key: cord-0812370-tw2kygea
authors: Aslam, Muhammad; Farman, Muhammad; Akgül, Ali; Ahmad, Aqeel; Sun, Meng
title: Generalized form of fractional order COVID‐19 model with Mittag–Leffler kernel
date: 2021-03-10
journal: Math Methods Appl Sci
DOI: 10.1002/mma.7286
sha: 5d3295d29bd7d7a1a454deac8a17b987da61f6a9
doc_id: 812370
cord_uid: tw2kygea

An important advantage of fractional derivatives is that we can formulate models describing much better systems with memory effects. Fractional operators with different memory are related to the different type of relaxation process of the nonlocal dynamical systems. Therefore, we investigate the COVID‐19 model with the fractional derivatives in this paper. We apply very effective numerical methods to obtain the numerical results. We also use the Sumudu transform to get the solutions of the models. The Sumudu transform is able to keep the unit of the function, the parity of the function, and has many other properties that are more valuable. We present scientific results in the paper and also prove these results by effective numerical techniques which will be helpful to understand the outbreak of COVID‐19.

history of the pathogen in the first week of the outbreak, has been explained with the help of real-time analyses. In December 2019, a group of people in Wuhan admitted to the hospital that all were suffering from pneumonia, and the cause of pneumonia was idiopathic. Most of the people linked cause of pneumonia with the eating of wet markets meet and seafood. Investigation on etiology and epidemiology of disease was conducted on December 31, 2019, by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) with the help of Wuhan city health authorities. Epidemically changing was measured by time-delay distributions including date of admission to hospital and death. According to the clinical study on the COVID-19, symptoms of coronavirus appear after 7 days of onset of illness. 8 The time from hospital admission to death is also critical to the avoidance of underestimation when calculating case fatality risk. 9 The fractional order techniques are very helpful to better understand the explanation of real-world problems other than ordinary derivative. 10, 11 The idea of fractional derivative has been introduced by Riemann-Liouville, which is based on power law. The new fractional derivative which is utilizing the exponential kernel is prosed in Atangana and Alkahtani. 12 A new fractional derivative with a nonsingular kernel involving exponential and trigonometric functions is proposed in previous studies, [13] [14] [15] [16] and some related new approaches for epidemic models have been illustrated here. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] Important results related to this new operator have been established, and some examples have been provided in Khan et al. 25 The equation of one-dimensional finite element can be established generalized three-dimensional motion by using the Lagrange's equations. The problem is important in technical applications of the last decades, characterized by high velocities and high applied loads. 26 A constant Thomson coefficient, instead of traditionally a constant Seebeck coefficient, is assumed. The charge density of the induced electric current is taken as a function of time. A normal mode method is proposed to analyze the problem and to obtain numerical solutions. 27 We organize our work as follows: We present the main definitions of fractional calculus in Section 2. We give the fractional order COVID-19 model in Section 3. Sumudu transform (ST) is applied in this section, also present some scientific theorems. We discuss Adams-Moulton method with the Mittag-Leffler kernel in Section 4. The new numerical scheme is developed in Section 5. Conclusion is provided in the last section.

We give some basic definitions related to fractional calculus and ST in this section.

Definition 2.1. For any function ϕ(t) over a set, the Sumudu transform 

where E α is the Mittag-Leffler function and AB(α) is normalization function and AB(0) = AB(1) = 1. The Laplace transform of Equation 2 is presented as

By using ST for (2), we obtain

Definition 2.3. We have the Atangana-Baleanu fractional integral of order α of a function ϕ(t) as 23

3 | FRACTIONAL ORDER COVID-19 MODEL

The model of COVID-19 with quarantine and isolation has eight sub-compartments which are S(t) Susceptible individual, E(t) Exposed individuals, I(t) Infected individuals, A(t) Asymptomatically infected, Q(t) Quarantined, H(t) Hospitalized, R(t) recovered Individuals, M(t) environmental generating function. The model parameters are the Birth rate is presented with Λ in the model. The natural morality rate of the human population is described with μ. The healthy individuals require infection after contacting with infected and asymptomatic infected individuals by a rate ƞ 1, while ψ denotes the transmissibility factor. The asymptomatic infection is generated by the parameter θ. The incubation periods are shown by ω and ρ. The parameters τ 1 , τ 2 , ϕ 1, and ϕ 2 define, respectively, the recovery of infected, asymptomatically infected, quarantined, and hospitalized individuals. The hospitalization rates of infected and quarantined individuals are demonstrated, respectively, by γ and δ 2 . The disease death rates of infected and hospitalized individuals are shown by ξ 1 and ξ 2 . The variable δ 1 shows the quarantine rate of exposed individuals. Individuals who are visiting the seafood market and catch the infection are increasing with rate ƞ 2 . The infection generated in the seafood market due to infected and asymptomatically infected is presented by the parameters q 1 and q 2, respectively, while the removal of infection from the market is shown by q 3 . The system of governing equations for the model is given as

where

We replace the classical derivative with the ABC derivative and obtain:

