 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) enzyme inhibits coronavirus replication and is critical to its life cycle (43) . Therefore, SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro were regarded as receptors in molecular docking. Nine main active components were used for molecular docking with core targets, SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and SARS-CoV-2 ACE2, respectively. Results showed that amygdalin, oestrone, stigmasterol, sitosterol and CLR showed strong affinity for core targets. Among them, amygdalin showed strong affinity for SARS-CoV-2 ACE2, and SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Therefore, amygdalin might play an important role in the treatment of COVID-19.

Studies have shown that acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with cytokine storms might be the main cause of death due to COVID-19 (44) . Many inflammatory cytokines (Interferon-alpha (IFN-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) and chemokines were detected in COVID-19 patients (45) . Among them, IL-6 is an important factor found elevated during the pathology of COVID-19 with a cytokine storm (46) . Thus, we validated the effects of amygdalin on lung inflammation induced by LPS. The results presented a reduction of TV and severe lung injury under LPS stimulation, while treatment with amygdalin prominently improved this condition. Additionally, western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that the protein expression of inflammation-related targets in lung tissue was significantly increased in the LPS group and was prevented in the amygdalin group. Therefore, amygdalin is a candidate compound for COVID-19 treatment by regulating IL6, SRC, MAPK1, MAPK3, VEGFA and EGFR.

In summary, amygdalin is a candidate compound for COVID-19 treatment by regulating IL6, SRC, MAPK1, EGFR and VEGFA by way of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, VEGF signalling pathway and MAPK signalling pathway. It was found that amygdalin has a strong affinity for SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and SARS-CoV-2 ACE2, there by preventing the virus transcription and dissemination. The strategy of integrating classical pharmacology with systems pharmacology analysis has the potential to provide a better strategy for the better understanding of TCM mechanism. 

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