key: cord-0845884-7vwxgm4r
authors: Cui, Haiming; Feng, Wu; Fan, Zhenyu; Cheng, Xin; Cheng, Jilin; Fan, Min
title: The effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) in Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) with Hypertension: A retrospective, single-center trial
date: 2020-06-11
journal: Med Clin (Barc)
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.007
sha: f0d43d8464e1f7bda6d9e0fb51eb9f43625a5324
doc_id: 845884
cord_uid: 7vwxgm4r

Abstract Introduction and objective: A recent outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurs in the worldwide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can mediate coronavirus entry into host cells. Therefore, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) were suspected of contributing to the increase of coronavirus infection. We aimed to analyze the effects of RASI in COVID-19 patients with Hypertension. Patients and method: In this retrospective, single-center study, 27 COVID-19 patients with hypertension, who were admitted to the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from January 25, 2020 to January 31, 2020, were analyzed for clinical features, laboratory parameters, medications and the length of stay. All the patients were given antiviral and antihypertension treatment, of which 14 patients were treated with RASI and 13 patients without RASI. Results: Comparing the two groups, we did not found statistically significant differences in clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. Furthermore, cough was not aggravated. Conclusions: Through the analysis of this small sample, RASI could be deemed safe and effective to control high blood pressure of COVID-19 patients. Further analysis with a larger sampling size is required to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly identified strain of coronavirus that causes illness ranging from effects similar to the common cold to fatal diseases in people across the world. As of 2:00am CEST, 3 . There is evidence that COVID-19 can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets and close contact, which poses a huge challenge to public health (1) . According to the latest research on single-cell RNA-seq, researchers believe that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA expression and replication are related to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (2) . Importantly, ACE2 was confirmed as the SARS-CoV-2 cell entry receptor, which is the same as SARS-CoV(3). Renin angiotensin system inhibitor (RASI) is a commonly used antihypertensive drug. However, it's not clear whether RASI can increase the expression of ACE2, leading to the higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Should patients with hypertension stop using RASI? We explored the question about the effects of administering RASI to patients with COVID-19 and hypertension by analyzing the data from the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center.

From January 25, 2020 to January 31, 2020, we received a total of 27 patients with hypertension combined with COVID-19 at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. All cases were confirmed COVID-19 cases with hypertension history more than 3 months. The clinical criteria for diagnosis and discharge refer to the "Diagnosis and Treatment of New (4) and was exempted from the need for informed consent from patients.

The research team collected and analyzed 27 patients' medical records, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Information of treatment and outcome of the patients were obtained from the inpatient management system. Blood pressure and medication were recorded during hospitalization.

All patients rested in bed, and were monitored for vital signs and finger oxygen saturation, and given effective oxygen therapy in time. The basic principles of treatment are nutritional support and symptomatic treatment to maintain water and electrolyte balance and a stable internal environment. Antiviral therapy was tried with interferon, lopinavir/litonavir, dnrunavir and abidol. Antibiotics were used if necessary .Other therapy include γ-globulin， thymosin alpha，vitamin C and traditional Chinese medicine. Existing antihypertensive drugs continued to be used, unless the blood pressure continued to exceed 150/100mmHg, then increased the amount or added new drugs(diuretic or CCB ).

All confirmed cases were examined by peripheral white blood cell count, absolute lymphocyte value, red blood cell sedimentation rate (ESR), procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), total triglyceride (TG), cardiac troponin I (cTNI), brain natriuretic peptide 

Continuous measurements were compared by Student's T test or Mann-Whitney U test.

Normal distributions were expressed with mean ± standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables (shown as percentages) were compared using Fisher's exact test. Statistical analysis software SPSS22.0 was used for all analyses in this study.

As of January 31, 2020, 27 cases of COVID-19 with hypertension were admitted to the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, of which 13 (48.1%) were female and 14 (51.9%) were male. The age of the patients was 61.3 ± 13.5 years, with a range from 37 years to 80 years. The patient's clinical manifestations were fever (70.4%), cough (33.3%), and phlegm (29.6%). The specific drugs for antihypertension treatment are shown in Table 1 . All patients received 1 to 3 oral antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, calcium antagonists, βblockers, ACEI, and ARB. Most patients (85.2%) did not need to adjust antihypertensive drugs. The arterial pressure in the RASI group was 101.7 ± 9.5mmHg, which was not statistically different (p = 0.641) with that of the non-RASI group (101.1 ± 9.9mmHg).

