key: cord-0851740-np6waor5
authors: Sheikhzadeh, Elham; Beni, Valerio; Zourob, Mohammed
title: Nanomaterial application in bio/sensors for the detection of infectious diseases
date: 2020-12-17
journal: Talanta
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122026
sha: b09fe6d4771797b7071d329e9b82fddae49252a9
doc_id: 851740
cord_uid: np6waor5

Infectious diseases are a potential risk for public health and the global economy. Fast and accurate detection of the pathogens that cause these infections is important to avoid the transmission of the diseases. Conventional methods for the detection of these microorganisms are time-consuming, costly, and not applicable for on-site monitoring. Biosensors can provide a fast, reliable, and point of care diagnostic. Nanomaterials, due to their outstanding electrical, chemical, and optical features, have become key players in the area of biosensors. This review will cover different nanomaterials that employed in electrochemical, optical, and instrumental biosensors for infectious disease diagnosis and how these contributed to enhancing the sensitivity and rapidity of the various sensing platforms. Examples of nanomaterial synthesis methods as well as a comprehensive description of their properties are explained. Moreover, when available, comparative data, in the presence and absence of the nanomaterials, have been reported to further highlight how the usage of nanomaterials enhances the performances of the sensor.

generate an electrochemical signal AuNPs were per-oxidation, by applying a constant potential followed by a DPV scan to reduce the in-situ generated AuCl -4 to Au 0 . The recorded DPV signal correlated with the log CFU concentration of the bacteria and the system showed a LOD of 89CFU mL -1 [77] . Nanocomposite of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) graphene oxide (GO-PDDA) and

AuNPs was reported in the manufacturing of an immunosensor for the detection of E.coli DH5 α in the dairy product. The nanocomposite was shown to provides a superior microenvironment for the immobilization of the antibody and 51.7% and 82.9% signal enhancement was achieved in comparison to sensor containing only GO or AuNPs. The sensor was shown to present a LOD 35 CFU mL -1 [98] . Valipour and Roushani investigated the application of AgNPs and thiol graphene quantum dot (AgNPs/GQD-SH) in the development of an immunosensor for the detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen. In the proposed sensor, the glassy carbon surface was first modified with the GQD-SH solution, and then AgNps were attached via thiol groups of the GQD-SH/GCE surface.

The antibody was immobilized on AgNps by chemisorption between AgNps and an amino group of anti-HCV core antigen. The electrochemical response was generated by the DPV monitoring of a redox probe (riboflavin). DPV currents decreased with the increase of the concentration of the antigen; The system was show to allow to detect 3×10 -12 g L -1 of the hepatitis C virus core antigen with a broad linear range of 5×10 -11 -6×10 -5 g L -1 [112] . Pandey et al. proposed the use of a gold electrode decorated by reduced graphene oxide wrapped copper oxide and cysteine, in the development of E. coli O157: H7 immunosensor. Cysteine was used for the attachment of nanocomposite to the gold surface through the SH group and also as a green route for synthesis rGO. Antibody covalently bond via N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethyl J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) /N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) coupling reagent through the carboxylic acid functional group of rGO. The presence of the Cu in the composite was shown to improve the LOD and sensitivity (slope of the calibration curve) of the sensor due to inducing stronger interactions between GO and Cysteine. [113] .

Bhardwaj et al. fabricated a paper-based electrochemical immunosensor that used carbon paste as a working electrode for the detection of S. aureus. EDC/NHS chemistry was utilized to activate carboxylic acid groups on the SWCNT surface and immobilization of the antibody, then SWCNT-antibody solution-dropped on the carbon paste surface. The DPV response of the sensor was shown to increase with the increase of the concentration of the bacteria; accordingly, to the authors, these results could be associated with three mechanisms: a) deficiency in antibody monolayer coverage as a result of bacteria binding, b) extracellular electron transfer of bacteria with redox mediator in solution and Ab-SWCNT, c) the presence of sodium ion on the bacteria cell wall. [114] . Carboxylate graphene nanoflakes, prepared from MWCNT with wet chemical methods, were electrophoretically deposited on ITO coated glass substrate, and the so prepared surface used for the manufacturing a DNA sensor for the detection of a nucleic acid of Escherichia coli O157: H7. The developed genosensor presented higher sensitivity, ca. 2 order of magnitude when compared with resembling rGO counterpart sensor [115] . A dual aptamer sandwich complex consisting of a primary biotinylated aptamer (immobilized onto streptavidin magnetic bead) and a secondary aptamer conjugated with AgNPs was reported for the detection of S.aureus. The formed MB-Apt1/S.aureus/Apt2-AgNPs sandwich was collected and transferred in HNO 3 solution (0.1 M) were AgNPs were dissolved to Ag + . The reduction of the formed Ag + was used as the analytical response of the sensor. Ag reduction signal was J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f shown to be linear concerning S.aureus log concentration (10-10 6 CFU mL -1 ); the sensor was reported to present a LOD of 1 CFU mL -1 [116] .

A Nanoporous gold structure was manufactured on a glassy carbon electrode by the combination of electrodeposition of Au-Cu alloy and selective dealloying of Cu from the previous deposited film. The so prepared nanostructured surface was used, following attachment of thiolated S. Typhimurium aptamer on the surface, for the development of an impedimetric bacteria biosensor. The proposed sensor was shown to present significant improvement, when compared to the planer Au electrode, in aptamer loading and surface stability. The aforementioned aptasensor was shown to present a low detection limit and excellent selectivity toward other bacteria and was demonstrated in the detection of S. Typhimurium in egg and rotten egg samples [99] . QDs embedded metal-organic framework (ZIF-8) particle were designed as signal-amplifying tags for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of 1 E. Coli O157: H7.

(CdS/ZIF-8) particles were modified with polyethyleneimine to introduce amino groups on their surfaces, before reaction with glutaraldehyde for immobilization E. coli O157: H7 antibody (CdS@ZIF-8/PEI/Ab). Glassy carbon electrode which was modified with p-aminobenzoic acid utilized to immobilize antibodies via EDC/NHS chemistry. The prepared electrode was incubated with bacteria and CdS@ZIF-8/PEI/Ab to form a sandwich complex on the electrode surface. Electrochemical detection of pathogens was made possible by the releasing of the Cd (II) ions from the CdS/ZIF-8 in HCl solution followed by their quantification via DPV. A LOD of 3 CFU mL -1 and a wide linear range 10-10 8 CFU mL -1 were reported; the sensor was also shown to be ca. 16 times more sensitive than the sensor using the CdS QD due to the large number of QD encapsulated in the MOF structure [117] .

Vijian et al. reported on the multiplex detection of Vibrio cholera, Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp; in the reported work QDs (PbS, CdS, or ZnS) modified specific reporting probes were used to provide specificity to the sensor (QD-RP). Two hybridization strategies, the step-by-step and premix sandwich hybridization methods were applied for single and multiple pathogen detections.

Premix sandwich hybridization methods had better results. For this strategy denaturing the PCR product of Non-protein coding RNAs (npcRNA) with different concentrations of three pathogens, were incubated with QD-RP conjugates. Then, Non-protein coding RNAs (npcRNA) QD-RP, one for each targeted DNA, were applied on SPE modified with a capture probe, followed by, QDs dissolution (using HNO3) and voltammetric detection, via SWV, of released Zn 2+ . Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ ions. Voltammetric detection of the heavy metal ions was made possible by the in-situ formation of a bismuth-film electrode. The prepared sensor presented the excellent LOD values of 22 aM (Salmonella sp.), 34aM (Salmonella sp.) and 42aM (Shigella sp) for single pathogen detection, and 51aM (Salmonella sp.),53aM (Salmonella sp.), and 38aM (Shigella sp) for multiplex pathogen respectively [105] . The schematic of this procedure is illustrated in Fig 2. C.

Electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for the detection of E.coli using AgBr nanoparticles/3D nitrogen-doped GO hydrogel (AgBr/ 3DNGH) nanocomposite as the catalyst to enhance the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of luminol was reported by Hao et al. Luminol was mixed with the AgBr/ 3DNGH before apply on the glassy carbon surface. The glassy carbon surface is then modified with a chitosan layer and aminated aptamer respectively. After capturing E.coli to the surface, ECL intensity was shown to decrease linearly in the 0.5 to 500 CFU mL -1 dynamic ranges; the sensor showed a LOD of 0.17 CFU mL -1 . The introduction of nitrogen in the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f GO structure was shown to improve the catalytic ability of the AgBr/3DGH composite; furthermore, the combination of AgBr and 3DNGH presented significantly improved catalytic performances when compared to the single material system [118] .

A glassy carbon electrode was modified with electrodeposited Graphene oxide and decorated with CdTeQDs 551 -capture DNA HBV and CdTeQDs 607 -capture DNA HCV was used for the detection of HBV and HCV virus, followed by hybridization with the target probe.

In the proposed biosensor AuNP-modified reporting probes, specific for the viruses were used as signal generation element. Virus detection was based on the ability of the AuNPs present in the specific reporting probes to quench the electrochemiluminescence of the CdTe QDs in an unreacted capture probe. The unreacted capture probe decreased with increasing concentration of target probe so the ECL signal was raised with increasing concentration of target probe in the range 0.0005-0.5nmol L -1 and 0.001-1.0nmol L -1 with LOD of 0.082 and 0.34 pmol L -1 for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus respectively [106] . Hua and co-workers developed a sensitive potentiometric resolved ratiometric photoelectrochemical aptasensor based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogel-loaded with carbon quantum dot (C-dots/3DGH) and graphene-like carbon nitride sheet (g-C 3 N 4 ); the proposed sensor presented superior photoelectrochemical ability. Appling different bias voltage, the cathodic and anodic current produced, respectively, C-dots/3DGH and g-C 3 N 4 could be detected and differentiated; the proposed dual signal system allowed not only to detect selectively an analyte but also to take into account possible influence of the environment on the sensor response. To demonstrate this, the authors reported on an E.coli aptasensor in which the aptamer was immobilized on the C-dots/3DGH surface. In the presence of E.coli if on one end the cathodic current, associated with the C-dots/3DGH, was reduced due to the blocking effect of aptamer and target on the other end no J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f effect on the anodic current was recorded; subsequently variation in the anodic current was used to estimate environmental change.

