key: cord-0837928-3h0g7s9v
authors: Alam, Fiaz; Khan, Gul Nawaz; Asad, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin
title: Psoralea corylifolia L: Ethnobotanical, biological, and chemical aspects: A review
date: 2017-12-15
journal: Phytother Res
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6006
sha: 07db6ef0d603af32d40d085a96613e39d00a051f
doc_id: 837928
cord_uid: 3h0g7s9v

Psoralea corylifolia L. (Leguminosae) is a well‐known traditional medicinal plant used from ancient times for treatment of various ailments. It is widely distributed and an important part of therapeutics in Ayurveda and in Chinese medicines. The aim of this review is to present comprehensive and most up to date report on its ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, clinical, phytochemical, and side effects. Studies on the ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, clinical, phytochemical, and side effects of P. corylifolia were published until year 2017 and were searched using various scientific databases. The scientific literature searched revealed that these plant species has been extensively investigated in vivo and in vitro for various biological and phytochemical studies. It has cardiotonic, vasodilator, pigmentor, antitumor, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and anti‐helminthic properties and locally used for alopecia, inflammation, leukoderma, leprosy, psoriasis, and eczema. So far, about a hundred bioactive compounds have been isolated from seeds and fruits, and most important compounds identified belongs to coumarins, flavonoids, and meroterpenes groups. This review article summarized the most updated scientific literature on bioactive phytochemical and biological activities of P. corylifolia. This article will be a useful addition to providing information for future research, and more standard clinical trials are needed for the plant to be used as therapeutic agent.

The family Leguminosae contains about 500 genera and is among the largest families of flowering plants. The plants of Leguminosae are widely distributed, and in terms of number of specie, it is one of the largest terrestrial family of plants after Orchidaceae and Asteraceae (Stevens, 2015) . The genera that belong to this family are important medicinally and contain a variety of biologically important molecules; 

P. corylifolia is an important part of therapeutics in Ayurveda and in Chinese medicines. The plant is cardio active and showed antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. It is used as a pigmentor. The plant showed cytotoxicity against tumors and worms (Baquar, 1989; Rizvi, Saeed, & Zubairy, 2007; Sharma, 2004) . In Chinese medicines, the Psoralea plant is considered warm by nature, and therefore shows many healing actions on kidney and spleen meridians (Daiquan, 2000 (Daiquan, -2006 . The seeds of P. corylifolia are used in indigenous medicine systems for healing of various ailments. The seeds are diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, anti-helminthic, and are used in febrile conditions. In Ayurveda, the seeds are used in the form of paste and as an ointment for external as well as internal use for treatment of different conditions such as alopecia, inflammation, leukoderma, leprosy, psoriasis, and eczema (Huang, 1998; Judd, Campbell, Kellogg, Stevens, & Donoghue, 1999; SJc, 2015) . In India, the powder of seeds is mixed with haratalabhasma (yellow arsenic) and converted to paste with the urine of cow. This paste is used to treat leukoderma lesions. In another formulation, the mixture of powdered seeds with buttermilk have been used externally for treating ringworm and scabies. The seed oil is taken orally with betel nut leaf for treatment of leprosy. Another skin condition, dermatosis, has been treated with adjuvants therapy of bakuchi (P. corylifolia) with other local plants such as Amalaki and Khadira. Similarly, the oils of bakuchi and Karanja are mixed with Vaseline to treat chronic skin diseases (Khare, 2008) . The seeds of the plant are also considered useful in bilious disorder, snakebite, and in scorpion sting. The seeds are also used in the production of perfumes (Deshaprabhu, 1966; Maisch, 1889; Sharma et al., 2000) . The root of P. corylifolia has shown its effectiveness in dental caries. The fruits are aphrodisiac and have laxative effect, and the leaves are antidiarrheal (Baquar, 1989; SJc, 2015) . The plant is also valuable in treating alopecia areata (Dua, Kumar, Pandey, & Kumar, 2013b) . In combination with Haritka and Gokshura, this plant is used for urinary frequency, and with Ashwagandha and Bala, it is used for treatment of reproductive diseases and cough. In chronic diarrhea and for treating cold symptoms, this plant is used in combination with Nutmeg and Haritaki (Anderson & Voorhees, 1980) . The seeds of Bakuchi in powder form mixed with the decoction of Bibhitaka (Terminalia bellirica bark) and Kaakodumbara (Ficushispida) was effective to treat vitiligo. The infection of ringworm is treated with a combination of Tila (sesame seeds) and Bakuchi (Gupta, Dhar, & Atal, 1978) . A combination of bakuchi with Haratalabhasma provides relief against leukoderma when applied externally (Khatune et al., 2002) .

In Japan, the plant extracted with alcohol has been used as an additive in processed foods and pickles (Nadkarni, 1976) . When the fixed oils are removed, what is left after the seed cake are used as feed or manure due to the presence of nitrogen (6.7%) and the minerals (7.8%). Volatile oils obtained from fruits have an irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes and stimulate the voluntary muscles in high concentrations (Chaudhuri, 2015; Gidwani et al., 2010; Huang, 1998) . P. corylifolia in the form of extracts have been used in various herbal formulations when combined with other herbs and used in handling psoriasis and many other skin disorders . This plant is also reported to be used in cardiac problems, asthma, and urinary discharge (KR, 1975) . It also has anti-leishmaniasis activity (Ali, Akhtar, Sultana, Baboota, & Ahuja, 2008) . It is used to control watery stool, urinary frequency, and reproductive imbalances (Pole, 2006) . In China, it is specially used against vitiligo disease (Anderson & Voorhees, 1980; Khare, 2004) . P. corylifolia is available in the form of various Ayurvedic marketed formulations in India and across the world, the most famous brands are Safuf Bars®, Zimad Kibrit®, Svitrakaravati®, Khadirarista®, Algushadi yoga®, Sarvangasundarigutika®, Bhallatakawaleha®, Maheshwa-raghrita®, Ayorajodilepa®, Brihatsomarajitaila®, Somarajighrita®, Bawchichurna®, etc. (Ali et al., 2008; Pole, 2006; Qiao et al., 2007) .

The investigation showed that P. corylifolia possessed a wide range of phytochemicals including flavones, coumarins, monoterpenes, chalcones, lipids, resins, stigmasteroids, and flavonoids. The volatile oils are also reported from this plant (Zhang, Zhao, Wang, Lu, & Chen, 2016) . It is revealed that seasonal variation also effects the phytochemistry of P. corylifolia. Mostly, the bioactive compounds are found to be concentrated in the seeds. The phytochemistry of this plant is discussed as follows.

The whole plant of P. corylifolia was extracted with organic solvents such as petroleum ether and chloroform. The subsequent isolation methods lead to the purification of bioactive compounds, for example, psoralen, isopsoralen, corylifolin, corylin, and psoralidin (Gupta, Gupta, & Gupta, 2013) . Peng and colleague obtained a new compound identified as Neo-psoralen from the whole plant of P. corylifolia in 1996 and elucidated its structure on the grounds of chemical indications and spectroscopic analysis (Chaudhuri, 2015; Gupta et al., 2013;  Table 1 and Figure 2 ).

It was already discussed that most of the active constituents isolated so far from P. corylifolia are part of the seed. Sen and colleague extracted seed oil from P. corylifolia and found that the oil is unsaponifiable with boiling points 180-190°C. During the experiment, another compound was also identified as methyl glucoside with melting points of 105-127°C (Chopra & Chopra, 1933) . Chopra and Chaterjee, in 1927 , identified essential oil, a fixed oil and resin of dark brown color with some traces of alkaloids in P. corylifolia (Chopra et al., 2013) . Dymock studied the sugar contents, extractive matter, albumin concentraton, and ash value, and also found some traces of manganese in seeds of P. corylifolia. In continuation of research for compounds from the seeds of P. corylifolia, three more important components were fractionated and identified as bakuchiol a monoterpene phenol and the two novels dimeric monoterpenoids, bisbakuchiols A and B (Panda, 1999) .