There are 14 (51.9%) cases in the RASI group including 8 males, and 13 (48.1%) cases in the non-RASI group including 6 males ( Table 2 ). There was no statistically significant difference in age and sex ratio between the two groups. No difference was found in clinical and symptoms (fever, cough, phlegm), as well as in time from onset to admission, length of stay, and laboratory tests between the two groups.

The classic RAS regulation pathway is that renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin (Ang) I, and Ang I produces Ang II, which is under the action of ACE. On the other hand, the non-classical RAS regulatory pathway is also known as the negative ACE2angiotensin 1-7 [Ang (1-7)] axis, which refers to the generation of Ang (1-7) by Ang II under the action of ACE2. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI), such as ACEI or ARB drugs, may indirectly improve ACE2 activity through restraining ACE level.

It's worth noting that SARS-CoV-2 invades the human body in the same way as SARS-CoV (2) , that is, the spike protein on the surface of the virus and the receptor ACE2 on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells combine with each other, then enter the cell, causing a series of pathological changes. One of the very important changes is that the human ACE2 expression is significantly down-regulated, and the classic RAS regulatory pathway is activated (5) . The imbalance in the positive and negative axis of RAS, relative or absolute increase in Ang II levels, overstimulation of AT1, and the result is increased pulmonary capillary permeability and subsequent lung emergence edema, severe lung injury, and acute lung failure (6) . However, it is controversial whether as one of the classical antihypertensive drugs RASI may increase the risk of coronavirus infection, or be beneficial for coronavirus infection control.

Cough is the main adverse effect of ACEI, and the mechanism is the increased bradykinin.

Cough is also the most common symptom of coronavirus respiratory infections. Patients taking ACEI for a long period of time usually do not need to stop ACEI during respiratory infections, because coronavirus infection down-regulates ACE2 level, and does not affect ACE (7). ACE2 levels do not change bradykinin levels (8) . Even if the RASI could change the level or activity of ACE2 in the target tissue, clinical data are insufficient to indicate whether this in turn promotes the binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 spikes (7). Our data shows that there is no increase in severity of coughing in patients treated with RASI.

Theoretically, ACE2 level is down-regulated after coronavirus binds ACE2, leading to the imbalance of positive and negative regulation of RAS, and abnormal increase in Ang II level and activity (9) . RASI may be a suitable antihypertensive agent in these cases. Using ACEI or ARB drugs has no effects on patients' symptoms, laboratory tests, and prognosis. Both ACEI and ARB have exact antihypertensive effects, as well as clinical effects such as protecting the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, improving renal function, reducing left ventricular hypertrophy, preventing heart failure and preventing atrial fibrillation. Existing studies suggest that ACEIs, such as captopril or Lisinopril, do not affect the activity of ACE2 (10), and there is no evidence that ACEI or ARB may bring special effects to patients with COVID-19 infection or new coronary pneumonia damage. So, we recommend that the overall control of patients with new coronary pneumonia is persistent, and most of them do not need to adjust hypertension drugs. 

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan

Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Clinical Features of COVID-19-Related Liver Damage

Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS

Renin-angiotensinsystem, a potential pharmacological candidate, in acute respiratory distress syndrome during mechanical ventilation

System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19

Attenuation of pulmonary ACE2 activity impairs inactivation of des-Arg(9) bradykinin/BKB1R axis and facilitates LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration

Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2

Mean arterial pressure = (systolic pressure + 2×diastolic pressure)/3. RASI, the inhibitor of Renin-angiotensin system

There are also deficiencies in our research. This study was retrospective, and some cases lacking documentation for the history of present illness. Moreover, all data were obtained from a single center at a certain time point. The sample size (n = 27) is also limited. These inevitably lead to limited statistical power. However, our results were also verified by some related studies (7) . Further studies should be designed to confirm whether RASI could increase ACE2 level, and the pharmacological action of ACE2 could affect the infectivity of SARS-cov-2.

Not applicable.

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. 

Haiming Cui, Feng Wu and Zhenyu Fan contributed equally to this work.