The quantitative measurement of the target pathogen was carried out by calculating the ratio of cathodic current to anodic current. The aptasensor showed a linear range of (2.9 CFU mL -1 to 2.9×10 6 CFU mL -1 with an excellent LOD of 0.66 CFU mL -1 [119] . The schematic of this procedure is shown in Fig 2. D.

Simple and facile detection of S.Typhimurium and E.coli was demonstrated by the use of hollow electrocatalyst Au-Ag nanoshells that enabled the in situ generations of the readable electrochemical signal; S.Typhimurium and E.coli were mixed with PVP-coated Au-Ag nanoshells and incubated for short time. To generate an electrochemical signal the mixture was dropped to SPCE. Au-Ag nanoshells were deposited, by applying a constant potential followed by a DPV scan to oxide the residual Ag atoms to Ag + in PBS solution. The proposed electrode was demonstrated to be able to measure 10 2 CFU mL -1 of bacteria without using specific biomolecule [120] . More examples of the electrochemical bio/sensors are presented in table 1. Fig.2 

Colorimetry is a well-established method with widespread use in sensor development; this transduction method presents few advantages as low cost, simple/no instrumentation, and ease of fabrication. Naked-eye detection is a fascinating branch of colorimetric J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f methods that enables qualitative detection of analytes; on the other end, the use of spectrophotometric reading allows quantitative measurements [121] .

Enzyme induced disaggregation of black magnetic nanobeads (MB) network, based on peptidic crosslinking, was explored by the Zourob team, in the development of optical sensing of several pathogens. MB networks were placed on gold substrates, located on a paper surface, and kept in position with a magnet. Upon addition of bacterial extract, that contains proteases to the sensing surface, disaggregation of the MB network, due to the peptide digestion, take place exposing in this way the underneath Au. The percentage of the observable area was shown to be proportional to the bacteria protease concentration. The proposed sensors could achieve LOD of 7, 12, 49, 2.17 ×10 2 CFUmL -1 for Methicillin-Resistant S.aureus, E.coli O157: H7, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Listeria monocytogenes respectively [122] [123] [124] [125] . The schematic of this procedure is presented in Fig 3. A.Nanoliposomes contain cysteine were demonstrated in the development of optical ELISA tests for the detection of Salmonella, Listeria, E. coli O157, and rabbit IgG antibody. In the proposed strategies the nanoliposomes were used as a label in the sandwich assay. Optical detection was made possible by the ability of the cysteine, released following rupture of the nanoliposome, to aggregate AuNPs with a subsequent blue shift of the AuNPs plasmonic. The purposed sensor showed 6 orders of magnitude enhancements for IgG detection, down to aM levels, in comparison to the conventional ELISA method which used HRP as a biocatalyst for TMB reduction [126] . The schematic of this assay was illustrated in Silica nanoparticle with poly( acrylic acid) brushes worked as a carrier for high loading of catalase enzyme; the enzyme loaded particles were used as a label in ELISA for sensitive visual detection of L.monocytogenes (10 CFUmL -1 ). The proposed assay was based on the differences in AuNPs formation when different concentrations of the reducing agent (hydrogen peroxide) were present in the reaction chamber. In the absence of target analyte the fast reduction of gold ions by hydrogen peroxide, both added in the ELISA well, quasi-spherical non-aggregated gold nanoparticles with red color were formed. By contrast in the presence of analyte the catalase enzymes, loaded on the silica labels, were then able to degrade the hydrogen peroxide giving rise to an aggregated nanoparticle with characteristic blue color. High loading of the enzyme increased LOD 2 and 5 orders of magnitude in comparison with catalase plasmonic ELISA (without silica nanoparticle) and HRP based ELISA methods [127] . The schematic of this assay is depicted in Gold nanomaterials are among the most used material in colorimetric detection. The different detection approached based on Au nanomaterials can be classified into three "groups": (i) approaches based on aggregation/disaggregation, (ii) approaches based on catalytic properties of the Au nanomaterials, and (iii) growth of hybrid nanomaterials [9] . AuNPs modified with a thiolated Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) specific probe was used to detect unamplified HCV RNA. In the proposed assay probe modified AuNPs were incubated with unamplified HCV RNA at 95º C for a fixed time; two positively charged gold nanoparticles (cysteamine and CTAB) capped used to promote aggregation of the above-mentioned AuNPs. When no complementary target was present in the solution aggregation of the AuNPs, due to electrostatic interaction was recorded (red to blue color change); on the other end in the presence of HCV RNA the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f solution remained red. Cysteamine capped AuNps provided sharper color. The biosensor showed a LOD of 4.57 IUµL -1 [128] . AuNPs were also used to transduce the interaction of antibiotics with the bacterial outer membrane; this was shown to enable the sensitive detection of bacteria down to 10CFU mL -1 . More specifically in their proof of concept work, Singh et al. used Colistin, a cationic antibiotic, as a bacteria recognition element and as an AuNPs aggregation inducing element [129] .

Visual detection can be enhanced by the catalytic activity of nanomaterials to a chromogenic substrate like 3, 3,ʹ5,5ʹtetramethylbenzidine (TMB) [130] [131] [132] . Peroxidase activity of nanomaterial has been also exploited in colorimetric sensing. For example, a sandwich-type biosensor based on apt-MNP and IgY-BSA-MnO 2 nanoparticles was reported for the detection of L.

monocytogenes. The MnO 2 in the label was then used to oxidize TMB to TMB 2+ ; oxidizedTMB 2+ reacted with AuNRs resulting in a gradual degradation of the AuNRs with associated variation in their aspect ratio. The shift of longitudinal localized surface plasmon was shown to correlate linearly with the log concentration of L. monocytogenes in the 10-10 6 CFU mL -1 concentration range [133] . Wu et al. developed a colorimetric sandwich-type aptasensor in which ZnFe 2 O 4 /reduced GO nanocomposite was used to catalyze the oxidation of the TMB by consuming H 2 O 2 that resulted in the formation of a blue color product which is then measured by microreader; detection of Salmonella enterica serovar down to 11 CFUmL -1 was demonstrated [134] . In another study, the nanocomposite of AuNPs and CNT was shown to have higher catalytic activity in comparison to AuNPs and CNT alone toward the oxidation of TMB by H 2 O 2 . The proposed nanocomposites were utilized in an immunosensor for the sensitive detection of influenza A H 3 N 2 virus down to 10 PFU mL -1 [135] .

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Magnetic nanoparticles covered with platinum (Pt/MNC) were exploited as a dual functional element in an E.coli O157: H7 immunoassay; these were used to (i) carry the biorecognition element, half-fragment of monoclonal E.coli O157: H7 antibody, and as (ii) catalyst for the oxidation of TMB. Nanoparticles were added to milk solution containing E.coli O157: H7 followed by incubation for short time and separated with a permanent magnet. A precision pipette was used to collect the solution containing both nanoparticle and poly (ethylene glycol) in a pipette tip respectively. Poly (ethylene glycol) medium caused separation Pt/MNC-E.coli O157: H7 nanoparticle from Free Pt/MNC nanoparticle. 10 CFU mL -1 E.coli O157: H7 could detect by color change (oxidation TMB with nanoparticle) [136] . More colorimetric biosensors are presented in Table 2 . Lateral flow and the immunochromatographic assays will discuss in a separate part in section 3.6. Location Fig.3 

Fluorescence-based sensors have attracted great interest in presenting high sensitivity, low detection limit, rapid response, low signal-to-noise ratio, simple instrumentation, and cost-effectiveness. A variety of fluorescence nano-materials such as metal J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f nanoparticles, quantum dots (QDs), carbon dots (CDs), graphene oxide, dye-doped silica nanobeads, nanotubes, and upconversion nanoparticle have been explored in sensing application [137] . Signal generation in fluorescence sensing has been carried out following a variety of strategies including fluorescence quenching ("turn-off"), fluorescence enhancement ("turn-on"), ratiometric(calculating intensity ratio of two or more fluorescence signal ), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and metal enhanced fluorescence(MEF) [138] .

Specific separation and detection of E. coli O157: H7 was reported with the use of a magnetic immunoassay and QDs labeling.

The capture of the bacteria was performed in a double layer quartz channel using the immune magnetic nanoparticle trapped on the channel wall by a high gradient magnetic field. Following labeling with QD, the formed sandwich complex was collected from the channel and the fluorescence intensity of the sample measured. This was shown to relate linearly with log concentration of bacteria in the range 8.9× 10 0 -8.9 ×10 5 CFUmL -1 [139] . The schematic of this procedure is illustrated in Fig 4. A. Aptamer coated magnetic particles labeled with QD modified complementary DNA were used in a competitive assay for the detection of S.Typhimurium. In the presence of the target bacteria, the aptamer-DNA label duplex was cleaved due to the aptamer-target interaction resulting in free CdTe QD labeled DNA in solution. After magnetic separation, the QDs signal in solution was recorded and demonstrated to be linearly related to 10 to 10 10 CFU mL -1 of log pathogen concentration [140] . Application of QD and upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) modified, respectively, with S.Typhimurim and S.aureus aptamers allowed the simultaneous detection of these two food pathogens.