A very important pharmacological compound known as bakuchiol has also been biosynthesized in 1983, and it was concluded that it is a derivative of phenylpropane pathway (Banerji & Chintalwar, 1983) .

Similarly, Bisbakuchiols A and B structures were evaluated, and it was noted that dimeric monoterpenoid skeleton contains two monoterpenes, which are connected through a dioxane bridge (Wu et al., 2007) .

The low polarity ether extract of P. corylifolia seeds was investigated, and it revealed the presence of various ketones and aldehydes containing compounds such as Corylinal, C-formylated chalcone, and Isoneobayachalcone. A new isoflavone compound known as Psorlenal was also identified in the seeds (Gupta et al., 1978) . The same compounds, psoralen and isopsoralen, were also isolated by applying other chromatographic techniques such as high-speed counter-current chromatography (Liu, Li, Sun, & Kong, 2004) .

The seed's sample has been the main focus for the search of bioactive compounds, and such an isolation procedure involving spectroscopic methods and crystal X-ray diffraction resulted in isolation of five novel compounds. These compounds are named as psoracorylifols A-E and chalcone and bavachromanol (Yin, Fan, Dong, & Yue, 2006) .

Similarly, three new flavonoid compounds named as corylifols A, B, and C and bavachalcone were also fractionated from P. corylifolia seeds. Another compound known as Bakuchicin was also identified from the seeds (Yin, Fan, Wang, Dong, & Yue, 2004) . The seeds are also reported to contain some other flavonoids such as bavachinin (BCN), bavachin, isobavachin, and isobavachalcone (IBC). The glycosides identified in seeds of P. corylifolia were psoralenoside and isopsoralenoside, which were of the benzofuran type.

P. corylifolia also reported to contain some polar compounds, namely, neobavachalcone, 7-methyl bavachin, and bavachromene.

These compounds were isolated and identified from the insoluble portion of the ethanolic extract. These compounds identified as (Khatune et al., 2004) 2 Aryl coumarin Coumarin Seeds Anticancer (Limper et al., 2013) 3 Astragalin Flavonoid Seeds Antioxidant 4 Bakuchiol Meroterpene Seeds/Fruit Anti-acne Antibacterial (Katsura et al., 2001; Newton et al., 2002) Antifungal (Newton et al., 2002) , (Hosamani et al., 2012; Lau et al., 2010; Lau et al., 2014; Prasad et al., 2004; Savoia, 2012; Srinivasan & Sarada, 2012; Yang et al., 2006) Retinal regeneration (Seo et al., 2013) Anti-aging (Seo et al., 2013) Estrogen receptor agonist, Postmenopausal symptoms (Lim et al., 2011) Anti-diabetic (Behloul & Wu, 2013) Lymphangiogenesis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) Anticancer (Chen et al., 2010; Li et al., 2016) 5

Bavachinin Flavone Seeds Antibacterial (Khatune et al., 2004) Estrogen receptor agonist (Lim et al., 2011) Lymphangiogenesis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) osteoporosis (Liu et al., 2014) Anti-Alzheimer (Chen et al., 2013) Carboxylesterase inhibitors 6

Bakuisoflavone Flavone Fruit Antibacterial (Siva et al., 2015) 7 Bakuflavanone Flavone Fruit Antibacterial (Siva et al., 2015) 9 Bavachin Flavnonoid Seeds/fruit Osteoblast 10 Bakuchicin Coumarin Seeds Topoisomerase inhibitor (Sun et al., 2003) 11 Bavachalcone Chalcone Seeds Anticancer (Shan et al., 2014) CVS protective effect (Dang et al., 2015) 12 Bavachinone A Flavonoid Fruit Antibacterial (Won et al., 2015) 13 Bavachinone B Flavonoid Fruit Antibacterial (Won et al., 2015) 14 Bavacoumestan C Flavonoid Fruit Antibacterial (Won et al., 2015) 15 Corylifolinin Chalcone Seeds Antibacterial (Khatune et al., 2004) Carboxylesterase inhibitors (Sun et al., 2016) 16 Corylifols Prenyl flavonoid Seeds Antibacterial (Yin et al., 2004) 17 Corylifol A Flavonoid Seeds/fruit Carboxylesterase inhibitors 18 Corylifol B Flavonoid Seeds Carboxylesterase inhibitors 19

Corylifol C Flavonoid Seeds Protein kinase inhibition (Limper et al., 2013) Anticancer (Limper et al., 2013) 20 Corylifol D Flavonoid Seeds Anticancer (stomach; Yang et al., 1996; Teschke et al., 2014) 21 Corylifol E Flavonoid Seeds Anticancer (stomach; Yang et al., 1996; Teschke et al., 2014) 22 Coryfolin Flavonoid Whole plant Antioxidant, anti-diabetic (Behloul & Wu, 2013) 23 Corylin Flavonoid Whole plant Osteoblast Wang et al., 2001) Anticancer (Shan et al., 2014) Carboxylesterase inhibitors (Sun et al., 2016) 24 Coryaurone A Flavonoid Fruit Antibacterial (Won et al., 2015) 25 Dadzin Isoflavnoid Fruit Antioxidant (Shinde et al., 2010) 26 Dadzein Isoflavnoid Fruit Antioxidant (Shinde et al., 2010) Antidiabetic (Behloul & Wu, 2013) Topoisomerase inhibitor (Sun et al., 2003) 27 Dihydroxy coumestan Essential oil component Seeds Insecticidal, genotoxic (Khatune et al., 2002; Dua et al., 2013b) 28 Genistein Isoflavone Fruit Ani-diabetic, anti-obesity (Behloul & Wu, 2013) , antioxidant (Shinde et al., 2010) 29 Hydroxy bukuchiol Meroterpene Seeds Lymphangiogenisis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) 30 Hydroxypsoralenol A Flavonoid Fruit Antibacterial (Won et al., 2015) 31 Hydroxypsoralenol B Flavonoid Fruit Antibacterial (Won et al., 2015) 32 Types of esters were also studied in P. corylifolia, and psoralester and psorachromene were identified as two new metabolites. The Lymphangiogenesis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) Anti-Alzheimer (Chen et al., 2013) Carboxylesterase inhibitors 33 Isobavachin Flavonoid Seed/fruit Osteoblast (Li et al., 2014) 34 Isopsoralen Furanocoumarin Whole plant Antiprotozoal 35 Neobavaisoflavone Seeds Antibacterial (Khatune et al., 2004) 36 Psoralen Furanocoumarin Whole plant/root Leucoderma, psoriasis Anticancer (Hao et al., 2014) , antioxidant , anti-Alzheimer (Somani et al., 2015) , Collagengenesis 37 Psoralidin Coumarin Whole plant/seed Estrogen receptor modulator (Liu et al., 2014; Lim et al., 2011) Antioxidant (Wang, Yin, Zhang, Peng, & Kang, 2013b) , antibacterial (Khatune et al., 2004) Anti-diabetic (Behloul & Wu, 2013) , antiprotozoal Anticancer (Hao et al., 2014; Limper et al., 2013; Yang et al., 1996) , anti-depressent (Farahani et al., 2015) 38 Psoracorylifol D Flavonoid Seed Lymphangiogenesis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) Psoracoumestan Coumestans Seeds essential oil Anti-cancer (Limper et al., 2013) 39 Xanthoangelol Chalcone Seeds Anticancer (Limper et al., 2013) FIGURE 2 Structures of important compounds isolated from Psoralea corylifolia psoralester is a 10-membered lactone compound and the latter is an isomer of already known compound bayachromene (Tewari & Bhakuni, 2010) . Khatune and colleague isolated new coumestan derivative 6-(-3-methylbut-2-enyl)-6 N-7-dihydroxycoumestan while working on the chloroform soluble portion of the seeds of P. corylifolia (Khatune et al., 2002) . Coumestans-3, 5′-dihydroxy-6′, 6′-dimethyldihydropyrano (2′, 3′: 8,9) coumestan, 3-hydroxy-5′-(1hydroxy-1-methylethyl) 4′, 5′-dihydrofuro (2′, 3′: 8,9) coumestan, and sophoracoumestan A have been fractionated from the seeds of P. corylifolia. Lin and Kuo isolated two new benzofuran derivatives;

