key: cord-0818786-58a1b5wu
authors: Bertzbach, Luca D.; Vladimirova, Daria; Dietert, Kristina; Abdelgawad, Azza; Gruber, Achim D.; Osterrieder, Nikolaus; Trimpert, Jakob
title: SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) reproduces COVID‐19 pneumonia in a well‐established small animal model
date: 2020-09-25
journal: Transbound Emerg Dis
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13837
sha: 98a9e9d128e2183f3399e8b3c39a4cbe35570ca9
doc_id: 818786
cord_uid: 58a1b5wu

The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has caused a yet unresolved global crisis. Effective medical intervention by vaccination or therapy seems to be the only possibility to control the pandemic. In this context, animal models are an indispensable tool for basic and applied research to combat SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Here, we established a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection model in Chinese hamsters suitable for studying pathogenesis of the disease as well as pre‐clinical testing of vaccines and therapies. This species of hamster is susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection as demonstrated by robust virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract accompanied by bronchitis and pneumonia as well as significant body weight loss following infection. The Chinese hamster features advantages compared to the Syrian hamster model, including more pronounced clinical symptoms, its small size, well‐characterized genome, transcriptome and translatome data and availability of molecular tools.

The rapid worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an unparalleled crisis and requires urgent testing of prophylactic and therapeutic measures. SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from a yet unknown animal reservoir; its rapid spread can be attributed to efficient replication in the upper respiratory tract and robust human-to-human transmission. This characteristic clearly distinguishes this novel coronavirus from the related SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Andersen et al., 2020) . Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 human-to-animal transmissions have also been reported Leroy et al., 2020) . Currently, we find ourselves racing for efficacious therapies and protective vaccinations. In this context, small animal models are indispensable as pre-clinical studies in animals are of critical importance for basic and applied research on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several SARS-CoV-2 animal models have been investigated, including non-human primates, ferrets, transgenic mice, cats and hamsters, (Chan et al., 2020; Dhama et al., 2020; Imai et al., 2020; Lakdawala & Menachery, 2020; Osterrieder et al., 2020; Sia et al., 2020; Trimpert et al., 2020; Yuan et al., 2020) . However, in silico models with respect to potential usage of the entry receptor by the spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 suggest susceptibility of Chinese

For histopathology, lungs were processed as previously described . In brief, the left lung lobe was carefully removed and immersion fixed in buffered 4% formalin, pH 7.0, for 48 hr, embedded in paraffin and cut at 2 μm thickness. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) followed by blinded microscopic evaluation by board certified veterinary pathologists (K.D., A.D.G.).

For in situ hybridization (ISH), the ViewRNA™ ISH Tissue Assay Kit (Invitrogen by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany) was used following the manufacturer's instructions with minor adjustments. A probe for the detection of the N gene RNA of SARS-CoV-2 (NCBI database NC_045512.2, nucleotides 28,274-29,533, assay ID: VPNKRHM) was employed. Next, lung sections of 2 μm thickness were mounted on adhesive glass slides, dewaxed in xylol and dehydrated in graded ethanols. Tissues were incubated at 95°C for 10 min, and subsequently, protease digested for 20 min. Sections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and hybridized with the probes. Amplifier and label probe hybridizations were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions using fast red as chromogen. Sections were counterstained with haematoxylin for 45 s, washed in tap water for 5 min and mounted with Roti®-Mount Fluor-Care DAPI (4, 6-diaminidino-2-phenylindole; Carl Roth). For negative and morphologically intact controls, lungs from uninfected hamsters were included. An irrelevant probe for the detection of streptococcal pneumolysin was used as a control for sequence-specific binding.

HE-stained and ISH slides were analysed and photographs were taken using an Olympus BX41 microscope with a DP80 Microscope Digital Camera and the cellSens™ Imaging Software, Version 1.18 (Olympus Corporation, Münster, Germany). For overviews, slides were automatically digitized using the Aperio CS2 slide scanner (Leica Biosystems Imaging Inc., Vista, CA, USA) followed by image file generation using the Image Scope Software (Leica Biosystems Imaging Inc.).

Virus titres from 50 mg lung tissue were assessed by serial dilution of tissue homogenates and subsequent titrations on Vero E6 cells. 3 dpi, cells were formalin-fixed, stained with crystal violet, and plaques were counted. RNA was extracted from tissue samples, blood and tracheal swabs using the innuPREP Virus RNA kit (Analytic Jena, Jena, Germany) and quantified with a one-step RT-qPCR reaction (NEB Luna Universal Probe One-Step RT-qPCR kit; New England Biolabs, Ipswitch, MA, USA) and previously published TaqMan primers and probe .

Data were analysed with GraphPad PRISM. We used Mann-Whitney U tests to compare body weights and body temperatures in mockinfected versus SARS-CoV-2 infected Chinese hamsters. Data were considered significant if p < .05 (*p < .05; **p < .01).