After attachment of the two luminescent nanoparticles to the magnetic bead contains a partially complementary DNA sequence, the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f fluorescence emission spectra obtained at 500 nm for QD and 800 nm for UCNP was recorded; the addition of the target pathogens to the solution containing the sensing complex resulted in the loss of fluorescence labels with a subsequent decrease in the overall signal intensity of the magnetic beads (recorded after magnetic separation). The reduced signal correlated to the log concertation of the bacteria in the 50-10 6 CFU mL -1 interval [141] . Liu and coworkers extracted V. parahaemolyticus-specific egg yolk antibody and used these to decorate AuNPs. Interaction of CdSe/ZnS QD which was decorated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (carrying carboxylic acid group) and AuNPs, modulated by COOH groups in the QDs and Au 0 atom in AgNps lead to fluorescence quenching of QD. A small amount of free AuNps was also added that enable a higher rate of quenching. In the presence of V. parahaemolyticus due to the interaction of bacteria and antibody, IgY-AuNPs aggregated freeing in this way the QDs and increasing the fluorescence response of them. The system was applied to the sensitive detection V. parahaemolyticus in food samples [142] . Composite of AuNPs, gallic acidiron oxide nanoparticle, and graphene, modified with hemagglutinin (HA) antibody, was employed as an integrated magnetic and plasmonic surface for the capturing and detection of the influenza virus. The addition of QDs, also decorated with hemagglutinin (HA) antibody, caused the formation of a sandwich complex and the fluorescence of QD increased linearly with virus concentration. The detection limits of 7.27 ×10 -12 g L -1 and 6.07 ×10 -9 g L -1 were obtained in deionized water and Human serum respectively [143] .

Quaternary alloyed CdZnSeTes QDs which can emit in the NIR range is an attractive option for the construction of low detection limit biosensor due to the low photonic-absorption of biological molecule in this area. 2 copies mL -1 of Influenza virus H1N1 RNA were detected with molecular beacons (MB) modified with the aforementioned QDs by fluorescence enhancement signal transduction mechanism. In the absence of the target sequence, QDs and MB in close proximity resulted in an efficient quenching of their IR J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f signal. Hybridization of target viral RNA with the loop sequence of the MB probe formed DNA/RNA heteroduplex which enhanced the fluorescence of QD by inducing the separation of the two particles [144] . The schematic of this procedure is illustrated in Fig4 .B.

A FRET aptasensor consisting of AuNPs modified with aptamer (acceptor) and UCNPs conjugated with complementary DNA (donor) was designed for the ultrasensitive detection of Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, in food sample and water, down to 5 CFU mL -1 .

Attachment of bacteria to aptamer led to the separation of the UCNP-CDNA from the AuNPs-Aptamer resulting in the loss of the FRET effect with subsequent recovery of the fluorescence signal of the donor [145] . Hollow silica nanospheres (HSNs) encapsulated with fluorescein and covered with polymer layers of poly (acrylic acid) and poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) were synthesized and used in the development of a label in a sandwich magnetic immunoassay, following modification with Ab 2 antibodies, for the detection of E.coli. Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @PAA-Ab 1 were used for the capture of the bacteria and the separation of the formed sandwich. Signal was generated, following the collection of the formed sandwich, by dissolution, with sodium hydroxide, of the HSNs label, and release of the internal fluorescein. The fluorescence intensity of the released fluorescein is related to the E. coli O157: H7 concentration down to 4 CFUmL -1 [146] . FRET aptasensor based on AuNCs-Vancomycin and aptamer modified AuNPs as the energy donor and acceptor was developed for the sensitive detection of S.aureus. In the presence of S.aureus fluorescence intensity change (ΔF=F 0 -F) increased linearly with concentration 20-10 8 of S.aureus [147] . Two main bacteria responsible for sepsis (S. aureus, E. coli) were separated and detected in mouse rat blood. In the presented work, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles modified with chlorin e6 and S.aureus and E.coli aptamers were designed for the early and sensitive (10 CFUml -1 ) detection of the two pathogens by fluorescence microscope. Moreover, chlorin e6, photosensitizers, applied and extracorporeal blood disinfection in mouse rats' blood was achieved J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f with photodynamic therapy [148] . The schematic of this procedure is illustrated in Fig.4C . A fluorometric aptasensor was fabricated by employing aptamer modified carbon nanoparticle and GO as fluorescent and quencher respectively for the sensitive detection of P.

aeruginosa. In the presence of bacteria, the fluorescence signal was increased due to binding aptamer and bacteria that caused distance between the aptamer-carbon nanoparticle and Go, the recorded signal related linearly to 10 1 -10 7 CFUmL -1 concentration of bacteria with a LOD of 9 CFUmL -1 [149] . An Aptasensor consisting of MNP-Aptamer and UNCP-CDNA was developed to detect, low concentration (58 CFUmL -1 ), E.coli in pork meat sample. MNP-Aptamer and UNCP-CDNA mixed and incubated for short time.

Then, the addition of E.coli release UNCP-CDNA particle due to the specific interaction of aptamer and target. Following the separation of E.coli-MNP-aptamer complex by the magnet, the fluorescence signal of the solution was recorded which was increased by increasing concentration of bacteria [150] . More fluorescence biosensors are demonstrated in tabel 3. Fig.4 

Chemiluminescence (CL) takes advantage of the conversion of chemical energy into light. As a result, this method does not require sample radiation reducing in this way interfering phenomena such as light scattering, source instability, providing in this way high signal to noise ratio and high sensitivity; moreover, the readout instruments are less complicated than other optical systems [151, 152] . captured S.Typhimurium can then interact with the RCA product to form a sandwich complex. Finally, the formed sandwich was labeled using a Co +2 enhanced N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI) functional flowerlike gold nanoparticles (AuNFs)-cDNA.

Chemiluminescence signal was then generated by the addition of P-Indophenol and H 2 O 2 applied to form ABEI-AuNFs-PIP-H 2 O 2 Chemiluminescence system. The proposed sensor was shown to respond linearly in the concentration range between 3.2 and 3.2×10 6 CFU mL -1 [153] . The schematic of the presented assay was shown in 

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering is a powerful sensing tool; this presents several advantages including high sensitivity, reduced analysis time, portability as well as the ability for multiplex detection. SERS technology takes advantage of the enhancement of the Raman spectroscopy signal when performed at the surface of noble metal nanomaterials; signal enhancements of several orders of magnitude (10 7 -10 14 ) were reported using this method. SERS is a fascinating method for the identification (fingerprinting) and detection of microorganisms because of its non-destructive nature. Nanomaterials like noble metal colloids, nanospheres, core-shell, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f gold-coated magnetic nanoparticle, nano aggregates, and bimetallic nanomaterial have been reported as promising materials for SERS detections using both labels (indirect) and label-free (direct) approaches. Labels (SERS reporters) are specific organic molecules like, Rhodamine B, 4-Nitrothiophenol 4-mercaptopurine (4-MPY), 4-amino thiophenol (4-ATP), 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) that are characterized by well-known Raman signals. Plasmonic nanoparticles decorated with Raman reporter molecules and biorecognition elements have been used to design SERS biosensors [154, 155] .

In a study reported by Wang et al. [156] , positively charged polyethyleneimine was self-assembled on Fe 2 O 4 magnetic nanoparticle; the surface of the MNP was modified, taking advantage of electrostatic interaction, with Au seeds that were then chemically grown to generate rough core/shell (Au/MNPs) label. To enable the selective capture of S.aureus, Au/MNPs were modified by the S. aureus antibody. On the other side, Au nanorods -DTNB modified with antibodies were used to complete the sandwich assay. SERS intensity at Raman peak of 1331 cm −1 showed a linear relationship with the logarithmic concentration of the bacteria in the range of 10 1 -10 5 cells mL -1 [156] . Concanavalin A (Con A) is a lectin that presents the ability to specifically interact with the terminal α -D -mannosyl and α -D -glucosyl groups present on the surface of all bacteria. Kearns et al. reported on a SERS assay based on the use of Ag-MNPs core-shell system modified with Con A. The reported core-shell system enabled the capture and collection of bacteria from samples. With the help of three different SERS reporters, the authors demonstrated the multiplex detection of S. Typhimurium, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and E.coli down to 10 CFUmL -1 [157] . Zhou et al. carried out extensive studies on the design and fabrication of multifunctional nano-gapped nanoparticles (NNPs). In their works polydopamine (PDA) coating was J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f used to deposit, in a controlled way (e.g. using PDA of different thicknesses), Au shells on a variety of core nanomaterials as spherical AuNPs, anisotropic Au nanorods (AuNRs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and magnetic polymer nanoparticles (MAgNPs). The produced nanogap structures were reported as a carrier for Rhodamine-B or 4-nitrophenol Raman tags in bacteria sandwich assays; magnetic nanoparticle coated with PDA and 2 layers of 15 nm Au nanoshell and modified with 4-nitrophenol (Raman tag) enabled the sensitive detection of E.coli O157: H7 down to concentration 100 CFU mL -1 . In the same work, the authors showed that the Raman signal could be significantly enhanced (ca. 5 folds) by the increase in the number of nanoshell layers (2 vs 1). The schematic of preparation nanogap structures is illustrated in Fig 6. A [158] . Thiol-poly adenine or Thiol-poly thymine was immobilized on the AuNps surface. Then, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase which was mediated incorporation of the chain of identical nucleotides utilized to synthesize nucleotide with different lengths due to change of elongation time (0 min -16 h). The prepared nanoconjugate worked as a nano seed to synthesis a gold layer to immobilize the antibody on it. Among different nanogap structures, the optimum one (16h) with poly adenine was selected for the rest of the investigations. The so prepared particles were used as a Raman reporter in a bacteria immune assay that was shown to enable the detection of 2 CFU mL -1 of E.coli [159] . The schematic of the proposed immunosensor was illustrated in Fig 6. B. AuNPs decorated with 4, 4′-dipyridyl, and coated with silica layers were shown to allow bacterial detection in complex systems being stable for up to 50 h and not being prone to aggregation. The SERS immunosensor based on such nanoparticles was shown to detect 10 CFU mL -1 of E.coli [160] . Label-free detection of S.aureus was performed by the use of specific aptamers and by in situ synthesis, using the aptamer as a template, on AgNPs. The SERS spectra of S.aureus-aptamer/AgNPs were shown to be significantly higher than those recorded in the absence of the aptamer. The system was reported to have a low LOD J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f of 1.5 CFU mL -1 [161] . Ag coated magnetic nanoparticle (AgMNPs) and AuNR -DTNB@Ag-DTNB (DioPNP) as SERS tags were reported in single-cell detection of S.aureus. These were modified with aptamer 1 and 2, respectively, to form a dual sandwich structure; the Raman signal of DioPNPs was shown to be 10 times stronger than those of the AuNR−DTNB due to double-layer DTNB [162] . The schematic of preparation nanoparticle and bacteria detection was shown in 

Lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) also known as lateral-flow immunochromatographic (LF-ICA) tests are simple, rapid, and portable systems which enable qualitative, non-invasive point of care detection (POC) with wider applications in medical diagnostic [166] . Conventional LFA system suffers from low sensitivity; nevertheless, in recent times several approaches for the improvement of LFA have reported including gold enhancement, enzyme labeling, increased loading of antibody, and use of various nanomaterials like QD, UCNP, peroxidase-like nanoparticle, and graphene oxide. Besides coupling LFIA systems with instrumental reading (fluorescence, colorimetric, SERS, and magnetic focus) enabled to obtain more reliable and quantitative data [167, 168] .

An innovative approach, combining gold-coated Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticle (Au/MNCs) and lateral flow filters, was shown to allow the detection of 10 3 CFUmL -1 Salmonella from milk samples. In the proposed assay Salmonella was captured in milk samples using antibody fragment modified Au/MNCs; the formed complex following separation was resuspended in a buffer solution. The assay was then performed by immersing one end of the lateral stripe in the solution; if on one end the free Au/MNCs were able to move in the LFI strip and accumulating in the test line, the Salmonella-Au/MNCs were remained in the solution because of their big size; pressing of the nitrocellulose membrane was key factor in the success of the proposed assay. The colour of the test line decreased with increasing pathogen concentration because of a decrease in free Au/MNCs nanoparticle [169] . The same author also developed a coli O157: H7. The optical density of the different nanoparticles was used as the physical parameter to discriminate between the manufactured particles and to select the best one. According to the optical density values, the UV-vis spectrums, and the TEM images, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (50Au-0.46PS) was expected to provide the better result nevertheless average grayscale analysis by image J software showed that lower LOD could be achieved with the (10Au-0.46PS) nanoparticle. The same authors also studied the effect of signal enhancement by reduction of HAuCl 4 with hydroxylamine; this enhancement step lowered the LOD down to 100 CFUmL -1 and average 1.44 folds improvement for each concentration [174] . Eu (III) doped polystyrene nanoparticles were demonstrated in immunochromatographic assay for detection of E .Coli O157: H7. EuNP-6 carbon chain (CC), EuNP-200CC, EuNP-1000CC and EuNP-streptavidin were compared; EuNP-Streptavidin, due to their better ability to load antibodies, showed better sensitivity and wider linear range [175] .

Ren et al. reported on the combination of Fe 3 O 4 /Au core-shell and HRP signal enhancement for the detection of pathogens. The use of the described system, in combination with an external magnet to slow down the movement of the labeled target which enabled the interaction of pathogens and antibody more readily, allowed detection limits of 25CFUmL -1 E. coli O157: H7 or S. Typhimurium [176] . A fluorescence lateral flow immunosensor was designed by taking advantage of the quenching properties of GO (acceptor) and the fluorescence ability of QDs (donor). In the proposed assay the test line contained CdSe@ZnS QDs/anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody while the control line only had bare QDs. In the absence of target bacteria, addition of GO resulted in the quenching of the fluorescence of the QDs in both the test and the control lines. By contrast, capturing of E. coli O157: H7 with antibody, increase the distance between QD and GO, therefore reducing the ability of GO to quench the QDs; the intensity of the residual fluorescence was shown to be proportional to the pathogen concentration in the range 50 to 10 5 CFU mL -1 with LOD 57 CFU mL -1 [177] . The schematic of the assay was showed in Fig 7B. Surface positive nitrogen-rich carbon nanoparticle (pNC), prepared from urea by calcination and etching reaction, were shown to have a good ability to adsorb/capturing bacteria. In the proposed LFIA monoclonal antibodies present J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f on the test line were used to capture the complex made between the pNC and the bacteria; the intensity of back color of the test line was shown to relate to the concentration of S. enteritidis in the 10 2 -10 8 CFU mL -1 interval [178] . Plasmonic LFIA with improved performances based on the AuNPs aggregation induced by polyethyleneimine (BPEI) released from liposome was reported by Ren et al. for the sensitive detection of E. coli O157: H7. Targeted bacteria were incubated with AuNPs modified with an antibody; following a certain time BPEI-loaded liposomes were added to the solution. The obtained mixture was added to the strip followed by the addition of free-AuNPs. The added nanoparticles were then captured at the test line by the BPEI present on the surface of the bacteria/AuNPs complex resulting in the generation of a colorimetric signal due to the aggregation effect. The proposed immunosensor could detect 100 CFUmL -1 of E. coli O157: H7 [179] .

The peroxidase activities of some nanomaterials lead to select them as a prominent candidate for use in LFIA with improved sensitivity. For example, the peroxidases activity of Pt-AuNPs modified with antibody were explored to generate, upon reaction with TMB, a colored band in correspondence of the test line. The proposed assay enabled the detection of 10 2 CFUmL -1 E. coli O157: H7 [180] . Mesoporous core-shell Pd@Pt with the help of TMB and H 2 O 2 was used for the simultaneous detection of S.enteritidis and E.

coli O157: H7 with LFIA and smartphone detection down to 20 and 34 CFUmL -1 of S.enteritidis and E. coli O157: H7 while the detection limit of the system for both pathogens was 10 6 CFUmL -1 in the absence of TMB and H 2 O 2 system. AuNR@Pt with peroxidase activity toward TMB and H 2 O 2 and also SERS properties with 4-mercaptobezoic acid Raman reporter were explored for dual recognition, LFIA and SERS methods; the two methods allowed, respectively, the detection of C. jejuni in the 10 2 -10 6 and 10 2 -J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f in the presence of H 2 O 2 allowed the detection of the glycoprotein at 1ng mL -1 concentration which is 100 times lower than that achievable with the standard strip method (1ng mL -1 ) [182] . Bimetallic Pd-Pt nanoparticles were also explored as nano-enzyme for the conversion of TMB and H 2 O 2 in LFIA for the detection of E.coli O157: H7; the proposed assay showed LOD of 10 2 CFUmL -1 [183] . needs to be noted that fluorescent nanoparticles were shown to require less antibody per strip [185] . Aptamer mediated strand displacement approach was reported for the sensitive detection of E. coli O157: H7. In the reported assay a reporting aptamer and a capture probe, modified with biotin, were used. Target bacteria were incubated with the two aptamers and extracted using streptavidin magnetic beads. After the separation of the magnetic complex, the reporting aptamer was amplified with the isothermal strand displacement amplification method and detected with LFIA. This method enabled visual detection of 10 CFUmL -1 E. coli O157: H7 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f [186] . Mesoporous silica nanoparticles, embedded with TMB and covered with amin-aptamer gate sequence, were employed for the sensitive detection of L. monocytogenes. The addition of bacteria caused the release of TBM due to their specific interaction with the aptamers. Released TMB interact with HRP enzymes trapped in the test line to produce the visible blue color. The aptasensor could obtain LOD of 53 cells in 1 mL sample [187] . AuNPs modified with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (as a Raman tag), Ag layer, streptavidin and BSA were used as a label for the detection of L.monocytogenes and S. enterica DNA sequences. In the proposed assay the targeted DNA sequences were amplified, before their LFIA detection, using recombinase polymerase amplification method. The proposed assay allowed the visual and SERS detection of the targeted sequences with LOD of 27 and 19 CFUmL -1 . Visual qualitative detection was made possible via the aggregation of the nanoparticle in the two test lines containing specific capturing probes while the SERS signal of test lines was measured for quantitative detection of bacteria. SERS signal was shown to be linear with target concentration in the 1.9 ×10 1 -1.9 ×10 6 and 2.7 ×10 1 -2.7 ×10 6 interval for L.monocytogenes and S. enterica respectively [188] . More examples of lateral flow based biosensor are available in table 6.

In this review, various nanomaterials and their application in different detection systems for infectious agents covered. Nanomaterials as magnetic nanoparticles alone and in combination with Ag or Au coatings, bimetallic nanoparticles, peroxidase-like nanomaterials, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f and newly designed nanomaterials have been described and their widespread application in electrochemical and optical biosensing discussed. Applications as separation materials, materials for improving conductivity, and elements for biomolecules grafting have been described. Besides, their application in colorimetric, fluorometric, and SERS detection methods was also reported. Finally, we demonstrated the advantage of the usage of these materials to enhance the sensitivity of the lateral flow strip test. Although some authors illustrated comparative data to highlight the benefits of the usage of nanomaterials, there is still the need for more investigation to understand the real effect and advantages of exploiting nanomaterials in various sensing applications. In the future, we expect novel functional biomimetic and bimetallic nanomaterial or bionanocomposite with fascinating features will be introduced.