corylifonol and isocorylifonol along with astragalin, p-hydroxy benzoic acid from P. corylifolia seed extract (Lin & Kuo, 1992) .

In 1989, Zaka and colleague investigated the lipid and fatty acid composition of P. corylifolia. The lipids recognized were triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, hydrocarbons, wax esters, and polar lipids. The purified crude lipids of P. corylifolia seeds were analyzed by thin layer and gas chromatographic techniques.

Among the components, the major polar lipid was C18: 

The sticky and oily pericarp constitute the fruit of P. corylifolia, and chemical investigation revealed some similar compounds as already isolated from seeds. A new isoflavone, corylinin, (7,4′-dihydroxy-3′- In another experiment, HPLC protocol was applied to identify some isoflavonoids such as daidzein, genistein, and biochanin A (Sehrawat, Sangwan, & Yadav, 2014) . Further work on the fruit extracted with hexane showed the presence of a phenolic monoterpene known as Bakuchiol (Cui, Taniguchi, Kuroda, & Hatano, 2015) . Dried P. corylifolia fruit powder extracted with methanol and analyzed on HPLC reverse column showed the presence of isoflavonoids known as genistein, daidzein, and biochanin A (Hsu, Wu, Chen, Yang, & Wang, 2001) . Raun and colleagues have isolated seven compounds from the fruit of P. corylifolia and established the structure of compounds after the spectroscopic analysis. The components identified were corylinin (new compound), psoralen, neobavaisoflavone, sophoracoumestan A, uracil, and daidzin (Ruan et al., 2007) . In 2015, two more new flavonoids, bakuisoflavone, and bakuflavanone were isolated from the fruit of P. corlylifolia with antimicrobial activities (Lee, Kim, Baik, Ryu, & Lee, 2015) . In one study, six new flavonoid compounds and a meroterpenoid were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods from P. corylifolia fruits and displayed medium activity against Staph.

mutans (Won et al., 2015) .

The dried fruits of the plant was investigated, and n-hexane- 

The roots of P. corylifolia has been investigated for bioactive compounds. It was found that furanocoumarins psoralen and isopsoralen isolated from a petroleum ether extract were responsible for the anti-feedant activity against instar Spodoptera litura larvae (Sah et al., 2006 ; Figure 2 ).

The above discussions about phytochemical investigation of different parts of P. corylifolia clearly indicates that this plant is a very useful source of variety of bioactive constituents including flavonoids, terpenes, glycosides, alkaloids, coumarins, and others.

P. corylifolia is a widely used herb and have many diverse ethnopharmacological and medicinal applications. The numerous chemical and pharmacological research that have been carried out have resulted in the isolation of the diverse bioactive compounds that are summarized below.

P. corylifolia proved a promising agent in anti-acne formulations due to the presence of phenolic compounds Bakuchiol. It proved to be safe and non-irritant and can be used for longer periods of the day because it showed no irritation and is non-sensitized . One of the bioactive isolated compound "soralen" found to have the ability to stimulate the development of melanin, and therefore it is employed for Leucoderma treatment (Kim, Shim, Ahn, & Jung, 2013) . The plant is also used against the skin disease known as psoriasis (Chen, Yang, & Zhang, 2013) . In one experiment, seeds of P. corylifolia was extracted with hexane and oil in water, cream was prepared with stearic acid as a base. In the next step, an open clinical trial was conducted on 30 patients suffering from eczema for a period of 30 days. After 2 weeks of cream application, symptoms score reduced. Final day observation revealed that the symptom scores for eczema reduced from 6.367 ± 1.098 to 0.333 ± 0.279 for length of the lesion, from 1.333 ± 0.994 to 0.165 ± 0.087 for exudation rate, and from 2.567 ± 0.504 to 0.165 ± 0.132 for the rate of itching.

This formulation was compared with the placebo preparation, in which the formulated cream contained all the ingredients except for the hexane extract of P. corylifolia. This study concluded that this plant could be effectively used for the treatment of eczema (Gidwani et al., 2010) .

P. corylifolia has been tested for antibacterial activity. Wang et al. Nine compounds exhibited significant antibacterial activity against SA and S. epidermidis (Yin et al., 2004 that showed 11.5 mm zone of inhibition (Acharya et al., 2015) .

P. corylifolia in the form of the mouth rinsing solution has prevented the growth of S. mutans bacteria in a very low concentration. Along with mouth rinsing ability, the ethanol extract of P. corylifolia was also reported to inhibit the human gingival fibroblast. In the same series of experiments, it was concluded that the extract is safe to use and has no toxic effect in normal doses .

In 2015, two more new flavonoids, bakuisoflavone, and bakuflavanone were isolated from the fruit of P. corylifolia and were tested against the strains of MRSA (MRSA481 and MRSA 584) and it was found that two compounds showed some good antibacterial effects with MIC values of (>32 (>9.4) and >32 (>9.4)) and (>32 (>9.5) and >32 (>9.5 μg/ml)), respectively . Tissue culture studies showed that Jasmonic acid treated plants of P. corylifolia enhanced psoralen content in leaves and roots of P. corylifolia. The methanol extract of root sample displayed effective antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal pathogens in range 25, 50, and 75 μg/ml. Most effective activity 28 mm zone of inhibition was observed against P. aerugenosa at 50 μg/ml (Siva et al., 2015) .

P. corylifolia was also tested against the microbes SA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, which are known to contaminate the cosmetics products. In the 96-well microplate assay, it was found to have antimicrobial activity .

The 

A phenolic compound bakuchiol extracted from P. corylifolia (seeds) exhibited antifungal activity against many strains of pathogenic fungi, (Hosamani, Lakshman, & Sandeepkumar, 2012; Lau et al., 2010; Lau et al., 2014; Newton et al., 2002; Prasad, Anandi, Balasubramanian, & Pugalendi, 2004; Savoia, 2012; Srinivasan & Sarada, 2012; Yang et al., 2006) . In another study, activity was found against other fungi such as Alternari brassicae, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia cerealis, in which mycelial growth was inhibited (Satish, Raghavendra, & Raveesha, 2009; Vonshak et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2006) .

In one study, P. corylifolia significantly reduced the incidents of 

The anti-worm property of the seeds of P. corylifolia is clinically proven on roundworms and flatworms (Gidwani et al., 2010) . The seeds and the leaves of P. corylifolia was extracted with water and alcohol, and were tested on the spontaneous movements of Setaria cervi whole worm and again on the isolated nerve muscle preparations. The survival of the microfilariae was tested in vitro. The dose required to inhibit the movements of whole worm and nerve muscle preparations for alcohol extracts of leaves were 160, 30, and for seeds were 50, 20 μg/ml (Maurya, Singh, & Seth, 2014; Mendam, Kavitha, & Naik, 2015; Qamaruddin, Parveen, Khan, & Singhal, 2002) .