The study, which was approved by the Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales in Berlin, Germany (permit # 0086/20), involved 24 female and male Chinese hamsters of 5-7 weeks of age. Hamsters were randomly assigned to two groups (SARS-CoV-2-infected, n = 12; mock-infected, n = 12) Upon intranasal infection with 1x105 plaque-forming units (pfu) of a human SARS-CoV-2 isolate, we observed clinical symptoms including transient but significant body weight loss and subtle drops in body temperatures at early time points after infection, a course of disease comparable to that in Syrian hamsters (Figure 1 ) (Chan et al., 2020; Imai et al., 2020; Kreye et al., 2020; Osterrieder et al., 2020; Sia et al., 2020) .

Differences in body weights between infected and mock-infected animals were significant at 1-3 and at 5 days post-infection (dpi), infected hamsters did not reach pre-infection body weights before 14 dpi when the experiment was terminated (Figure 1a) .

However, the largest difference in mean body temperatures of infected compared to mock-infected animals was only −0.6°C at 3 dpi (Figure 1b) , suggesting that this parameter may not be useful to assess the status of infection. We determined virus replication and virus spread by measuring RNA copy numbers in the lungs, bucco-laryngeal swabs and whole blood samples of all hamsters (Figure 1c-e) .

F I G U R E 1 Body weight changes, body temperatures and virus loads of mock-infected and SARS-CoV-2-infected Chinese hamsters. (a) Individual relative body weights of mock-infected (green) and SARS-CoV-2-infected (red) hamsters over the course of 14 days after infection. p-values indicate significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test). (b) Temperature changes (as means with SD). Virus loads were determined from total RNA in (c) 2.5 mg homogenized right cranial lung lobes, in (d) bucco-laryngeal swabs and (e) 2.5 µl of whole blood samples by RT-qPCR F I G U R E 2 Histopathological assessment of mock-infected and SARS-CoV-2-infected Chinese hamsters. Histopathology of haematoxylin-eosin-stained lung sections from SARS-CoV-2-infected Chinese hamsters revealed suppurative bronchitis (a, b; arrow: neutrophils) and necrosuppurative pneumonia (c, d) at 2 and 3 dpi. At 5 dpi (e, f), additional hyperplasia of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC)type II was salient (f, arrow). Tissue damage, cell influx and hyperplasia of AEC-II (h, arrow) were milder but still present at 14 dpi (g, h). Of note, acute alveolar damage (I, arrows) was multifocally distributed throughout the lungs across all time points investigated. None of these lesions was detected in mock-infected animals (j, k). Bars: 1 mm (a, c, e, g, j) or 50 µm

In addition, we determined viral titres in the lungs of infected animals ( Figure S1 ). Our assays confirmed high RNA copy numbers and corresponding viral titres at early time points after infection followed by a rapid but incomplete clearance of the virus infection until 14 dpi. With titres of up to 5 × 10 7 pfu per 50 mg lung tissue and viral RNA copies in the range of up to 1 × 10 7 per 2.5 mg lung tissue at early time points after infection, we concluded that Chinese hamsters are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, virus loads in blood samples were below 1 × 10 2 RNA copies per 2.5 µl of whole blood (15.6 ± 29.8 SD) at all time points, indicating lack of significant viremia and systemic infection (Figure 1e ). These observations match findings from other animal models for emerging coronaviruses .

principally similar to what has been described in Syrian hamsters ( Figure 2 ) (Chan et al., 2020; Gruber et al., 2020; Imai et al., 2020; Kreye et al., 2020; Osterrieder et al., 2020; Sia et al., 2020) . However, the course of bronchitis and pneumonia was in general milder than in Syrian hamsters, and pneumonia was more prolonged. Specifically, prominent acute alveolar damage was present until 14 dpi with per- and industry (Matasci et al., 2008; Walsh, 2018) . At the same time, the usefulness of any model depends on fundamental knowledge of species-specific similarities to and differences from the human disease, as well as other confounding factors, including age and comorbidities (Metersky & Waterer, 2020 

The authors declare no competing interests.

NO and JT were involved in conceptualization. LDB, DV, KD, AA, ADG and JT were involved in investigation. LDB, DV, KD, ADG, NO and JT were involved in writing. All authors were involved in editing and had the opportunity to comment on the draft manuscript.

The authors confirm that the ethical policies of the journal, as noted on the journal's author guidelines page, have been adhered to, and the appropriate ethical review committee approval has been received. Animal experimentations were approved by the Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales in Berlin, Germany (AUP number 0086/20) and performed in compliance with relevant national and international guidelines for care and humane use of animals. All in vitro and animal work was conducted under appropriate biosafety conditions in the BSL-3 facility at the Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.

All data relevant to this study are included in the manuscript and supplementary information.

Luca D. Bertzbach https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-5395

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