Moreover, innovative designs strategies with the help of biochemical pathways to shorten the analysis time, to obtain the results of the molecular techniques such as PCR and LAMP and to produce efficient and rapid POC devices to be used in the field will report. Nanoenzye material may replace natural recognition receptors to produce more durable biosensors. One of the biggest challenge for the nanomaterials are their work in various real-samples matrices such as blood, serum, urine or stool in biomedical or various food matrices or for example sewage water in case of environmental samples. Therefore we expect a lot of attention will be directed towards the development of more efficient nanomaterials characteristics with minimum non-specific binding and low false positive signals. We also expect much attention will be paid in the future towards the development of multifunctional nanomaterials where it integrates for example specific analyte fishing or preconcentration tool as well as sensing platform. Despite the numerous proposed biosensors, there is still a crucial need for developing new biosensors for on-site monitoring of infectious diseases to prevent epidemic and economic loss. AuNPs C AuNPs C 18±3 nm -E.coli Visual 10 4 -0 7 1.02×10 3 CFUmL -1 Rapid, reliable, and cost-effective, - [273] J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f

Quartz crystal microbalance-based biosensors as rapid diagnostic devices for infectious diseases

A fluorescent dual aptasensor for the rapid and sensitive onsite detection of E. coli O157: H7 and its validation in various food matrices

Rapid detection of Escherichia coli based on 16S rDNA nanogap network electrochemical biosensor

Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: Strengthening the global response

Nanostructured Electrochemical Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of Water-and Food-Borne Pathogens

Diagnostic techniques for COVID-19 and new developments

Role of Au(NPs) in the enhanced response of Au(NPs)-decorated MWCNT electrochemical biosensor

Naked-eye" recognition: Emerging gold nano-family for visual sensing

Legal and practical challenges in classifying nanomaterials according to regulatory definitions

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

Semiconductor quantum dot FRET: Untangling energy transfer mechanisms in bioanalytical assays

Preparation, surface functionalization and application of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles

Sensors and biosensors based on magnetic nanoparticles

Highly labeled methylene blue-ds DNA silica nanoparticles for signal enhancement of immunoassays: Application to the sensitive detection of bacteria in human platelet concentrates

Correlation between particle size/domain structure and magnetic properties of highly crystalline Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Recent Advances in Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs): Synthesis and Surface Modification for Biomedical Applications

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for disease detection and therapy

A Comprehensive Review of Magnetic Nanomaterials Modern Day Theranostics

Magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles doped with metal ions: A review

Application of magnetic nanoparticles in petroleum industry: A review

Au and Au-Based nanomaterials: Synthesis and recent progress in electrochemical sensor applications

A sandwich electrochemical immunosensor for Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum based on a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with an ionic liquid and electrodeposited gold nanoparticles

An electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by using chitosan, MWCNT, polypyrrole with gold nanoparticles hybrid sensing platform

Simultaneous detection and determination of mercury (II) and lead (II) ions through the achievement of novel functional nucleic acid-based biosensors

Insight into the molecular mechanisms of AuNPbased aptasensor for colorimetric detection: a molecular dynamics approach

Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology

Gold nanorods and their nanocomposites: synthesis and recent applications in

Progress of gold nanomaterials for colorimetric sensing based on different strategies

Gold nanorods: from anisotropy to opportunity. An evolution update

Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis and Recent Biological Application

Recent Progress on Gold-Nanocluster-Based Fluorescent Probe for Environmental Analysis and Biological Sensing

Gold Nanoclusters as Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion

Ultrasmall Au nanoclusters for biomedical and biosensing applications: A mini-review

Silver-Based Plasmonic Nanoparticles for and Their Use in Biosensing

A Review of Gold and Silver Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensing Assays

Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application for Nanomedicine

Novel development of nanoparticles to bimetallic nanoparticles and their composites: A review

Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Enhanced Magnetic and Optical Properties for Emerging Biological Applications

Colorimetric aptasensor for Campylobacter jejuni cells by exploiting the peroxidase like activity of Au@Pd nanoparticles

Evolving trends in bio/chemical sensor fabrication incorporating bimetallic nanoparticles

Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications of Bimetallic Nanoparticles of Noble Metals

Development of quantum dot-based biosensors: principles and applications

An Electrochemical Cholesterol Biosensor Based on A CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe Quantum Dots-Poly (Propylene Imine) Dendrimer Nanocomposite Immobilisation Layer

Synthesis and biomedical applications of graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots

Quantum dots: Applications and safety consequences

Applications of quantum dots in Food Science and biology

Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on less aggregated graphene

An integrated sensing system for detection of DNA using new parallel-motif DNA triplex system and graphene-mesoporous silica-gold nanoparticle hybrids

Graphene Oxide and Derivatives: The Place in Graphene Family

Graphene-based aptasensors: from molecule-interface interactions to sensor design and biomedical diagnostics

The effect of degree of reduction on the electrical properties of functionalized graphene sheets

Graphene-based label-free electrochemical aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogen

Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for monitoring noncommunicable disease biomarkers

Design, synthesis, and characterization of graphene-nanoparticle hybrid materials for bioapplications

High-affinity carboxyl-graphene oxide-based SPR aptasensor for the detection of hCG protein in clinical serum samples

An overview of recent applications of reduced graphene oxide as a basis of electroanalytical sensing platforms

A review on carbon-based materials for heterogeneous sonocatalysis: Fundamentals, properties and applications

A review on carbon nanotubes in biosensor devices and their applications in medicine

Carbon nanotube -A review on Synthesis, Properties and plethora of applications in the field of biomedical science

Evolution and Synthesis of Carbon Dots: From Carbon Dots to Carbonized Polymer Dots

Carbon dots derived fluorescent nanosensors as versatile tools for food quality and safety assessment: A review

Semiconductor and carbon-based fluorescent nanodots: the need for consistency

Review on Carbon Quantum Dots: Preparation, Properties, and Electrocatalytic Application

Catalysis with carbon nanoparticles

Upconversion and downconversion nanoparticles for biophotonics and nanomedicine

Upconversion Nanoprobes: Recent Advances in Sensing Applications

Recent advances of upconversion nanoparticles in theranostics and bioimaging applications

An optical and rapid sandwich immunoassay method for detection of Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum based on immune blue silica nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles

A nonenzymatic optical immunoassay strategy for detection of Salmonella infection based on blue silica nanoparticles

Photometric sandwich immunoassay for Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum using horseradish peroxidase and magnetic silica nanoparticles

Gold-core silica shell nanoparticles application in imaging and therapy: A review

Label-free impedimetric biosensor for Salmonella Typhimurium detection based on poly

Design of a disposable solid state potentiometric sensor for codeine content control in pharmaceutical preparations

Electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein using different carbon nanomaterials-modified electrodes

Amperometric immunoassay for the detection of Salmonella pullorum using a screen -printed carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticle-coated reduced graphene oxide and immunomagnetic beads

Electrochemical sandwich immunoassay for Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on the use of magnetic nanoparticles and graphene functionalized with electrocatalytically active Au@Pt core/shell nanoparticles

A non-enzymatic electrochemical immunoassay for quantitative detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using Au@Pt and graphene

Transmutation of Personal Glucose Meters into Portable and Highly Sensitive Microbial Pathogen Detection Platform

Gold nanoparticle-labeled biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of bacterial pathogens

An electrochemical biosensor for rapid detection of: E. coli O157:H7 with highly efficient bi-functional glucose oxidase-polydopamine nanocomposites and Prussian blue modified screen-printed interdigitated electrodes

Immunomagnetic separation of Salmonella with tailored magnetic micro and nanocarriers. A comparative study

An electrochemical immunoassay for Escherichia coli O157:H7 using double functionalized

Au@Pt/SiO 2 nanocomposites and immune magnetic nanoparticles

A sensitive biosensor using double-layer capillary based immunomagnetic separation and invertase-nanocluster based signal amplification for rapid detection of foodborne pathogen

Portable and quantitative point-of-care monitoring of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using a personal glucose meter based on immunochromatographic assay

An ultrasensitive sandwich immunoassay with a glucometer readout for portable and quantitative detection of Cronobacter sakazakii

An electrochemiluminescence sensor with dual signal amplification of Ru

2+ based on PtNPs and glucose dehydrogenase for diagnosis of gas gangrene

Construction of Fe3O4/Vancomycin/PEG Magnetic Nanocarrier for Highly Efficient Pathogen Enrichment and Gene Sensing

A sandwich electrochemical immunoassay for Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum based on a AuNPs/SiO2Fe3O4 adsorbing antibody and 4 channel screen printed carbon electrode electrodeposited gold nanoparticles

Electrochemical immunosensor for Enterobacter sakazakii detection based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticle/ionic liquid modified electrode

A sensitive and regenerative electrochemical immunosensor for quantitative detection of: Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on stable polyaniline coated screen-printed carbon electrode and rGO-NR-Au@Pt

DNA Functionalized Direct Electro-deposited Gold nanoaggregates for Efficient Detection of Salmonella typhi

An impedimetric biosensor for E. coli O157:H7 based on the use of self-assembled gold nanoparticles and protein G

A regenerating ultrasensitive electrochemical impedance immunosensor for the detection of adenovirus

An ultrasensitive hollow-silica-based biosensor for pathogenic Escherichia coli DNA detection

Ultrasensitive electrochemical DNA sensor for virulence invA gene of Salmonella using silver nanoclusters as signal probe

Functionalized nanocomposites with the optimal graphene oxide/Au ratio for amplified immunoassay of E. coli to estimate quality deterioration in dairy product

Nanoporous gold as a suitable substrate for preparation of a new sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for detection of Salmonella typhimurium