Volatile oil extracted from the seeds of P. corylifolia displayed strong toxicity against both larvae and adult of the southern house mosquito, The bioactivity guided isolation from chloroform extract of seeds leads to the identification of pure compound, 6-(-3-methylbut-2enyl)-6 N-7-dihydroxycoumestan and found active against larvae and adult Cx. Quinquefasciatus. The same compound has also showed activity against the red flour beetle, Tribolium casteneum Hebrst. In this detailed study, both the male and female adults were exposed to the compound for 24-72 hr period and a range of LD 50 were calculated for dose starting from 400 to 1600 ppm and doses were used in five replications. It was concluded that the isolated coumestan compound can be a useful botanical insecticide (Dua, Kumar, Pandey, & Kumar, 2013a; Khatune et al., 2002) .

An external protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (also called "ich") has been reported to infest freshwater fish species. The P. corylifolia extracted with methanol showed excellent activity against I. multifiliis theronts in concentration of 1.25 mg/L or more when was exposed for a period of 4 hr. The P. corylifolia extract at 5.00 mg/L concentration has caused 100% mortality of protomonts and 88.9% of encysted tomonts. It was found that longer period (24 hr) and higher concentration (5.00 mg/L) caused the significant reduction of the survival rate and reproduction of tomont of I. multifiliis, which were exited from the fish after in-bath handling in situ (Ling et al., 2013) .

P. corylifolia has been found to be an alternative to malachite green to control I. multifiliis, an external protozoan parasite. The screening showed that P. corylifolia extract have the maximum activity against I. multifiliis theronts. When the experiments were conducted in vivo, at 1.25 mg/L or more concentrations of methanol extract of P. corylifolia, it caused 00% mortality of theronts during the 4 hr of exposure (Ling et al., 2013) . This study showed the damaging effect of P. corylifolia against I. multifiliis trophont in situ.

The same study leads to the evaluation of the activity of antiprotozoal compounds extracted form P. corylifolia against I. multifiliis. The two bioactivity guided isolated compounds, isopsoralen and psoralidin, were assessed. In comparison, study of psoralidin and isopsoralen, the inhibitory activity of psoralidin, was found more efficient. Further, when experimented in vivo, the compound psoralidin at 2.5 mg/L, efficiently reduced the theronts numbers in infected fish over an exposure period of 5 hr. This study showed that psoralidin could be a very good candidate for the formulation as a commercial drug against I. multifiliis .

The compounds from P. corylifolia were found to have a protective effect when tested against retinal damage caused by oxidative stress.

To evaluate the effects of bakuchiol on the cell viability of dif- (Park et al., 2005) .

A recent and very useful research on the same subject of hepatotoxicity shows that the isolated compound bakuchiol when administered at a dose of 52.5 and 262.5 mg/kg for 6 weeks in rats, many abnormalities were observed in the bakuchiol-treated groups including suppression of weight gain and food intake, change of some parameters in serum biochemistry, and increased weight of liver. The mRNA expression of CYP7A1, HMG-CoA reductase, PPARα, and SREBP-2 decreased in bakuchiol-treated group, the expression of BSEP increased in bakuchiol-treated low dosage, and the expression of BSEP decreased in bakuchiol-treated high dosage. It was concluded that bakuchiol could induce cholestatic hepatotoxicity, suggesting potential hepatotoxicity. The mechanism may be related to effects on liver lipid metabolism (Li et al., 2017) .

In one study, six compounds isolated from P. corylifolia were studied for their binding affinities for estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, using the yeast transactivation test. Among the compounds, bakuchiol was In another study, psoralidin activity as ER (α and β) agonist was evaluated in endometrial and human breast cell lines. Psoralidin at 10 μM was able to get the highest reporter gene expression conforming to that of E2-treated cells and such an activation of the ERE-reporter gene by psoralidin was totally stopped by the treatment of a pure ER antagonist, indicating that the biological actions of psoralidin are intermediated by ER. Psoralidin was also able to stimulate the endogenous estrogen-responsive gene (pS2) in MCF-7, the human breast cancer cells. It was observed that activation of the classical ER-signaling pathway by psoralidin is mediated via induction of ER conformation by psoralidin and direct binding of the psoralidin-ER complex of the EREs present in the promoter region of estrogenresponsive genes. Lastly, molecular docking of psoralidin to the ligand-binding pocket of the ERα exposed that psoralidin is able to mimic the binding interactions of E 2 , and therefore, in the cellular environment it could act as an ER agonist (Liu et al., 2014) . Psoralen isolated from P. corylifolia fruits were investigated as an inhibitor of AChE enzyme in an attempt to explore its potential for the management of Alzheimer's disease. The concentration of psoralen used was 25-400 μg/ml. It inhibited the AchE in a dose-dependent way in animal models. Adult male Wistar rats, weighing 180-250 g, were used in the study. While a molecular docking study was also carried out, which showed that psoralen binds well within the binding site of the enzyme showing interactions such as π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding (Somani et al., 2015) . Although the activity measured in this study was moderate when compared with the standard compound used, despite that, the compound could serve as lead for synthetic analog preparation to improve the inhibitory activity.

P. corylifoia also found to possess antidepressant activity. Marzieh Sarbandi Farahani and colleague mentioned the mechanism of action of the plants with antidepressant action and the chemical components isolated from them. They mentioned that psoralidin isolated from seeds of P. corylifolia modify the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Farahani, Bahramsoltani, Farzaei, Abdollahi, & Rahimi, 2015) .

A similar study was conducted on psoralidin by Yi and colleague on the ICR strain of male mice. The dose was administered orally in forced swimming test and they observed the increased levels of 5hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain and an altered dopamine level. The mechanism for antidepressant activity was proposed to be through involvement of monoamine neurotransmitter and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis systems (Yi et al., 2008) .

Some previous studies are also available, for example, one study was conducted on mice models and it was concluded that furocoumarins were actually responsible for antidepressant activity.

In this study, the well-established antidepressants were used as standards for comparison with the seed extract of P. corylifolia. The dose range used was 7.5 to 100 mg/kg in comparison with amitriptyline (10 and 20 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (13 mg/kg). This study was well designed and results indicate the potential of the seed extract as competitive antidepressant when compared to the conventional therapeutic agents (Chopra et al., 2013) .

P. corylifolia also has a wide range of antioxidant activity. Different compounds isolated from P. corylifolia were tested for their antioxi- In the understanding of the reputation of this plant species in medicines now, attention has been given to produce callus culture. In one study, relationship between isoflavone and antioxidant activity of P. corylifolia cultures were experimented, and it was found that root-derived callus cultures produced more daidzein, whereas leafdervied callus produced more genistein, and this enhanced production was related to enhanced antioxidant activities (Shinde, Malpathak, & Fulzele, 2010) .

One of the isolated compound, psoralen showed the promising antioxidant activity (IC 50 value = 1.10 ± 0.60 μg/ml) against the superoxide anion production by human neutrophils in response to formyl-Lmethionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLP/CB; Chen et al., 2011). P. corylifolia extract possesses anti-diabetic activity by its action as the protective effects on pancreatic β cells (Behloul & Wu, 2013) .