We apply the ST and get

Reorganizing system 8, we have

Then, we apply the inverse ST and obtain

Therefore, the following is obtained:

And obtained solution of 10 is presented as

Assume that (X, |Á|) is a Banach space and H is a self-map of X. Suppose that r n + 1 = g (Hr n ) is a specific recursive procedure. The following conditions must be satisfied for r n + 1 = Hr n .

1. The fixed point set of H has at least one element. 2. r n converges to a point P Є F (H). 3. lim n!∞ S n t ð Þ = P:

Assume that (X, |Á|) is a Banach space and H is a self-map of X fulfilling

for all x, r Є X where 0 ≤ θ < 1. Let H be a picard H-stable. We take into consideration Equation 5 and get

Theorem 3.2. We describe K as a self-map by

Then, we reach

K satisfies the condition associated with the Theorem 3.1 if

We add that K is Picard K-stable.

Theorem 3.3. The special solution of system 6 using the iteration method is unique singular solution.

Proof. We consider the following Hilbert space H = L 2 ((p,q) × (0,T)) which can be defined as

Then, we take into consideration:

We establish that the inner product of 

In the case for large number e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e 4 , e 5 , e 6 , e 7 , and e 8 , both solutions happen to be converged to the exact solution. Applying the topology concept, we can get eight positive very small variables χ e 1 , χ e 2 , χ e 3 , χ e 4 , χ e 5 , χ e 6 , χ e 7 , and χ e 8 À Á :

But, it is obvious that

where kV 1 k,kV 2 k,kV 3 k,kV 4 k,kV 5 k,kV 6 k,kV 7 k,kV 8 k ≠ 0. Therefore, we have This completes the proof of uniqueness.

We define the numerical scheme of the Atangana-Baleanu fractional integral by using Adams-Moulton rule as 20

where

We obtain the following for system 6:

In this section, we construct a new numerical scheme for nonlinear fractional differential equations with fractional derivative with nonlocal and nonsingular kernel. To do this, we consider the following nonlinear fractional ordinary equation. 24 ABC 0 Dy t ð Þ = f t, y t ð Þ ð Þ,

The above equation can be converted to a fractional integral equation by using the fundamental theorem of fractional calculus.

At a given point t n+1 , n = 0,1,2,3,…, the above equation is reformulated as follows:

Within the interval [t k , t k+1 ], the function f(τ, y(τ)), using the two-step Lagrange polynomial interpolation, can be approximate as follows:

The above approximation can therefore be included in Equation 17 to produce y n + 1 = y 0 + 1 −α ð Þ ABC α ð Þ f t n , y t n ð Þ ð Þ

For simplicity, we let

and also A a,k,2 = ð t k + 1 t k τ −t k ð Þ t n + 1 − τ ð Þ α− 1 dτA a,k,1 = h α + 1 n + 1−k ð Þ α n − k + 2 + α ð Þ − n −k ð Þ α n −k + 2 + 2α ð Þ α α + 1 ð Þ A a,k,2 = h α + 1 n + 1−k ð Þ α + 1 − n −k ð Þ α n −k + 1 + α ð Þ α α + 1 ð Þ :

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Generalized form of fractional order COVID-19 model with Mittag-Leffler kernel

Thus, integrating Equations 20 and 21 and replacing them in Equation 19 , we obtainWe obtain the following for system 6:At a given point t n+1 ,n = 0,1,2,3,…, the above equation is reformulated asBy using Equation 18 , we havewhere A a,k,2Þt n + 1 −τ ð Þ α− 1 dτ: Thus, integrating Equations 20 and 21 and replacing them in equations of system 25, we getwhere A 1 = {(n+1 − k) α+1 − (n − k) α (n − k+1+α)} and A 2 = {(n+1 − k) α (n − k+2+α) − (n − k) α (n − k+2+2α)}.

In this manuscript, we investigated the COVID-19 model with the help of ST and some effective numerical methods. The Mittag-Leffler kernel is used to obtain very effective results for the proposed model. Some theoretical results are developed for the model to prove the efficiency of the developed techniques. Results will be very helpful for analysis of COVID-19 outbreak and to check the actual behavior of this pandemic disease, also helpful for further study on fractional derivatives.

There are no funders to report for this submission.

This work does not have any conflicts of interest.

Ali Akgül https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9832-1424