key: cord-0829226-hjgk8cx2 authors: Mozzini, Chiara; Girelli, Domenico title: The role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Covid-19: Only an hypothesis or a potential new field of research? date: 2020-04-27 journal: Thromb Res DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.031 sha: 89ef1cea65e8f2ab133e568ae1f350fa645ad36e doc_id: 829226 cord_uid: hjgk8cx2 nan J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f already carefully reviewed [5] . Also the "vital" NETosis allows NETs release. The principal differences between the two forms are the nature of the trigger stimulus, the timing and the mechanisms employed to make NETs release [5] . The involvement of NETosis in several diseases (other than infections) has been established, in particular autoimmune diseases, cancer, venous thromboembolism, atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc. [6] [7] [8] . Viruses are known for their ability to evade the body's immune response. Recently, it has been shown that they can act as triggers of NETosis processes [9, 10, 11] . In fact, many viruses can stimulate neutrophils to produce NETs. Different responses of neutrophils have been observed: classical NETosis, the production of antiviral agents or even the switch to apoptosis. It is therefore clear that the virus-induced NETosis acts as a double-edged sword: there is the mechanical entrapment of the virus, but the inflammatory and immunological reaction triggered by the release of the NETs can be harmful by itself. To date, there is no data in medical literature on the role of NETs in Covid-19 infection, a novel viral infection that leads to highly lethal interstitial pneumonia and for which there is currently no vaccine nor specific therapy [12] . Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria NETosis and NADPH oxidase: at the intersection of host defence, inflammation, and injury The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the formation of extracellular traps in humans NETosis: how vital is it? NETosis: a new factor in tumour progression and cancer-associated thrombosis Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated autoimmunity An exploratory look at NETosis in atherosclerosis Respiratory Syncytial virus induces the classical ROS-dependent NETosis through PAD-4 and necroptosis pathways activation Covid-19: The search of effective therapy Neutrophil Extracellular Traps are increased in the alveolar spaces of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia Insights into the immune-pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation characterises stable and exacerbated COPD and correlates with airflow limitation Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19 Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy Neutrophil extracellular traps promote deep vein thrombosis in mice Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis Elevated levels of circulating DNA and chromatin are independently associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis and a prothrombotic state Thrombosis: tangled up in NETs A.PERK-dependent activation of Nrf2 contributes to redox homeostasis and cell survival following endoplasmic reticulum stress Sulphoraphane protects against cytokine-and streptozotocin induced β-cell damage by suppressing the NF-κB pathway Resveratrol confers endothelial protection via activation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2