A more detailed biochemical study was conducted on the aqueous extract of seed of P. corylifolia that caused a significant recovery in the activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, along with the lipid peroxidation level in liver tissue and serum transaminase, and corrected the fasting blood glucose level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at a dose of 20 mg/0.5 ml water/100gm body weight (Ghosh, Bera, Chatterjee, Ali, & Debasis, 2009 ).

P. corylifolia has been the part of many Ayurvedic formulation that are used for the treatment of various central nervous system conditions such as for neurotropic activity and as central nervous system protective agent (Goel & Ojha, 2015) . Based on such report, a study was con- In another study, it was revealed that IBC, a flavonoid from P. corylifolia, has the ability to ameliorate the neuronal injury in brain diseases related to inflammation, and this was accomplished through inhibition of lipopolysaccharide induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion to brain endothelial cell by blocking toll-like receptor 4 signaling .

Various studies on animals showed that genistein has the ability to decrease body weight by decreasing food intake. It also reduced the fat pad weight and enhanced the apoptosis of adipose tissues. For example, one such study was conducted on ovariectomised mice. This well-known trihydroxyflavone, Genistein, has also been isolated from P. corylifolia, exhibited a potential anti-obesity and obesity related low grade inflammation activities through multiple mechanisms and cell signaling pathways. P. corylifolia extract possesses anti-obesity and antdiabetic activity by its action on adipocyte life cycle, obesity-related low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress (Behloul & Wu, 2013) .

The well-known Chinese herb P. corylifolia L. (Scurfpea fruit) has been employed for the treatment of bone fractures and also for joint diseases for thousands of years. P. corylifolia also improved the pathological bone condition, Hyperosteoidosis, by increasing the serum inorganic phosphate level at a dose of 30 mg/kg. It was observed previously that the extract markedly decreased osteoid volume and there has been improvement in bone calcification (Miura, Nishida, & Linuma, 1996) . The flavonoids of corylin and bavachin has the osteoblastic proliferation stimulating activity in UMR106 cell line cultured in vitro (Cho et al., 2001; Wang, Li, & Jiang, 2001) . P. corylifolia extract when administered orally to OVX rats, it was noted that there was a decrease in urinary calcium excretion and serum osteocalcin at a dose of 25-50 mg/kg body weight. The experiments in this study showed that the extract also increased the bone mineral density and bone formation at 50 mg/kg bw (Tsai et al., 2007) . Such experiment, which were extended to 3 months, it can be concluded that P. corylifolia extract can be used at postmenopause state to prevent the osteoporosis. A further in depth study is still needed to make a therapeutic candidate. This study leads to the isolation of the compound responsible for the mentioned activity by Weng and colleagues. The isolated compounds from P. corylifolia, known as bakuchiol and bavachin, showed to prevent the estrogen deficiency by inducing the upregulation in primary human osteoblast differentiation (Weng et al., 2015) .

An advanced herbal formula containing Psoraleae Fructus has previously showed promising bone protecting effect when tested in rats, and later on showed excellent results in women with osteoporosis.

This herbal formula could efficiently have promoted the osteogenesis and suppress the adipogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (Siu et al., 2013 ).

An HPLC analysis was carried out to study the important constituents in scurfpea fruit. In the method employed, the compounds were identified by comparing their retention indexes with standard substances and it resulted in the identification of 11 compounds. The biological methods such as MTT and ALP were employed to study the osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation activity. Bavachin and isobavachin showed significant cell proliferation by stimulation, the compound bakuchiol displayed higher effect to boost osteoblasts differentiation. From the results, it was hypothesized that prenyl group as a side chain might be responsible for the activity mentioned, because this structural component was found as a common entity among the compounds tested for activity (Li et al., 2014) .

Previous surveys revealed bakuchiol and bavachin, the two important components of P. corylifolia L., showed osteoblastic property. Both the compounds displayed the prevention of bone loss caused by deficiency of estrogen in overiectomized animal models such as rats.

One of in vitro study proposed that bavachin and bakuchiol caused the induction of primary human osteoblast differentiation by up regulating the Wnt signaling pathway. This research proposes that boneprotective role makes these two compounds a promising and safe estrogen supplement for the Estrogen replacement therapy (Weng et al., 2015) .

In one investigation, the compound psoralen with different concentrations (1, 10, and 100 μM) was tested on chondrocytes isolated from rats at 3-and 9-day intervals. It was found that at the low dose concentration psoralen was safe toward chondrocytes; however, at higher dose suppression of chondrocytes, proliferation was observed. The compound psoralen also increased the synthesis of type II collagen at 100 μM, by 0.48-fold on day 3 and 0.56-fold on day 9. This was a detailed study, including MTS assay, Alcian blue colorimetry, western blotting, and qRT-PCR. The compound psoralen was also tested for cytotoxicity and exhibited low cytotoxicity toward chondrocytes at a dose range of 1-10 μM. A much higher dose of 100 μM suppression of chondrocytes proliferation was observed. The compound psoralen caused the inhibition of the type I collagen in gene expression and also in protein synthesis. It was concluded that psoralen could be an important biological compound for triggering the cartilaginous cellular functions of chondrocytes .

The (Jeong et al., 2013) . This was the first kind of study on P. corylifolia.

The plant P. corylifolia extract neutralized the coagulation of caused by Naja naja karachiensis snakebite when compared with the antidote used as a standard. The snake venom was experimented on human plasma (citrated) to evaluate its effect on activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT).

Snake venom (200 μg/ml) was found to delay PT (13 ± 0.57 to 23 ± 0.57 sec), aPTT (35 ± 1.52 to 48 ± 2.0 sec), and TT (13 ± 0.57 to 33 ± 0.57 sec). PT and TT were prolonged, and it suggested the occurrence of thrombin-like or plasminogen activating enzymes (Asad et al., 2013; Asad et al., 2014) . A further in depth study of this activity is still underway in the author's laboratory.

The extract of seeds of P. corylifolia have been reported to have stimulant activity against natural killer cells when tested in mice. This study report that the extract also modulates the antibody dependent cellular toxicity. During tumor development, the seed extract also inhibited the antibody complement mediated cytotoxicity. The study was conducted on Balb/c male mice. The dose of 100 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally. Blood collected from punctured heart and serum was separated to study the antibody complement-mediated cytotoxicity.

The natural killer cells were removed from spleen, and antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity was assessed (Latha, Evans, Panikkar, & Jayavardhanan, 2000) .

The isolated compounds from P. corylifolia including arylcoumarin and psoracoumestan showed strong anticancer potential by strongly Hepatocarcinoma cells, it showed its inhibitory activity by inducing the mechanism of Apoptosis (Guo, Liu, Ye, & Han, 2011; Jiang & Xiong, 2014; Khan, Iqbal, Ahmed, & Jamil, 2015; Mohammadparast, Rustaiee, Rasouli, Zardari, & Agrawal, 2014; Nehybova, Smarda, & Benes, 2014; Rajan, Tripathi, Variyar, & Pandey, 2014; Tang et al., 2011; Wong & Rabie, 2011; Yang et al., 2012) . Similarly, two more compounds from the same specie identified as IBC and BCN attenuate Aβ42-induced cell toxicity. The investigation was carried out on yeast two-hybrid system (Chen et al., 2013) .

During this study, eight compounds were tested, and among them IBC (3 μM) and BCN (30 μM) were proved to be active at non-toxic concentrations. The results were confirmed by a standard ThT fluorescence method. The compound IBC also exhibited strong inhibitory effect on ThT fluorescence, and BCN showed more efficient activity, which was comparable with the reference. Moreover, the determination of IC 50 of IBC and BCN in the ThT assay were about 25 and 45 μM, respectively.