Electrochemical immunosensor assay (EIA) for sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 with signal amplification on a SG-PEDOT-AuNPs electrode interface

Fabrication of electrochemical biosensor consisted of multi-functional DNA structure/porous au nanoparticle for avian influenza virus (H5N1) in chicken serum

Impedimetric aptasensor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using a glassy carbon electrode modified with silver nanoparticles

Sensitive electrochemical detection of Salmonella with chitosan-gold nanoparticles composite film

A new phosphothreonine lyase electrochemical immunosensor for detecting Salmonella based on horseradish peroxidase/GNPs-thionine/chitosan

Non-protein coding RNA-based genosensor with quantum dots as electrochemical labels for attomolar detection of multiple pathogens

Multiplex electrochemiluminescence DNA sensor for determination of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus based on multicolor quantum dots and Au nanoparticles

A novel label-free photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on CdSe quantum dots sensitized Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ -TiO2 for the detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles/ZnAgInS quaternary quantum dots for the high-performance determination of hepatitis B virus surface antigen

Rapid electrochemical quantification of Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum based on glucose oxidase and antibody-modified silica nanoparticles

An ultrasensitive electrochemical DNA biosensor based on graphene/Au nanorod/polythionine for human papillomavirus DNA detection

Sensitive electrochemical detection of Salmonella with chitosan-gold nanoparticles composite film

Using silver nanoparticle and thiol graphene quantum dots nanocomposite as a substratum to load antibody for detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen: Electrochemical oxidation of riboflavin was used as redox probe

Highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on graphene-wrapped copper oxide-cysteine hierarchical structure for detection of pathogenic bacteria

Development of a paper-based electrochemical immunosensor using an antibody-single walled carbon nanotubes bio-conjugate modified electrode for label-free detection of foodborne pathogens

Electrochemical genosensor based on carboxylated graphene for detection of water-borne pathogen

Aptamer-conjugated silver nanoparticles for electrochemical dualaptamer-based sandwich detection of staphylococcus aureus

An electrochemical immunobiosensor for ultrasensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using CdS quantum dots-encapsulated metal-organic frameworks as signalamplifying tags

AgBr nanoparticles/3D nitrogen-doped graphene hydrogel for fabricating all-solid-state luminol-electrochemiluminescence Escherichia coli aptasensors

A sensitive Potentiometric resolved ratiometric Photoelectrochemical aptasensor for Escherichia coli detection fabricated with non-metallic nanomaterials

Low-Cost Strategy for the Development of a Rapid Electrochemical Assay for Bacteria Detection Based on AuAg Nanoshells

Other Nanomaterials

Rapid and low-cost biosensor for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus

Paper-based magnetic nanoparticle-peptide probe for rapid and quantitative colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

On site visual detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis related periodontitis by using a magnetic-nanobead based assay for gingipains protease biomarkers

Rapid colorimetric sensing platform for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes foodborne pathogen

Single-Digit Pathogen and Attomolar Detection with the Naked Eye Using Liposome-Amplified Plasmonic Immunoassay

Plasmonic Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Nanospherical Brushes as a Catalase Container for Colorimetric Detection of Ultralow Concentrations of Listeria monocytogenes

Gold aggregating gold: A novel nanoparticle biosensor approach for the direct quantification of hepatitis C virus RNA in clinical samples

Drug and nanoparticle mediated rapid naked eye water test for pathogens detection

In situ self-assembly of gold nanoparticles on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates for influenza virus-sensing platform

Colorimetric Detection System for Salmonella typhimurium Based on Peroxidase-Like Activity of Magnetic Nanoparticles with DNA Aptamers

Aptamer-NanoZyme mediated sensing platform for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli in fruit juice

A multicolorimetric assay for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on the etching of gold nanorods

Colorimetric aptasensor for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium using ZnFe2O4-reduced graphene oxide nanostructures as an effective peroxidase mimetics

Enhanced catalytic activity of gold nanoparticle-carbon nanotube hybrids for influenza virus detection

Colorimetric detection of pathogenic bacteria using platinum-coated magnetic nanoparticle clusters and magnetophoretic chromatography

Fluorescent nanobiosensors for the targeted detection of foodborne bacteria

Nanoparticle-based sensors for food contaminants

An ultrasensitive fluorescent biosensor using high gradient magnetic separation and quantum dots for fast detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria

Aptamer-based fluorometric determination of Salmonella Typhimurium using Fe3O4 magnetic separation and CdTe quantum dots

Dual-excitation upconverting nanoparticle and quantum dot aptasensor for multiplexed food pathogen detection

Selective turn-on fluorescence detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in food based on charge-transfer between CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and gold nanoparticles

Plasmonic/magnetic graphene-based magnetofluoro-immunosensing platform for virus detection

An ultrasensitive alloyed near-infrared quinternary quantum dot-molecular beacon nanodiagnostic bioprobe for influenza virus RNA

Upconversion nanoparticles based FRET aptasensor for rapid and ultrasenstive bacteria detection

A novel biosensor for Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on fluorescein-releasable biolabels

Dual-Recognition Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Based Platform for One-Step Sensitive Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria Using Fluorescent Vancomycin-Gold Nanoclusters and Aptamer-Gold Nanoparticles

Bacterial species-identifiable magnetic nanosystems for early sepsis diagnosis and extracorporeal photodynamic blood disinfection

Development of a fluorescence assay for highly sensitive detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on an aptamer-carbon dots/graphene oxide system

Designing an aptamer based magnetic and upconversion nanoparticles conjugated fluorescence sensor for screening Escherichia coli in food

A chemiluminescent aptasensor based on rolling circle amplification and Co2+/N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) functional flowerlike gold nanoparticles for Salmonella typhimurium detection

A Self-Contained Chemiluminescent Lateral Flow Assay for Point-of-Care Testing

An enhanced chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer aptasensor based on rolling circle amplification and WS2 nanosheet for Staphylococcus aureus detection

Label and label-free based surface-enhanced Raman scattering for pathogen bacteria detection: A review

Detection of Foodborne Pathogens by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Facile Synthesis of Au-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Application in Bacteria Detection via a SERS Method

SERS Detection of Multiple Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Using Nanosensors

Polydopamine-Enabled Approach toward Tailored Plasmonic Nanogapped Nanoparticles: From Nanogap Engineering to Multifunctionality

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-catalyzed homo-nucleotides-constituted ssDNA: Inducing tunable-size nanogap for core-shell plasmonic metal nanostructure and acting as Raman reporters for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

A novel SERS nanoprobe based on the use of core-shell nanoparticles with embedded reporter molecule to detect E. coli O157:H7 with high sensitivity

Intuitive Label-Free SERS Detection of Bacteria Using Aptamer-Based in Situ Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis

Magnetically Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Based on Aptamer Recognition

Dual-recognition surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)biosensor for pathogenic bacteria detection by using vancomycin-SERS tags and aptamer-Fe3O4@Au

SERS aptasensor for Salmonella typhimurium detection based on spiny gold nanoparticles

Salmonella typhimurium detection using a surface-enhanced Raman scatteringbased aptasensor

Lateral flow assays

Gold nanoparticle-based enhanced lateral flow immunoassay for detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula

Lateral-flow technology: From visual to instrumental

Detection of: Salmonella bacteria in milk using gold-coated magnetic nanoparticle clusters and lateral flow filters

Immunomagnetic separation and size-based detection of Escherichia coli O157 at the meniscus of a membrane strip

Rapid pathogen detection by lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay with gold nanoparticle-assisted enzyme signal amplification

A remarkable sensitivity enhancement in a gold nanoparticlebased lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, RSC Advances

Multicolored silver nanoparticles for multiplexed disease diagnostics: distinguishing dengue, yellow fever, and Ebola viruses

Gold decorated polystyrene particles for lateral flow immunodetection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Novel immunochromatographic assay based on Eu (III)-doped polystyrene nanoparticle-linker-monoclonal antibody for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Ultrasensitive detection of microbial cells using magnetic focus enhanced lateral flow sensors

Validity of a single antibody-based lateral flow immunoassay depending on graphene oxide for highly sensitive determination of E. coli O157:H7 in minced beef and river water

Label-free strip sensor based on surface positively charged nitrogen-rich carbon nanoparticles for rapid detection of Salmonella enteritidis

Plasmonic enhancement in lateral flow sensors for improved sensing of E. coli O157:H7

Sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using Pt-Au bimetal nanoparticles with peroxidase-like amplification

Establishment of a dual mode immunochromatographic assay for Campylobacter jejuni detection

Nanozyme-strip for rapid local diagnosis of Ebola

Nanozyme-based lateral flow assay for the sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in milk

The coupling of immunomagnetic enrichment of bacteria with paper-based platform

Comparison of 4 label-based immunochromatographic assays for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in milk

A sensitive lateral flow biosensor for Escherichia coli O157:H7 detection based on aptamer mediated strand displacement amplification

Label-free lateral flow assay for Listeria monocytogenes by aptamer-gated release of signal molecules

SERS-Based Lateral Flow Strip Biosensor for Simultaneous Detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis

An electrochemical immunosensor for efficient detection of uropathogenic E. Coli based on thionine dye immobilized chitosan/functionalized-MWCNT modified electrode

Silica nanoparticles-assisted electrochemical biosensor for the rapid, sensitive and specific detection of Escherichia coli

Electrochemical coupled immunosensing platform based on graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite for sensitive detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula

Voltammetric sandwich immunoassay for Cronobacter sakazakii using a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with horseradish peroxidase, reduced graphene oxide, thionine and gold nanoparticles

Simple and rapid fabrication of disposable carbon-based electrochemical cells using an electronic craft cutter for sensor and biosensor applications

Development of a paper-based electrochemical immunosensor using an antibody-single walled carbon nanotubes bio-conjugate modified electrode for label-free detection of foodborne pathogens

