key: cord-0821053-540q1iq5 authors: Xu, Pengcheng; Jia, Wei; Qian, Hua; Xiao, Shenglan; Miao, Te; Yen, Hui-Ling; Tan, Hongwei; Kang, Min; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Li, Yuguo title: Lack of cross-transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between passenger's cabins on the Diamond Princess cruise ship date: 2021-04-15 journal: Build Environ DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107839 sha: a53b47b5ac6d86a9fa06969c998a7421e5bf2a67 doc_id: 821053 cord_uid: 540q1iq5 An outbreak of COVID-19 occurred on the Diamond Princess cruise ship in January and February 2020 in Japan. We analysed information on the cases of infection to infer whether airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, had occurred between cabins. We infer from our analysis that most infections in passengers started on 28 January and were completed by 6 February, except in those who shared a cabin with another infected passenger. The distribution of the infected cabins was random, and no spatial cluster of the infected can be identified. We infer that the ship's central air-conditioning system for passenger's cabins did not play a role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, i.e. airborne transmission did not occur between cabins during the outbreak, suggesting that the sufficient ventilation was provided. We also infer that the ship's cabin drainage system did not play a role. Most transmission appears to have occurred in the public areas of the cruise ship, likely due to crowding and insufficient ventilation in some of these areas. the three datasets can also been seen from the estimated infected dates ( Figure S1 ). In this 157 study, we chose to use Dataset 1, which contains more cases than Dataset 2. ( . 228 We then obtain the following equation (Eq. (3)): where . The choice of affects the numerical solutions. Parametric analyses indicated that the use of 232 afforded the best solutions. The validation of this method for SARS-CoV-2 233 infection-time analysis is shown in Figure S4 . However, it seems that crew members continued to become infected on and after 6 February. Our major finding is that passengers who became infected but who did not share a cabin with passengers who shared a cabin with one or more previously infected passengers (Figure 2(b) ). Jan 10: 80-year old X visited Shenzhen for only a few hours Jan 17: X Flew with his daughter from Hong Kong to Japan Jan 19: X had onset cough Jan 20: X came on board as a passenger in Yokohama Jan 23: X had onset fever. The ventilation rates per person in these public areas are also unknown. Figure S4 shows that we also 485 successfully estimated the infection date for the 234 patients. Containing COVID-19 among 627,386 545 persons in contact with the Diamond Princess cruise ship passengers who disembarked in 546 Taiwan: big data analytics CHP investigates additional case of novel coronavirus infection Alternative methods of estimating an 550 incubation distribution: examples from severe acute respiratory syndrome Deck plans for Diamond Princess Epidemiological determinants of spread 555 of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong European Committee for Standardization CEN Ventilation for buildings -Part 3: For non-residential buildings -Performance 559 requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems SARS incubation and quarantine times: 562 when is an exposed individual known to be disease free? Ships and marine technology -Air-conditioning and ventilation of 566 accommodation spaces -Design conditions and basis of calculations Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by 592 inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event Low risk of SARS-CoV-2 595 transmission by fomites in real-life conditions Chronology of COVID-19 cases on the Diamond 600 Princess cruise ship and ethical considerations: a report from Japan Battle on the Cruise Ship. NHK Documentary. Accessed Field Briefing: Diamond Princess COVID-19 Cases Indoor transmission of 611 SARS-CoV-2. Indoor Air Haplotype networks of SARS-CoV-2 613 infections in the Diamond Princess cruise ship outbreak SARS-CoV-2 Superspreading events around the world HgdBoco/edit?usp=sharing WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and 620 Research on Influenza Virus Research Center US CDC. 2020a. Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Airborne Transmission US CDC. How 2019-nCoV spreads US CDC. Outbreak updates for international cruise ships Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it Environmental sampling 635 for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during COVID-19 outbreak in the 636 Diamond Princess cruise ship Yutaka Club Cruises International. 2020/1/20 Diamond Princess: 16 days of exploring 638 Southeast Asia in early spring J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f The authors declare no conflict of interest.J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f