Psoralidin in another study, caused the generation of reactive oxygen and it also thought to cause the inhibition of A549 cell proliferation. The method adopted was MTT assay. This study was designed to study the relationship of time and concentration used. The IC 50 values obtained after 24-, 48-and 72-hr treatment were 19.2, 15.4, and 11.8 μM, respectively. (Hao, Zhang, Zhao, & Chen, 2014) . Another evidence of anticancer activity came from the compound Bakuchiol that suppressed the testosterone induced cell proliferation and gene expression in LNCaP cells. This study was designed to explore the bakuchiol action in the androgen-dependent PCa cell line (LNCaP).

MTT assay and real-time PCR method were employed. The IC 50 of bakuchiol to androgen receptor was 8.87 × 10 4 , which was similar to the standard flutamide (10.00 × 10 4 ; MIAO et al., 2013) . These experiments showed that bakuchiol is a useful agent for drug development for androgen dependent PCa. The same compound, bakuchiol, has also showed a strong anticancer action against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and showed much better results than its analogue resveratrol. IC 50 of bakuchiol at 72 hr was 9.58 ± 1.12 μmol/L, much lower than that of resveratrol (33.02 ± 2.35 μmol/L). Bakuchiol triggered the process of apoptosis to a higher level, compared with resveratrol. It was also noted that oxygen species related apoptosis also contribute the cytotoxic properties of bakuchiol, and therefore, it also supports the use of bakuchiol against non-small-cell lung cancer. (Chen et al., 2010) .

Bakuchiol also showed very selective clearance activity in hepatic stellate cells by a mechanism involving apoptosis. This study showed that P. corylifolia also has anticancer activity in liver cancer (Chen et al., 2010; Yang, Paik, Cho, Cho, & Kim, 2008) . In search of cytotoxic compounds from P. corylifolia, two isoflavnoids were isolated, named as corylifols D and E from the ethyl acetate extract. Similarly, psoralidin was also found active against stomach carcinoma cell lines (Teschke, Wolff, Frenzel, & Schulze, 2014; Yang et al., 1996) . Bakuchiol is also an active ingredient of the dried ripe fruit of P. corylifolia that and Corylin from P. corylifolia has been investigated against UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases and showed strong inhibition (Shan et al., 2014) . It also inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition via down regulation of the NF-κB-SNAIL signaling pathway (Jung et al., 2015) . In one investigation against DNA polymerase enzyme, P. corylifolia extract showed strong inhibitory activity.

Importance of isolated components from P. corylifolia is obvious from the fact that compounds such as psoralen is being produced from callus derived from various plant portions. In one experiment, it was found that in the in vitro conditions, cinnamic acid proved a very strong precursor of psoralen pathway that induced a maximum amount of psoralen (Mohammadparast, Rustaiee, Rasouli, Zardari, & Agrawal, 2014 Succeeding experiments with many kinase inhibitors propose that PF-mediated degradation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 is dependent on ERK1/2 and/or GSK3β (Park, Sung, Song, & Jeong, 2016) .

The crude extract of P. corylifolia with solvent ethanol was found a strong DNA polymerase inhibitor of DNA replication enzyme in an activity directed isolation assay that resulted in the purification of novel compound corylifolin, bakuchiol, neobavaisoflavone, and resveratrol. In a similar enzyme assay, some topoisomerase II inhibitors were also isolated, namely, daidzein and bakuchicin (Sun, Woo, Cassady, & Snapka, 2003) .

Many studies have been designed so far to study the behavior of P. corylifolia extract and isolated compounds on important enzyme. Additionally, the inhibition kinetics were calculated by Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plots for the inhibitory activities toward CES1. The inhibition kinetic parameters (K i ) were calculated to be 5.3, 9.4, 1.9, 0.7, and 0.5 μM for neobavaisoflavone, corylifolinin, coryfolin, corylin and BCN, respectively. It was concluded that this inhibition by the constituents might be responsible for the possible adverse effects of FP through the disrupting CES1-catalyzed metabolism of endogenous substances and xenobiotics (Sun et al., 2016) .

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is an assembly of heme-containing enzymes fixed essentially in the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum, and helps metabolize several drugs and carcinogens. 

The plant P. corylifolia has been reported to be used in cardiac problems in traditional medicine (KR, 1975) . Bavachalcone, a compound from P. corylifolia, has reported to have increased the luciferase activity of the Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) promoter and enhanced MnSOD mRNA and protein expressions. Further, it was found that bavachalcone suppressed the mitochondrial superoxide production in endothelial cells. On the other hand, bavachalcone (in concentration range of 1, 2.5, and 5 μmol/l for 24 hr) stimulated liver kinase B1 and AMPKα phosphorylation in a converse manner. mRNA interfering by using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibited bavachalcone-induced MnSOD expression. Moreover, AMPK reduced by shRNA-AMPK reversed the inhibition of bavachalcone on mitochondrial superoxide production in endothelial cells. These results showed that bavachalcone could shield the endothelial function by enhancing the AMPK activity and MnSOD expression and lowering the mitochondrial oxidative stress, which is considered to be the key etiological reason in cardiovascular diseases (Dang et al., 2015) .

Many herbal remedies, including essential oils, contain psoralen, and methoxy psoralen are reported to cause photosensitivity in the form of erythema and blisters (Koh & Ong, 1999) . P. corylifolia has been the part of many herbal remedy used to treat vitiligo and patients using such treatments in the form of creams are also reported to experienced erythema when exposed to sunlight (Maurice & Cream, 1989) .

P. corylifolia is frequently indicated for vitiligo in India, and it contains psoralen, isopsoralen, and psoralidin. Its extracts when tested on guinea pig skin have been stated to possess potent sensitizing action (Pathak, Daniels, & Fitzpatrick, 1963) . Another study reported the gonadal toxicity. Although the ethanol extract of P. corylifolia seeds are proposed to use in processed food preservation, but it showed toxicity when tested on male and female rats. The period of the experiment was 90 days, and various concentrations were administered were 0%, 0.375%, 0.75%, 1.5% or 3.0%. Histopathological investigation showed atrophy of seminiferous tubules, leydig cells, seminal vesicles, and prostate cells were observed in male rats administered with the 1.5% and 3.0%. With the same concentrations, the female rats showed a reduced number of corpora lutea in the ovaries and less frequent endometrial glands in the uterus. It was suggested that the extract caused the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (Takizawa et al., 2002) .

In one investigation, P. corylifolia and its natural compounds (bavachin, corylifol A, neobavaisoflavone, IBC, and BCN) were evaluated for its potential toxicity, and results showed it had a potent inhibitory effect against human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), and it is considered as main stimulant for P. corylifolia related toxicity, including hepatic injury and raised bilirubin levels . In another study P. corylifolia extract and fractionated compounds such as psoralen and isopsoralen were incubated with the recombinant CYP3A4 enzyme or differentiated HuH-7 and HepaRG cells. P. corylifolia extract, psoralen, and isopsoralen caused the inhibition of concentration CYP3A4 activity in a dose dependent manner with different potency in vitro. It was also noted that none of the sample tested showed any toxicity (Liu & Flynn, 2015) .

Several compounds isolated from P. corylifolia have many industrial applications and are available commercially. Some of the examples are the following: the compound Angelicin (CAS 523-50-2) is available as antifungal compound (Sardari, Amin, Sekhon, Micetich, & Daneshtalab, 2000) . The compound Psoralen has been used as photochemical probe in studies of DNA mutation and repair mechanisms (Zarmouh, Eyunni, & Soliman, 2017) . Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen; CAS 298-81-7) has been known as a potent suicide inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (Toyooka & Ibuki, 2009 ). Bakuchiol (CAS 10309-37-2) is available as a PTP1B and DNA polymerase inhibitor (Choi et al., 2015) . Bavachin (CAS 19879-32-4 ) is available as a weak antioxidant that stimulates bone formation (Jing et al., 2017) .