Functionalized gold nanorod-based labels for amplified electrochemical immunoassay of E. coli as indicator bacteria relevant to the quality of dairy product

Reduced graphene oxide/polyethylenimine based immunosensor for the selective and sensitive electrochemical detection of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Gold nanoparticles-based multifunctional nanoconjugates for highly sensitive and enzyme-free detection of E.coli K12

Electrochemical immunosensor assay (EIA) for sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 with signal amplification on a SG-PEDOT-AuNPs electrode interface

Optimized dendrimer-encapsulated gold nanoparticles and enhanced carbon nanotube nanoprobes for amplified electrochemical immunoassay of E. coli in dairy product based on enzymatically induced deposition of polyaniline

Single cell immunodetection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on an indium-tin-oxide electrode by using an electrochemical label with an organic-inorganic nanostructure

An electrochemical strategy using multifunctional nanoconjugates for efficient simultaneous detection of escherichia coli O157: H7 and vibrio cholerae O1

A Novel Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Detection of Subgroup J of Avian Leukosis Viruses

Silver nanoparticles coated graphene electrochemical sensor for the ultrasensitive analysis of avian influenza virus H7

Bifunctional magnetic nanobeads for sensitive detection of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus based on immunomagnetic separation and enzyme-induced metallization

An enhanced sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on efficient encapsulation of enzyme in silica matrix for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus p24

Dual immunosensor based on methylene blue-electroadsorbed graphene oxide for rapid detection of the influenza A virus antigen

A sensitive impedance biosensor based on immunomagnetic separation and urease catalysis for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes using an immobilization-free interdigitated array microelectrode

A potentiometric magnetic immunoassay for rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium

Fe 3 O 4 @poly(dopamine) magnetic nanoparticles immunoplatform

Highly sensitive and rapid determination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in minced beef and water using electrocatalytic gold nanoparticle tags

A Label-Free Impedance Immunosensor Using Screen-Printed Interdigitated Electrodes and Magnetic Nanobeads for the Detection of E. coli O157:H7

Novel surface antigen based impedimetric immunosensor for detection of Salmonella typhimurium in water and juice samples

A label-free electrochemical immunosensor for hepatitis B based on hyaluronic acid-carbon nanotube hybrid film

Electrochemical Immunosensor Using Nanoparticle-Based Signal Enhancement for Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Detection

Impedimetric detection of pathogenic bacteria with bacteriophages using gold nanorod deposited graphite electrodes

Charge-Directed Immobilization of Bacteriophage on Nanostructured Electrode for Whole-Cell Electrochemical Biosensors

Nanostructured sensor based on carbon nanotubes and clavanin A for bacterial detection

An electrochemical genosensing assay based on magnetic beads and gold nanoparticle-loaded latex microspheres for vibrio cholerae detection

Electrochemical deoxyribonucleic acid biosensor based on electrodeposited graphene and nickel oxide nanoparticle modified electrode for the detection of salmonella enteritidis gene sequence

Electrochemical detection of Salmonella using an invA genosensor on polypyrrole-reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode and AuNPs-horseradish peroxidasestreptavidin as nanotag

DNAwrapped multi-walled carbon nanotube modified electrochemical biosensor for the detection of Escherichia coli from real samples

Amperometric DNA biosensor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection using flower-like carbon nanotubes-polyaniline nanohybrid and enzyme-assisted signal amplification strategy

Electrochemical genosensor based on graphene oxide modified iron oxidechitosan hybrid nanocomposite for pathogen detection

Magnetic Bead/Gold Nanoparticle Double-Labeled Primers for Electrochemical Detection of Isothermal Amplified Leishmania DNA

Isothermal DNA amplification with functionalized graphene and nanoparticle assisted electroanalysis for rapid detection of Johne's disease

Impedimetric genosensor for detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV1) DNA using viral probe on methylene blue doped silica nanoparticles

Aptamer functionalized MoS2-rGO nanocomposite based biosensor for the detection of Vi antigen

Target-induced aptamer displacement on gold nanoparticles and rolling circle amplification for ultrasensitive live Salmonella typhimurium electrochemical biosensing

Unique Properties of Core Shell Ag@Au Nanoparticles for the Aptasensing of Bacterial Cells

Electrochemical determination of Salmonella typhimurium by using aptamerloaded gold nanoparticles and a composite prepared from a metal-organic framework (type UiO-67) and graphene

Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella with reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube based electrochemical aptasensor

A reduced graphene oxide-titanium dioxide nanocomposite based electrochemical aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella enterica

Electrochemical Aptasensor for Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Salmonella Based on Target-Induced Strand Displacement and Gold Nanoparticle Amplification

Development of an aptasensor using reduced graphene oxide chitosan complex to detect Salmonella

A sensitive electrochemical aptasensor based on single wall carbon nanotube modified screen printed electrode for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Shuanghong Song,Yaping He, Fuxin Zhang, A sensitive electrochemical aptasensor based on MB-anchored GOfor the rapid detection of Cronobacter sakazaki

Rapid detection of avian influenza virus H5N1 in chicken tracheal samples using an impedance aptasensor with gold nanoparticles for signal amplification

Supported cobalt nanoparticles on graphene oxide/mesoporous silica for oxidation of phenol and electrochemical detection of H2O2 and Salmonella spp

Impedimetric Salmonella aptasensor using a glassy carbon electrode modified with an electrodeposited composite consisting of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotube-based aptasensor for sensitive electrochemical detection of whole-cell Salmonella

A paper based graphenenanocauliflower hybrid composite for point of care biosensing

Bridged Rebar Graphene functionalized aptasensor for pathogenic E. coli O78:K80:H11 detection

Design and fabrication of an electrochemical aptasensor using Au nanoparticles/carbon nanoparticles/cellulose nanofibers nanocomposite for rapid and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus

Ultra-sensitive aptasensor based on a GQD nanocomposite for detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen

An enzyme-free electrochemiluminesce aptasensor for the rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by the quenching effect of MoS2-PtNPsvancomycin to S2O82−/O2 system

A facile label-free electrochemiluminescent biosensor for specific detection of Staphylococcus aureus utilizing the binding between immunoglobulin G and protein A

A label-free multi-functionalized graphene oxide based electrochemiluminscence immunosensor for ultrasensitive and rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seawater and seafood

Rapid colorimetric lactoferrin-based sandwich immunoassay on cotton swabs for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria

Bifunctional linker-based immunosensing for rapid and visible detection of bacteria in real matrices

A Switchable Linker-Based Immunoassay for Ultrasensitive Visible Detection of Salmonella in Tomatoes

Electrochemical nanoparticle-enzyme sensors for screening bacterial contamination in drinking water

Exploiting pH-Regulated Dimer-Tetramer Transformation of Concanavalin A to Develop Colorimetric Biosensing of Bacteria

A net fishing enrichment strategy for colorimetric detection of E. coli O157:H7

Dual-recognition detection of Staphylococcus aureus using vancomycin-functionalized magnetic beads as concentration carriers

Colorimetric immunoassay for Listeria monocytogenes by using core gold nanoparticles, silver nanoclusters as oxidase mimetics, and aptamer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles

Colorimetric detection of influenza A virus using antibodyfunctionalized gold nanoparticles

A colorimetric and electrochemical immunosensor for point-of-care detection of enterovirus 71

Multifunctional Cellular Beacons with in Situ Synthesized Quantum Dots Make Pathogen Detectable with the Naked Eye

Two-stage label-free aptasensing platform for rapid detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula

New colorimetric aptasensor for rapid on-site detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken carcass samples

Aptamer-mediated colorimetric and electrochemical detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizing peroxidase-mimic activity of gold NanoZyme

Rapid and visual detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on nanoparticle cluster catalyzed signal amplification

Naked-eyes detection of Shigella flexneri in food samples based on a novel gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric aptasensor

Colorimetric detection and typing of E. coli lipopolysaccharides based on a dual aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticle probe

Highly sensitive and robust peroxidase-like activity of Au-Pt core/shell nanorod-antigen conjugates for measles virus diagnosis

Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Samples Using LAMP Formation of DNA Concatemers and Gold Nanoparticle-DNA Probe Complex

Effects of free patchy ends in ssDNA and dsDNA on goldnanoparticles in a colorimetric gene sensor for Hepatitis C virus RNA

Asymmetric polymerase chain assay combined with propidium monoazide treatment and unmodified gold nanoparticles for colorimetric detection of viable emetic Bacillus cereus in milk

Gold nanoparticle-based probes for the colorimetric detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis DNA

Colorimetric detection of Listeria monocytogenes using one-pot biosynthesized flower-shaped gold nanoparticles

Highly selective and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus with gold nanoparticle-based core-shell nano biosensor

Colorimetric enumeration of bacterial contamination in water based on βgalactosidase gold nanoshell activity

Colorimetric and photographic detection of bacteria in drinking water by using 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid functionalized AuNPs

Colorimetric Detection of Escherichia coli Based on the Enzyme-Induced Metallization of Gold Nanorods

Colorimetric and test stripe-based assay of bacteria by using vancomycin-modified gold nanoparticles

A simple, rapid and cost-effective colorimetric assay based on the 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid functionalized silver nanoparticles for bacteria monitoring

A novel fluorescence immunoassay for the sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in milk based on catalase-mediated fluorescence quenching of CdTe quantum dots

Rapid detection of bacteria based on homogenous immunoassay using chitosan modified quantum dots

One-step multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogens: Combining a quantum dot-mediated reverse assaying strategy and magnetic separation

Visual and efficient immunosensor technique for advancing biomedical applications of quantum dots on Salmonella detection and isolation

Immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay for rapid detection of Cronobacter sakazakii

