key: cord-0820374-fjzbcfou authors: Gottschalk, Marc; Werwick, Katrin; Albert, Christian; Weinert, Soenke; Schmeißer, Alexander; Stieger, Philipp; Braun-Dullaeus, Ruediger C. title: Digitalization of presence events in the COVID-19 pandemia – the lecturers’ perspective date: 2021-01-28 journal: GMS J Med Educ DOI: 10.3205/zma001426 sha: 339928e9dc4ef62a39d009e2c69cfc230cc90f01 doc_id: 820374 cord_uid: fjzbcfou Objective: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic a large part of attendance in medical education became impossible for reasons of disease control. Teachers had to switch to online courses at short notice. The associated developmental push of digital teaching methods, such as online teaching, has anticipated changes, some of which are tantamount to establishment. This study examines the experiences and effects of these changes from the teachers’ perspective. Methods: We conducted ten guideline-based anonymized e-mail interviews with lecturers of the Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg. Questions were asked on the subject areas of advantages and disadvantages, teaching experience and the future of digital teaching. The qualitative evaluation was based on Mayring. Results: The assessment of the digitization of face-to-face courses could be described by the inductively formed categories “social aspects”, “methodological aspects”, “institutional aspects”, “technical aspects” and “temporal-spatial aspects”. These revealed in particular concerns about the lack of personal exchange, temporal-spatial advantages, technical barriers and disagreement about the future role of digital teaching. Conclusion: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face courses were replaced by online teaching, which is currently an accepted part of the curriculum. The results show, that teachers were able to implement the comprehensive ad-hoc digitization of theoretical courses well, although previously known problem areas were aggravated. Furthermore, a fundamental examination of the future role of digitized courses in medical education must take place. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many face-to-face courses became impossible for reasons of disease control [1] . Solutions had to be developed within a short time at the Magdeburg campus, which resulted in a previously unexpected offer of digitalized courses. After the completion of these classes, changes in medical education became apparent. The discrepancy between recently dominant traditional courses and now established online courses exists due to the hitherto low presence of digital courses in the German-speaking world. Until it became necessary due to the pandemic regulations, the low level of development was justified by a lack of infrastructure, limited time resources, and a lack of institutional support [2] , [3] . Little is known about the teachers' experience of the transition to digital formats. The aim of this paper is to describe the teachers' experiences with this new situation and to assess its effects. After the end of the 2020 summer semester, we conducted ten anonymous, guideline-based expert interviews [4] , [5] with lecturers from the Medical Faculty of the Ottovon-Guericke University of Magdeburg. These were conducted as e-mail interviews [6] . The lecturers answered in writing to a ready-made guide consisting of open questions on the subject areas of advantages and disadvantages, teaching experience and the future of digital courses. The material was analyzed qualitatively according to Mayring [7] and transferred into an inductively formed category system. To improve intersubjective comprehen- Table 1 : Results of the analysis of the e-mail interviews by qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. sibility, we used a research workshop [8] , [9] consisting of the authors listed above to interpret the material (see attachment 1). Five categories were inductively formed from the statements made by the respondents (see table 1 ). With regard to "temporal-spatial aspects", the teachers described positive experiences regarding independence of place, time and the possibility of individualizing the learning environment. On the subject of "technical aspects", they expressed enthusiasm for the use of new technologies, but complained about limitations of hardware and soft-ware. Problems were seen by many teachers concerning the lack of direct, personal interaction, which they found unsettling and frustrating. At the same time, however, they saw potential in location-independent exchange. Regarding "methodological aspects", the teachers described theoretical courses as suitable for digitization. Internships and bedside teaching were viewed critically. When looking at "institutional aspects", different perspectives were noted in addition to the demand for more support: While some lecturers saw digital courses as a supplement to a curriculum that continues to be primarily presence-based, others anticipated lasting changes in medical faculties with increased digital teaching, but also expressed fears that this could come at the expense of academic exchange (see table 1 ). With the restrictions imposed by epidemic control regulations, new approaches had to be taken in teaching. One solution was the short-term establishment of online courses. From the teachers' point of view, this was a development that allowed traditional academic ideas to be reassessed. Teachers experienced the practicability and flexibility of digitized courses as advantageous, but at the same time they criticized the lack of personal exchange and technical barriers. The advantages in terms of time and space can be connected to Ruiz [10] and became particularly clear through the comprehensive implementation. Technical problems and a lack of support have already been identified as barriers to the further development of digital teaching formats [3] , but they have been aggravated by the increasing demand during the pandemic. While teaching formats such as lectures were perceived as easily digitizable, there were concerns about the lack of interactivity in the implementation of seminars and practical courses. However, the large number of published pilot projects [11] , [12] , which could provide pointers for optimization, were only considered by a few teachers. Regarding institutional challenges and the future role of online courses, initiatives to coordinate the digitization of medical education have already been called for in the past [13] , but currently there is still disagreement about the future use of digital courses. In order to effectively improve medical education, it is therefore necessary to explore the perspective of teachers and students beyond the scope of this study. The findings of our study can serve as a basis for this. One of the limitations of this study is the small number of interviews, which limits the generalization of the results [8] . The methodology of e-mail interviews was chosen to reduce contact, and a loss of information [6] was accepted to protect against the epidemic. An already validated guideline could not be used due to the novelty of the question. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic classroom teaching was replaced by online teaching, which is currently an accepted part of the curriculum. The results show that teachers were able to implement the comprehensive ad-hoc digitization of theoretical courses. Although known problem areas were aggravated during the crisis, the advantages are undeniable. Ultimately, a more in-depth examination of the future role of digital courses in medical education is called for. All authors have contributed according to the criteria of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors [http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-andcontributors.html] made substantial contributions to the conception, design and analysis of the study. Research idea RCBD and PS. PS and KW designed the questionnaire. MG and PS acquired and evaluated the interview data. MG and CA prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All authors participated in the interpretation of the data in a research workshop and in the critical revision of the publication and made substantial contributions to the content. All authors accepted responsibility for the entire content and gave their final approval of the submitted manuscript version. The data sets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available upon reasoned request from the authors. Wir führten nach Abschluss des Sommersemesters 2020 zehn anonymisierte leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews [4] , [5] mit Lehrenden der Medizinischen Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität-Magdeburg durch. Diese erfolgten im Rahmen der Kontaktbeschränkungen als E-Mail-Interviews [6] . Die Lehrenden beantworteten einen Tabelle 1: Ergebnisse der Auswertung der E-Mail-Interviews mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring. vorgefertigten Leitfaden schriftlich, welcher sich aus offenen Fragen zu den Themenkomplexen Vor-und Nachteile, Lehrerleben und Zukunft digitaler Lehrveranstaltungen zusammensetzte. Das Material wurde qualitativ nach Mayring [7] analysiert und in ein induktiv gebildetes Kategoriensystem überführt. Zur Verbesserung der intersubjektiven Nachvollziehbarkeit nutzten wir eine Forschungswerkstatt [8] , [9] bestehend aus oben aufgeführten Autoren zur Interpretation des Materials (siehe Anhang 1). Aus den gewonnenen Aussagen der Befragten wurden fünf Kategorien induktiv gebildet (vgl. Tabelle Im Rahmen der Covid-19-Pandemie wurden Präsenzveranstaltungen durch online-Unterricht ersetzt, dieser ist aktuell akzeptierter Bestandteil des Studiums. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Lehrende die flächendeckende ad-hoc-Digitalisierung theoretischer Lehrveranstaltungen umsetzen konnten. Wenngleich bekannte Problemfelder im Rahmen der Krise aggravierten, sind die Vorteile unbestreitbar. Letztlich ist eine weitergehende Auseinandersetzung Lehrender mit der zukünftigen Rolle digitaler Lehrveranstaltungen in der medizinischen Ausbildung angezeigt. Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 -COVID-19: Optionen für Maßnahmen zur Kontaktreduzierung Barriers and solutions to online learning in medical education -an integrative review Internet skills of medical faculty and students: is there a difference Qualitative Forschung: Ein Handbuch. 11 Qualitative Forschung: Ein Handbuch. 11 A practical guide to the e-mail interview Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken. 12., überarb. Aufl. Weinheim: Beltz Qualitative Forschung: Ein Handbuch. 11. Aufl. Reinbek bei Hamburg Zur Bedeutung von Forschungswerkstätten in der Tradition von Anselm Strauss The impact of E-learning in medical education Digitale Lehr-und Lernangebote in der medizinischen Ausbildung: Schon am Ziel oder noch am Anfang? Learning management system and e-learning tools: an experience of medical students' usage and expectations Digital Teaching and Digital Medicine: A national initiative is needed Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 -COVID-19: Optionen für Maßnahmen zur Kontaktreduzierung Barriers and solutions to online learning in medical education -an integrative review Internet skills of medical faculty and students: is there a difference Qualitative Forschung: Ein Handbuch. 11 Qualitative Forschung: Ein Handbuch. 11 A practical guide to the e-mail interview Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken. 12., überarb. Aufl. Weinheim: Beltz Qualitative Forschung: Ein Handbuch. 11. Aufl. Reinbek bei Hamburg Zur Bedeutung von Forschungswerkstätten in der Tradition von Anselm Strauss The impact of E-learning in medical education Digitale Lehr-und Lernangebote in der medizinischen Ausbildung: Schon am Ziel oder noch am Anfang? Learning management system and e-learning tools: an experience of medical students' usage and expectations Digital Teaching and Digital Medicine: A national initiative is needed Digitalization of presence events in the COVID-19 pandemia -the lecturers' perspective We would like to thank all participating teachers and all participating students. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Available from https://www.egms.de/en/journals/zma/2021-38/zma001426.shtml 1. Attachment_1.pdf (75 KB) Supplemental material In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face courses were replaced by online teaching, which is currently an accepted Primärdaten Die während der aktuellen Studie generierten und/oder analysierten Datensätze sind auf begründete Anfrage bei den Autoren erhältlich. Wir bedanken uns bei allen teilnehmen Lehrenden, sowie allen beteiligten Studierenden. Die Autor*innen erklären, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben. Verfügbar unter https://www.egms.de/de/journals/zma/2021-38/zma001426.shtml 1. Anhang_1.pdf (91 KB) Supplemental Material