Corylifol C and, to a lesser extent, xanthoangelol are potent protein kinase inhibitors (inhibitory concentration 50% values for epidermal growth factor receptor; Limper et al., 2013) . A well-known compound Daidzin (CAS 552-66-9) isolated from many plant species is a potent inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehye dehydrogenase that demonstrates chemopreventitive activities (Keung & Vallee, 1993) . The compound Genistein (CAS 446-72-0) is available as a highly specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase (Zarmouh, Messeha, Elshami, & Soliman, 2016) . These examples clearly show the importance of bioactive compounds isolated from P. corylifolia, an important traditional medicinal plant.

The above-mentioned summary about P. corylifolia clearly showed that it is a very important plant from ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and chemical point of view. To date, more or less hundreds compounds have been separated from P. corylifolia, which was also mentioned by Zhang et al., (2016) . We here presented the latest version of scientific literature on P. corylifolia, including the research work carried out in the recent years. P. corylifolia contains a wide variety of chemical constituents belonging to various groups, including flavonoids, coumarins, and meroterpenes, which are more dominant.

P. corylifolia L. (Fabacese) is a fortified source of biological active compounds, which gives the plant with great value for its use in pharmaceuticals, health, and body-care products. Sehrawat and colleagues reported that P. corylifolia is a rare and endangered herbaceous medicinal plant. Because most of the plant materials are collected from naturally occurring stands and are therefore being depleted rapidly and there is a possibility of extinction. Therefore, it is suggested that there is a need for in vitro propagation of this species (Sehrawat et al., 2014) .

Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. 

Anti microbial activity of different dosage forms of Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.) taila, an Ayurvedic formulation

Medicinal plants of Bombay presidency

Efficacy of seed hydropriming with phytoextracts on plant growth promotion and antifungal activity in maize

Antipsoriatic microemulsion gel formulations for topical drug delivery of babchi oil (Psoralea corylifolia)

Phytochemical studies and antimicrobial screening of non/less-polar fraction of Psoralea corylifolia by using GC-MS

Psoralen photochemotherapy of cutaneous disorders

Compensatory effects of medicinal plants of Pakistan upon prolongation of coagulation assays induced by Naja Naja Karachiensis bite

Anti-venom potential of Pakistani medicinal plants: Inhibition of anticoagulation activity of Naja naja karachiensis toxin

Biosynthesis of bakuchiol, a meroterpene from Psoralea corylifolia

Medicinal and poisonous plants of Pakistan

Genistein: A promising therapeutic agent for obesity and diabetes treatment

Systema Naturae

Antibacterial activity of Psoralea corylifolia L. seed and aerial parts with various extraction methods

Bakuchiol: A Retinol-Like Functional Compound, Modulating Multiple Retinol and Non-Retinol Targets

New isoflavones and bioactive constituents from the fruits of Psoralea corylifolia

Isobavachalcone and bavachinin from Psoraleae Fructus modulate Aβ42 aggregation process through different mechanisms in vitro

Anti-tumor effects of bakuchiol, an analogue of resveratrol, on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line

Bakuchiol: A hepatoprotective compound of Psoralea corylifolia on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells

Prediction of drug-induced liver injury in HepG2 cells cultured with human liver microsomes

Psoralea corylifolia L. (Buguchi)-Folklore to modern evidence

Indigenous drugs of India (2nd Edn.) UN Dhar and sons

Indigenous drugs of India

Natural products from plants

Constituents of Psoralea corylifolia fruits and their effects on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Extracts of Canadian first nations medicinal plants, used as natural products, inhibit neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles

Chinese Medicine

Bavachalconeinduced manganese superoxide dismutase expression through the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in human endothelial cells

The Wealth of India: Raw Materials

Insecticidal and genotoxic activity of Psoralea corylifolia Linn.(Fabaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus say

Insecticidal and genotoxic activity of Psoralea corylifolia Linn.(Fabaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus say

Plant-derived natural medicines for the management of depression: An overview of mechanisms of action

Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of aqueous extract of seed of Psoralea corylifolia (somraji) and seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.,(methi) in separate and composite manner in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat

Evaluation of a novel herbal formulation in the treatment of eczema with Psoralea corylifolia

Ashtang Ghrita: A noble Ayurveda drug for central nervous system

Inhibitory effects of osthole, psoralen and aconitine on invasive activities of breast cancer MDA-MB-231BO cell line and the mechanisms. Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao=

Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants

Corylinal: A new isoflavone from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia

Phytochemical analysis of methanol extracts of Psoralea Corylifolia

Psoralidin induces autophagy through ROS generation which inhibits the proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cells

Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Psoralea Corylifolia l

The presence of three isoflavonoid compounds in Psoralea corylifolia

The pharmacology of Chinese herbs

Neuroprotective effects of Psoralea corylifolia Linn seed extracts on mitochondrial dysfunction induced by 3-nitropropionic acid

Cytotoxicity of corylifoliae fructus. II. Cytotoxicity of bakuchiol and the analogues

Studies on lymphangiogenesis inhibitors from Korean and Japanese crude drugs

Induction of apoptosis in human Hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells in vitro by Psoralen from Psoralea corylifolia

Isobavachalcone attenuates MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease in mice by inhibition of microglial activation through NF-κB pathway

Medicinal plants. Oxford and IBH publishing

Medicinal plants. Tropical horticulture

Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach

Aqueous extract of Psoralea corylifolia L. inhibits lipopolysaccharideinduced endothelial-mesenchymal transition via downregulation of the NF-κB-SNAIL signaling pathway

Handbook of Ayurvedic medicinal plants: Herbal reference library

In vitro antimicrobial activities of bakuchiol against oral microorganisms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Daidzin: A potent, selective inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase

Antioxidant, hemolytic and mutagenic potential of Psoralea corylifolia

Encyclopedia of Indian medicinal plants

Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary

Pesticidal activity of a novel coumestan derivative isolated from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. against Tribolium casteneum herbst. adults and larvae (Coleptera: Tenebrionidae)

Antibacterial compounds from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia

Phenolic phytochemical displaying SARS-CoV papain-like protease inhibition from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia

Protective effects of the compounds isolated from the seed of Psoralea corylifolia on oxidative stress-induced retinal damage

Antimicrobial effect of commercially available mouth rinsing solutions and natural herbal extracts on Streptococcus mutans

Selective Inhibition of Bakuchicin Isolated from Psoralea corylifolia on CYP1A in Human Liver Microsomes. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Phytophotodermatitis due to the application of Citrus hystrix as a folk remedy

Indian Medicinal Plants

The wealth of India: Raw materials: Vol. VIII. Ph-Re. The Wealth of India: Raw Materials

Cytotoxicity of Corylifoliae fructus. I. Isolation of the effective compound and the cytotoxicity

Immunomodulatory and antitumour properties of Psoralea corylifolia seeds

Two antifungal components isolated from Fructus Psoraleae and folium eucalypti Globuli by bioassay-guided purification

Anti-dermatophytic activity of bakuchiol: In vitro mechanistic studies and in vivo tinea pedis-inhibiting activity in a guinea pig model

Isobavachalcone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced ICAM-1 expression in brain endothelial cells through blockade of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways

Phytoestrogen Bakuchiol exhibits in vitro and in vivo anti-breast cancer effects by inducing S phase arrest and apoptosis

Osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation stimulating activities of the main components of Fructus Psoraleae corylifoliae

Fructus Psoraleae contains natural compounds with potent inhibitory effects towards human carboxylesterase 2

Bakuchiol contributes to the hepatotoxicity of Psoralea corylifolia in rats

Estrogenic activities of Psoralea corylifolia L. seed extracts and main constituents

Compounds isolated from Psoralea corylifolia seeds inhibit protein kinase activity and induce apoptotic cell death in mammalian cells

Analysis of bakuchiol, psoralen and angelicin in crude drugs and commercial concentrated products of Fructus Psoraleae

Two new benzofuran derivatives, corylifonol and isocorylifonol from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia

Antiprotozoal screening of traditional medicinal plants: Evaluation of crude extract of Psoralea corylifolia against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish

Antimalarial activity of Artemisia annua flavonoids from whole plants and cell cultures

Preparative isolation and purification of psoralen and isopsoralen from Psoralea corylifolia by high-speed counter-current chromatography

Psoralidin, a coumestan analogue, as a novel potent estrogen receptor signaling molecule isolated from Psoralea corylifolia

CYP3A4 inhibition by Psoralea corylifolia and its major components in human recombinant enzyme, differentiated human hepatoma HuH-7 and HepaRG cells

Useful plants of the genus Psoralea

Granzyme a cleaves a mitochondrial complex I protein to initiate caspaseindependent cell death

The dangers of herbalism

Potential medicinal plants for lymphatic FILARIASIS: A review

Natural sources used for treatment and prevention of FILARIASIS

Bakuchiol inhibits the androgen induced-proliferation of prostate cancer cell line LNCaP through suppression of AR transcription activity

Effect of crude fractions of Psoralea corylifolia seed extract on bone calcification

Effect of crude fractions of psoralea corylifolia seed extract on bone calcification

In vitro enhancement of psoralen as an important anticancer compound in Psoralea corylifolia through precursor feeding

Indian Materia Medica with Ayurvedic

Plant Coumestans: Recent advances and future perspectives in cancer therapy. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

The evaluation of forty-three plant species for in vitro antimycobacterial activities; isolation of active constituents from Psoralea corylifolia and Sanguinaria canadensis

Phytochemical and Pharmacognostic investigation of Antidiabetic Scoparia dulcis Linn Scrophulariaceae whole plant grown in Nigeria

Herbs cultivation and medicinal uses

Protective effect of (S)-bakuchiol from Psoralea corylifolia on rat liver injury in vitro and in vivo

Anti-cancer activity of Psoralea fructus through the downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 in human colorectal cancer cells

The presently known distribution of Furocoumarins (Psoralens) in plants

Larvicidal property of essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae). Industrial Crops and Products

Ayurvedic medicine: the principles of traditional practice

Antidermatophytic activity of extracts from Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae) correlated with the presence of a flavonoid compound

Potential antifilarial activity of the leaves and seeds extracts of Psoralea corylifolia on cattle filarial parasite Setaria cervi

Chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis of Fructus Psoraleae by high-performance liquid chromatography

Mechanism of cytotoxicity by Psoralea corylifolia extract in human breast carcinoma cells

Medicinal plants history, cultivation and uses

Studies on the chemical constituents of Psoralea corylifolia L

Screening for inhibition activity of plant extracts on microorganism contaminating in cosmetics

Isolation and identification of furocoumarins from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia linn

Antifungal activity of Diplotaenia damavandica

Antifungal potentiality of some plant extracts against Fusarium sp

Plant-derived antimicrobial compounds: Alternatives to antibiotics

Psoralea corylifolia l. an endangered medicinal plant with broad spectrum properties

Protective role of Psoralea Corylifolia L. seed extract against hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress or aging

Comparison of the inhibitory potential of Bavachalcone and Corylin against UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases

Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda

Agro-techniques of medicinal plants

Determination of isoflavone content and antioxidant activity in Psoralea corylifolia L. callus cultures

The effects of an Antiosteoporosis herbal formula containing Epimedii Herba, Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and Psoraleae Fructus on density and structure of rat long bones under tail-suspension, and its mechanisms of action

Optimization of elicitation condition with Jasmonic acid, characterization and antimicrobial activity of Psoralen from direct regenerated plants of Psoralea corylifolia L

Systema Naturae The Netherlands

In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition by psoralen using molecular docking and enzymatic studies

In vitro and in vivo assessment of the effect of antiprotozoal compounds isolated from Psoralea corylifolia against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in fish

Antifungal activity of phenyl derivative of Pyranocoumarin from Psoralea corylifolia L. seeds by inhibition of acetylation activity of Trichothecene 3-O-Acetyltransferase (Tri101)

Pharmacognostic evaluation of the root of Berberis asiatica

Fabaceae" Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, 13 ed. Missouri Botanical Garden and University of

Inhibition behavior of fructus psoraleae's ingredients towards human carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1)

DNA polymerase and topoisomerase II inhibitors from Psoralea c orylifolia

Gonadal toxicity of an ethanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia in a rat 90-day repeated dose study

Psoralen stimulates osteoblast differentiation through activation of BMP signaling

Review article: Herbal hepatotoxicity-an update on traditional Chinese medicine preparations

New constituents from Psoralea corylifolia

Histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate enhances the cell killing effect of psoralen plus UVA by attenuating nucleotide excision repair

Psoralea corylifolia extract ameliorates experimental osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats

Screening south Indian medicinal plants for antifungal activity against cutaneous pathogens

Osteoblastic proliferation stimulating activity of Psoralea corylifolia extracts and two of its flavonoids

Chemical constituents from Psoralea corylifolia and their antioxidant alphaglucosidase inhibitory and antimicrobial activities. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi=

Chemical constituents from Psoralea corylifolia and their antioxidant alphaglucosidase inhibitory and antimicrobial activities

Identification and characterization of naturally occurring inhibitors against UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in Fructus Psoraleae (Bugu-zhi)

Indian medicinal plants. A compendium of 500 species

Positive skeletal effect of two ingredients of Psoralea corylifolia L. on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis and the possible mechanisms of action

Bioactive metabolites from the fruits of Psoralea corylifolia

Effect of psoralen on bone formation

Bisbakuchiols A and B, novel dimeric meroterpenoids from Psoralea corylifolia

Effects of Gaultheria yunnanensis on adjuvant arthritis in rats. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi=

Psoralen activates cartilaginous cellular functions of rat chondrocytes in vitro

Psc-AFP, an antifungal protein with trypsin inhibitor activity from Psoralea corylifolia seeds

Resveratrol induces the suppression of tumor-derived CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells

The cytotoxicity of psoralidin from Psoralea corylifolia

The osteoprotective effect of psoralen in ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rats via stimulating the osteoblastic differentiation from bone mesenchymal stem cells

Antidepressant-like effects of psoralidin isolated from the seeds of Psoralea Corylifolia in the forced swimming test in mice

Psoracorylifols A-E, five novel compounds with activity against helicobacter pylori from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia

Antibacterial prenylflavone derivatives from Psoralea corylifolia, and their structure-activity relationship study

Lipid class and fatty acid composition of Psoralia corylifolia seed

The Benzopyrone Biochanin-A as a reversible, competitive, and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor

Evaluation of the isoflavone genistein as reversible human monoamine oxidase-a and-b inhibitor. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

The chemical constituents and bioactivities of Psoralea corylifolia Linn.: A review

Psoralea corylifolia L: Ethnobotanical, biological, and chemical aspects: A review