FRET-based immunoassay using CdTe and AuNPs for the detection of OmpW antigen of Vibrio cholerae

Versatility of a localized surface plasmon resonance-based gold nanoparticle-alloyed quantum dot nanobiosensor for immunofluorescence detection of viruses

An easy and sensitive sandwich assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B antigen using quantum dots and gold nanorods

Multicolor and Ultrasensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on the Fluorescence Hybrid Chain Reaction for Simultaneous Detection of Pathogens

Indirect immunofluorescence detection of E. coli O157:H7 with fluorescent silica nanoparticles

Fabricating Upconversion Fluorescent Probes for Rapidly Sensing Foodborne Pathogens

Fluorometric graphene oxide-based detection of Salmonella enteritis using a truncated DNA aptamer

Staphylococcus aureus detection in blood samples by silica nanoparticle-oligonucleotides conjugates

Sensitive Detection of Staphylococcus aureus with Vancomycin-Conjugated Magnetic Beads as Enrichment Carriers Combined with Flow Cytometry

Dual Recognition Strategy for Specific and Sensitive Detection of Bacteria Using Aptamer-Coated Magnetic Beads and Antibiotic-Capped Gold Nanoclusters

A sandwich-type assay based on quantum dot/aptamer bioconjugates for analysis of E. Coli O157:H7 in microtiter plate format

In situ synthesis of photoluminescence-quenching nanopaper for rapid and robust detection of pathogens and proteins

Simultaneous detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium using multicolor time-resolved fluorescence nanoparticles as labels

Homogeneous time-resolved FRET assay for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium using aptamer-modified NaYF4:Ce/Tb nanoparticles and a fluorescent DNA label

A fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of mecA gene sequence of Staphylococcus aureus

A fluorescent aptasensor for H5N1 influenza virus detection based-on the coreshell nanoparticles metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF)

Aptamer biosensor for Salmonella typhimurium detection based on luminescence energy transfer from Mn2+-doped NaYF4:Yb, Tm upconverting nanoparticles to gold nanorods

A target-responsive and size-dependent hydrogel aptasensor embedded with QD fluorescent reporters for rapid detection of avian influenza virus H5N1

A label-free fluorescent direct detection of live Salmonella typhimurium using cascade triple trigger sequences-regenerated strand displacement amplification and hairpin template-generatedscaffolded silver nanoclusters

Gel green fluorescence ssDNA aptasensor based on carbon nanotubes for detection of anthrax protective antigen

Gold nanoparticlesmodified nanomaghemite and quantum dots-based hybridization assay for detection of HPV

A fluorescence Nano-biosensors immobilization on Iron (MNPs) and gold (AuNPs) nanoparticles for detection of Shigella spp

A highly sensitive quantum dots-DNA nanobiosensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer for rapid detection of nanomolar amounts of human papillomavirus 18

Dual-color quantum dots-based simultaneous detection of HPV-HIV co-infection

One-pot synthesis of gold nanoclusters with bright red fluorescence and good biorecognition Abilities for visualization fluorescence enhancement detection of E. coli

Simultaneous Sensing of Seven Pathogenic Bacteria by Guanidine-Functionalized Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoparticles

On-Off-On Gold Nanocluster-Based Fluorescent Probe for Rapid Escherichia coli Differentiation, Detection and Bactericide Screening

Identification of proteins and bacteria based on a metal ion-gold nanocluster sensor array

Employing carbon dots modified with vancomycin for assaying Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus

Green preparation of carbon dots with papaya as carbon source for effective fluorescent sensing of Iron (III) and Escherichia coli

One step synthesis of functionalized carbon dots for the ultrasensitive detection of Escherichia coli and iron (III)

Chemiluminescent aptasensor capable of rapidly quantifying Escherichia Coli O157:H7

Ultra-sensitive immunosensor for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen using multi-functionalized gold nanoparticles

A plasmon-assisted fluoro-immunoassay using gold nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotubes for monitoring the influenza virus

Development of a Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) -Surface Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) Assay for the Detection of Salmonella Enterica Serotype Enteritidis

Functionalized polymeric magnetic nanoparticle assisted SERS immunosensor for the sensitive detection of S. typhimurium

Magnetic-optical nanohybrids for targeted detection, separation, and photothermal ablation of drug-resistant pathogens

Vibrio parahaemolyticus detection aptasensor using surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Graphene oxide wrapped Fe3O4@Au nanostructures as substrates for aptamer-based detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Aptamer-based SERS biosensor for whole cell analytical detection of E. coli O157:H7

Development of a filtration-based SERS mapping platform for specific screening of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

Gold nanoparticles enhanced SERS aptasensor for the simultaneous detection of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus

SERS aptasensor detection of Salmonella typhimurium using a magnetic gold nanoparticle and gold nanoparticle based sandwich structure

Label-free SERS detection of Salmonella Typhimurium on DNA aptamer modified AgNR substrates

Membrane filter-assisted surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef

Sensitive and specific detection of clinical bacteria via vancomycin-modified Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles and aptamer-functionalized SERS tags

Aptamer based SERS detection of Salmonella typhimurium using DNA-assembled gold nanodimers

Detection of Multiple Pathogens in Serum Using Silica-Encapsulated Nanotags in a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Immunoassay

Nanoparticle labels for pathogen detection through nucleic acid amplification tests

Combined use of vancomycin-modified Ag-coated magnetic nanoparticles and secondary enhanced nanoparticles for rapid surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of bacteria

Surface-enhanced raman scattering (SERS) with silver nano substrates synthesized by microwave for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens

Reproducible E. coli detection based on label-free SERS and mapping

A rapid SERS method for label-free bacteria detection using polyethylenimine-modified Au-coated magnetic microspheres and Au@Ag nanoparticles

Innovative sandwich assay with dual optical and SERS sensing mechanisms for bacterial detection

Label-free NIR-SERS discrimination and detection of foodborne bacteria by in situ synthesis of Ag colloids

Rapid single-cell detection and identification of pathogens by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

SERS substrates fabricated using ceramic filters for the detection of bacteria

Identifying yeasts using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Self-Assembly of Au@Ag Nanoparticles on Mussel Shell To Form Large-Scale 3D Supercrystals as Natural SERS Substrates for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria

Ultra technically-simple and sensitive detection for Salmonella Enteritidis by immunochromatographic assay based on gold growth

Lateral flow immunoassay integrated with competitive and sandwich models for the detection of aflatoxin M1 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in milk

Gold nanoparticle-based paper sensor for multiple detection of 12 Listeria spp. by P60-mediated monoclonal antibody

Identification and quantification of eight Listeria monocytogene serotypes from Listeria spp. using a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow assay

Developing a novel immunochromatographic test strip with gold magnetic bifunctional nanobeads (GMBN) for efficient detection of Salmonella choleraesuis in milk

Nanogold based lateral flow assay for the detection of Salmonella typhi in environmental water samples

Rapid detection of Enterobacter cloacae by immunomagnetic separation and a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay

Development of a lateral flow colloidal gold immunoassay strip for the simultaneous detection of Shigella boydii and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bread, milk and jelly samples

Dual gold nanoparticle lateflow immunoassay for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

A novel method to detect Listeria monocytogenes via superparamagnetic lateral flow immunoassay

Core-shell red silica nanoparticles based immunochromatographic assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Short communication: A novel method using immunomagnetic separation with a fluorescent nanobeads lateral flow assay for the rapid detection of low-concentration Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw milk

Lanthanide-labeled fluorescent-nanoparticle immunochromatographic strips enable rapid and quantitative detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples

CdTe/CdS quantum dot-labeled fluorescent immunochromatography test strips for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, RSC Advances

Functionalized reduced graphene oxide as a lateral flow immuneassay label for one-step detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Photoluminescent Lateral-Flow Immunoassay Revealed by Graphene Oxide: Highly Sensitive Paper-Based Pathogen Detection

New Functional Tracer-Two-Dimensional Nanosheet-Based Immunochromatographic Assay for Salmonella enteritidis Detection

Colorimetric-Fluorescent-Magnetic Nanosphere-Based Multimodal Assay Platform for Salmonella Detection

Comparing nucleic acid lateral flow and electrochemical genosensing for the simultaneous detection of foodborne pathogens

foodborne pathogens with an up-converting phosphor technology-based 10-channel lateral flow assay

Nanozyme-Mediated Dual Immunoassay Integrated with Smartphone for Use in Simultaneous Detection of Pathogens

Biotin-exposure-based immunomagnetic separation coupled with nucleic acid lateral flow biosensor for visibly detecting viable Listeria monocytogenes

One-step detection of pathogens and cancer biomarkers by the naked eye based on aggregation of immunomagnetic beads

A highly sensitive ELISA and immunochromatographic strip for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in milk samples

A novel method based on fluorescent magnetic nanobeads for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Paper based lateral flow immunoassay for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in urine

Multiplexed Detection of Foodborne Pathogens from Contaminated Lettuces Using a Handheld Multistep Lateral Flow Assay Device

Development and evaluation of an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for rapid detection of Francisella tularensis

Biosensing multiplexer based on immunochromatographic assay for rapid and high-throughput classification of Salmonella serogroups

Hierarchical Flowerlike Gold Nanoparticles Labeled Immunochromatography Test Strip for Highly Sensitive Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Aptamer-Quantum Dot Lateral Flow Test Strip Development for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of

Pathogenic Escherichia coli via Intimin, O157-Specific LPS and Shiga Toxin 1 Aptamers

A sensitive aptasensor for the detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A SERS-based lateral flow assay biosensor for highly sensitive detection of HIV-1 DNA

Inkjet Printed Nanopatterned Aptamer-Based Sensors for Improved Optical Detection of Foodborne Pathogens

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